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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢,Lecture of Writing,第1页,Lecture Arrangement,考评要求,大学英语四级作文评分标准及标准,英语写作困境与对策,四级写作中怎样,选词,四级写作中怎样,造句,四级作文惯用句型,四级写作怎样,组段,历年作文题型分析,写作小结,第2页,2,一、考评要求,四,六级大学英语写作考试时间均为,30,分钟，分值占总分,15%,。,四级要求考生写出一篇不少于,120,词短文，试卷上可能,给出题目，或要求情景，或要求看图作文，或给出段首句要求续写,;,或给出关键词要求写成短文,。,要求能够正确表示思想，意义连贯，无重大语法错误。写作内容包含日常生活和普通常识。短文写作部分目标是测试学生利用英语书面表示思想初步能力。,第3页,3,二、大学英语四级作文评分标准及标准,首先，,卷面一定要清楚、洁净、整齐,。不要乱涂乱画，若有删节，在文字中间画道横线,第二，段落按要求写，要求写几段就写几段。普通情况下，,中间一段长，,开首段和结尾段较短,，让人第一感觉就是内容充实。,第三，,开好头，结好尾,。,第四，,按要求字数写，能够比要求字数稍微多一点。,字数少了给人感觉是缺乏内容，字数太多了，文章显得繁琐，阅卷老师心理会烦，你分数会受影响。,第4页,4,详细评分标准：,2,分,条理不清，思绪紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子都有错误，但多数为严重错误。,5,分,基本切题。表示思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多严重语言错误。,8,分基本切题。有些地方表示思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。,11,分,切题。表示思想清楚、文字连贯，但有少许语言错误。,14,分,切题。表示思想清楚、文字通顺，连贯性很好，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错误。,只写一段者：,0,4,分；只写两段者：,0,9,分,(,按要求写三段作文,),第5页,5,三、英语写作困境与对策,第6页,一、滔滔不绝“意识流”,有一部分考生在考试时一见到作文题，便感到很对自己胃口，以为有很多内容要写。于是乎千言万语涌上心头，写着前一句想着后一句。往往前句还未写完便接上了后一句，辛辛劳苦写了一大堆（甚至有写,11,个自然段）犹觉余意未尽。结果令判卷老师头疼不己，无法继续往下看。,意识流创作有两种表现：,自由分段,语言杂乱,第7页,我们不妨把作文要求量化到每一个段落：一篇,120,词左右作文普通不会超出,12,句话，把这,12,句话依据题目要求分配到各段中去，每一段大约只说那么几句话，绝不多说。,实际上往往是说得越多，错误越多。所以，跟着提要走，每一段不要写得太多，点到为止，见好就收，这才是最稳妥对策。,对策,:,第8页,8,二、真情流露没必要,考试时，监考老师通常发觉有考生坐在那里根本就是在玩深沉，他在那里思索人生伟大哲理；他在那里要想出一个观点，想出一个理由，想出一个办法，非要显得与众不一样。陷入这种境地考生，显然犯了一个根本性错误。参考时间为,40,分钟作文，普通应该在,35,分钟之内完成，再用几分钟时间检验语言错误。,不论原因也好，办法也好，某一考生想到任何一点，很可能命题人早已料到，而且必定会被成千上万考生重复无数遍。因而曾经令自己激动一时想法，在判卷老师看来全无感觉。要求式作文拓展空间原来就非常有限，所以“真情流露”是没有必要。,第9页,9,对策：,写作三个角度：语言第一位；结构第二位；内容第三位,要求：结构简单，语言卓越，内容只要相关即可,第10页,10,三、用词贫乏，句式单一,许多考生作文错误倒不多，相当符合语法要求，但用词贫乏，过多使用如,more and more,I think,as you know,等表示，而且句子结构过于简单。,统计结果表明，,差作文中简单句多，而好作文简单句少,；,差作文从句、连词、分词结构出现频率大大低于好作文,；,差作文中关键词和同义表示出现频率低于好作文,。用词丰富和句式多样应该主要经过多看好文章，仔细琢磨好文章中用词和句子来提升。换句话说，也就是要从阅读中学习写作。,第11页,11,对策,:,少用垃圾词汇,垃圾词汇,1:help,经典例句,:Ill help you.,替换语,accomodate E.g:Ill endeavour to accomodate you.,垃圾词汇,2:helpful,经典例句,:Sth is helpful(to sb),替换语,conducive,有利于,E.g Sth is conducive to sb,垃圾词汇,3:show,经典例句,:as it shows in the picture,替换语,betray,第12页,12,垃圾词汇,4:think,经典例句,:i think-,替换语,deem,，,harbor the idea that,垃圾词汇,5:because,经典例句,:xxx because xxx,替换语,in that/in as much as,垃圾词汇,6:about,经典例句,:it is about 250 times of that,替换语,it is approximately-,垃圾词汇,7:if,替换语,provided,，,supposing,第13页,四级写作中怎样选词,第14页,Compare the Following Sentences,We,should,use,different,ways,to get to know the society.,We,ought to,make use of,various,methods,to get to know the society.,We,are supposed to,take advantage of,diverse,means,to get to know the society.,第15页,15,选词基本标准,尽可能用四级范围内主动,活跃，惯用词或词组。,尽可能用表示最贴切,最生动,最有力词或短语。,尽可能用最符合所写话题,所用文体词或表示。,第16页,16,四级考生在措词方面存在问题：,1,、可供“调遣”词汇量贫乏，用词大部分局限于中学词汇。,比如，我们一提到“主要”，大多数同学首先会想到“,important”,这个单词，,那么提升一下话就能够想到它以下同义词：,significant,vital,crucial,critical,，,etc,第17页,17,2,、表示相近意义时，常重复用一个词，用词单调。,Eg.Big,=great,large,huge,vast,titanic,enormous etc.,第18页,18,策略,1,、调动大学期间学过更生动，更丰富词汇表示意思。,Eg.,引发、造成,Cause,lead to,result in,bring about,give rise/birth to,第19页,19,2,、用详细，生动，有针对性词语。,Eg.,利用,Use,make use of,make(good,effective,wide,wise,full)use of sth,take(full)advantage of,第20页,20,3,、文中如需要屡次表示同一词义时，以同义词，近义词等防止重复使用同一词。,Eg.,适应,Adapt to,adjust to,makefit,get used to,be accustomed to,第21页,21,实例赏析,第22页,Computer and I,I never forget the very exciting day when my mother bought me a computer as birthday present,which interested me so that I indulged myself in searching a lot of useful information I had expected,and enjoyed a lot of pleasing classic music.That night I was sleepless,feeling that the whole world belonged to me.,第23页,Computer and I,I never forget the,exceedingly thrilling,day when my mother bought me a computer as birthday present,which,exerted a tremendous fascination on,me so that I indulged myself in,googling,an army of,useful information I had expected,and enjoy a sea of melodious classic music.That night I was sleepless,feeling that the whole world belonged to me.,第24页,exceedingly,替换,very,thrilling,替换,exciting,sth.exert a tremendous fascination on sb,替换,sb.be interested in sth.,谷歌,替换,search,an army of,替换,a lot of,第25页,For a start,we can,freely,search desired information at any moment.Little by little,our knowledge will be well enriched,and our horizons will be greatly broadened.,Additionally,we can get huge recreations online by chatting,playing games,or,delivering,email.,第26页,For a start,替换,To begin with,We can,freely,search,用了插入语写作手法,our knowledge will be well enriched,and our horizons will be greatly broadened.,用了非常精彩被动,Additionally,替换,In addition/Besides,Deliver,替换,send,第27页,There is no denying,that,however,computers can function in the disservice of human beings,in a way,especially the growing violence,*,porn pictures,AV-films emerging on the screen,which leads quiet a few,net citizens,to copying.,第28页,There is no denying that,however,computers can function in the disservice of human beings,这个句子有三个精彩之处，,首先,There is no denying that,这个句型，还有,however,作为插入语，,function in the disservice of,替换,do harm to,Emerging,代替,appearing(fading,代替,disappearing),Net citizen,网民，属于精彩用词,第29页,As a classic proverb goes that no garden has no weeds,.Computers do play a positive role in the development of people lives,despite,a slice of,unfavorable,impacts.We should,therefore,take advantage of the fruits and avoid the opposite facet.,第30页,No garden has no weeds,替换,Every coin has two sides,Computers do play,，,do,强调,Positive,替换,important/good,等,A slice of,替换,a part of,Unfavorable,替换,bad,Impacts,替换,effects/influences,We should,therefore,take advantage of,使用插入语,Fruits(,而且,fruits,用非常形象，,merits/virtues),替换,advantage(defects,替换,disadvantage),Facet,替换,aspect,第31页,29,个最经典替换词,第32页,1.individuals,characters,folks,代替,(people,persons),2.positive,favorable,rosy(,美好,),，,promising(,有希望,),，,perfect,pleasurable,excellent,outstanding,代替,good,3.dreadful,unfavorable,poor,adverse(,有害,),代替,bad,假如,bad,做表语，能够有,be less impressive,代替,eg.An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games,enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms.When it approaches to graduation,as a result,they find their academic records are,less impressive,.,第33页,4.(an army of,an ocean of,a sea of,a multitude of,many,if not most),代替,many.,注：用,many,if not most,一定要小心，,many,后一定要有词。,Eg.Many individuals,if not most,harbor the idea that.,同理用,most,if not all,代替,most.,5:a slice of,quiet a few,several,代替,some,第34页,6:harbor the idea that,take the attitude that,hold the view that,it is widely shared that,it is universally acknowledged that),替,think(,因为是书面语，所以要加,that),7:affair,business,matter,代替,thing,8:shared,代,common,9.reap huge fruits,代替,get much benefit,10:for my part,from my own perspective,代替,in my opinion,第35页,11:Increasingly),growing,代替,more and more,。所以当修饰名词时用,increasing/growing.,修饰形容词，副词用,increasingly(,注意没有,growingly,这种形式,.,Eg.sth has gained growing popularity.,Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth.,12.little if anything,或,little or nothing,代替,hardly,13.benefitial rewarding,代替,helpful,14.shopper,client,consumer,purchaser,代替,customer,15.exceedingly,extremely,代替,very,第36页,16.hardly unnecessary,hardly inevitable.,代替,necessary,inevitable,17.sth appeals to sb,sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb,代替,sb take interest in,18.capture ones attention,代替,attract ones attention.,19.facet,dimension,sphere,代,aspect,20.be indicative of,be suggestive of,be fearful of,代,indicate,suggest,fear,第37页,21.give rise to,lead to,result in,trigger,代替,cause.,22.There are several reasons behind sth,代替,.reasons for sth,23.desire,代替,want.,24.pour attention into,代替,pay attention to,25.bear in mind that,代替,remember,第38页,26.enjoy,possess,代替,have(,注意,process,是过程意思,),27.interaction,代替,communication,28.frown on sth,代替,be against,disagree with sth,29.to name only a few,as an example,代替,for example,第39页,四级写作中怎样造句,第40页,善用词组,假如我们能够在单词基础上，深入想到与之同义词组，那么文章就会显得与众不一样，更含有英语味道。,比如上面所说“主要”这个单词，当我们想到,important,时候，假如从语法角度再稍加考虑一下，我们会想到“,be of importance,”,。因为，语法中要求：形容词等于,of,加这个形容词名词形式。,假如再提升一步，我们还学过一个惯用词组叫做“,play an important role in-,-”,。,第41页,41,句型多样,简单句，并列句和复合句交替使用，灵活使用各种句子结构如：,插入语,，,倒装句,，,强调句，非谓语动词，疑问句,等。,若要写好作文，要写好句子，首先要掌握句子结构和句式改变及句子类型，可经过对泛读课文经典句子背诵提升应用语言基本句型能力。,要善于模仿。,Imitation is a good way to learn.,第42页,42,适当用代替主动，这么能更客观反应事实,句子开头不要总是用,we/I(,比如写结尾时不用,we should pay attention to,而用,Attention should be paid to.),举个经典结尾,年六月四级作文最终一段：,It is,therefore,high time that some applicable approaches were implemented by the service industry like that.Thus,，,its competitive edge will be sharpened effectively.,被动句,第43页,43,Over the past couple of years,several cases of the food scandal have been disclosed on various media.,Prompt and strict measures should be taken to turn back this evil trend.,Indeed,one out of five students is estimated to be in possession of at least one credit card,and the figure is expected to be on the steady increse,第44页,插入语,一个是有两个逗号之间引发成份称之为插入语,第二种是有两个半破折号引发成份称之为插入语。,Jinan,the Spring City,is a famous tourist city.,Other people may give us instrumental supportfinancial aid,material resources,and needed servicesthat reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems.,第45页,45,比如说把副词、连接词等，作插入语放在中间，普通放在主语后、动词或者助动词前，两边分别加上逗号。,如,however/therefore/for example/I believe,做插入语放在中间，普通放在动词，助动词前，两边分别加上逗号。,比如说：,Other individuals,however,take the attitude that,第46页,46,倒装,倒装是我们写作中需要用到。即使略显俗套，不过却是很能满足阅卷人主观感受。,惯用倒装形式有以下几个：,第47页,47,Only+,时间状语,Ex:Only when all of us join in the efforts of eliminating cheating at all levels can we expect to have a cleaner society and a more beautiful future.,Only+,介词词组,Ex:Only by planning his time carefully can he improve efficiency and make achievements,第48页,48,否定词位于句首,（,hardly when;never;not only-,but also-;seldom,，,scarcely,rarely,）,在我一生当中极难碰到这么人,Ex:Seldom in my life have I met such a kind-hearted man.,地点方位名词位于句首,Ex:In no other place in the world can one find such enthusiasm for applying for hosting the Olympic Games.,第49页,49,修辞,不论是汉语写作还是英语写作，修辞其实非常主要。它是作者写作功底详细事例地展现。,所谓修辞包含,比喻、拟人、排比,等等。,这里仅举一个比喻例子，还是拿,“,主要,”,来举例。当你用完词组之后，假如你用上下面比喻句子，则文章就会显得神采飞扬，试比较,：,第50页,50,The bicycle is important for us.,The bicycle is of importance for us.,The bicycle plays an important role in our life.,The bicycle,environmental friendly vehicle,plays an important role in our life.,The bicycle is like the air,water,and sunshine and cannot be parted with a moment in our life.,第51页,51,四级作文惯用句型,第52页,没有比,更,Nothing is+more+,形容词,+than to+V,例句：没有比接收教育更主要事。,Nothing is more important than to receive education.,第53页,53,再怎么强调,.,主要性也不为过。,cannot emphasize the importance of too much.,例句：我们再怎么强调保护眼睛主要性也不为过。,We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.,第54页,54,不可否定,.,There is no denying that+S+V.,例句：不可否定，我们生活品质已经每况愈下。,There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.,第55页,55,全世界都知道,.,It is universally acknowledged that+,句子,例句：全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺。,It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.,第56页,56,毫无疑问,.,There is no doubt that+,句子,例句：毫无疑问我们教育制度令人不满意。,There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.,第57页,57,.,原因是,.,The reason why+,句子,is that+,句子,例句：我们必须种树原因是它们能供给我们新鲜空气。,The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.,The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.,第58页,58,即使,.,Adj+as+Subject,（主词）,+be,S+V,例句：即使我们国家富有，我们生活品质绝对令人不满意。,Rich as our country is,the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.by no means=in no way=on no account,一点也不,第59页,59,愈,.,愈,.,The+er+S+V,the+er+S+V,More and more=an increasing number of,例句：你愈努力，你愈进步。,The harder you work,the more progress you make.,第60页,60,我们绝对不能,.,On no account can we+V,例句：我们绝对不能忽略知识价值。,On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.,第61页,61,该是,.,时候了,It is time+S+,过去式,例句：该是相关当局采取适当办法来处理交通问题时候了。,It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.,第62页,62,没有些人不,.,There is no one but,例句：没有些人不渴望上大学。,There is no one but longs to go to college.,第63页,63,不得不,.,be+forced/compelled/obliged+to+V,例句：既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。,Since the examination is around the corner,I am compelled to give up doing sports.,第64页,64,可想而知、显著、显然,It is conceivable that+,句子,It is obvious that+,句子,It is apparent that+,句子,例句：可想而知，知识在我们一生中饰演一个主要角色。,It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.,第65页,65,过去,.,年来，,.,一直,.,For the past+,时间，,S+,现在完成式,.,例句：过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。,For the past two years,I have been busy preparing for the examination.,第66页,66,.,是值得,It pays to+V,例句：帮助他人是值得。,It pays to help others.,第67页,67,不遗余力,Spare no effort to+V,我们应该不遗余力美化我们环境。,We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.,第68页,68,让,.,明白,.,事,bring home to+,人,+,事,例句：我们应该让人们明白努力价值。,We should bring home to people the value of working hard.,第69页,69,与,.,息息相关,be closely related to,例句：做运动与健康息息相关。,Taking exercise is closely related to health.,第70页,70,养成,.,习惯,Get into the habit of+Ving,；,make it a rule to+V,我们应该养成早睡早起习惯。,We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.,第71页,71,因为,.,Due to/Owing to/Thanks to+N/Ving,例句：因为他勉励，我终于实现我梦想。,Thanks to his encouragement,I finally realized my dream.,第72页,72,令人不满意,Leave much to be desired,例句：我们交通情况令人不满意,。,The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.,第73页,73,对,.,造成一大威胁,Pose a great threat to,例句：污染对我们生存造成一大威胁。,Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.,第74页,74,尽全力去,.,do ones utmost to+V=do ones best,例句：我们应尽全力去达成我们人生目标。,We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.,第75页,75,四级写作怎样组段,第76页,一篇完整作文包含三部分：引言，正文和结论。又称：三段论。,一个完整段落包含三部分：主题句，推展句和结论句。,所以，能够说，文章是段落扩展，段落是文章压缩。,第77页,77,第一段,：,1.,现象,/,现实状况说明段,2.,图画,/,图表描述段,第二段,：,3.,对立观点陈诉段,4.,利弊说明段,5.,意义阐述段,6.,原因列军段,7.,举例段,第三段,：,8.,归纳结论段,9.,趋势预测段,10,提议办法段,新东方,10,大功效段落,第78页,78,四级作文三段式结构,题型,第一段,第二段,第三段,现象解释型,描述现象,说明现象产生原因,表明个人观点态度或阐述个人做法,对比选择型,表明一方或双方观点,表明一方观点及理由，或指出双方观点不足之处及理由,表明个人观点或阐述个人做法,问题处理型,提出问题,分析问题，给出处理方案,表明个人观点或阐述个人做法,应用文,描述事实,阐述事实,表明观点或提出提议,第79页,第一句话：,现象 宽泛扣题,第一句话通式 状语 引入 主体,时间、地点 大家,/,越来越多人,sth.,很怎样,/,越来越,条件 认为有一个现象,1.,状语：,a,时间,+,地点,currently/previously in China/in our highly civilized and industrialized society,b,条件和伴随,eg,：伴随社会发展,With the development of our society,With our society developing increasingly faster,第80页,2.,引入：,a,大家都认为,It is generally acknowledged that,b,越来越多人认为,an increasing number of people maintain/deem/reckon that,有一个广泛现象,a wide-spread phenomenon in the contemporary society is that,3.,主体：,a,语法变难,be+adj.=be of+n.is of great/increasing significance,、,necessity,、,popularity,、,help/use/value,b,词变难 用以下牛词进行修饰：,adv.very,extremely extraordinarily tremendously significantly adj.important,vital essential prevalent indispensable,第81页,第二句话 引入 “由远及近”,1.,描述身边事实 可排比或细分至不一样情况；,2.,过去对比现在（问题处理型文章专用）,in the past however,，,now,；,3.,举个例；,4.,名人名言（可编造）,my professor once told us that as a famous proverb goes that,第82页,(3),第三句话 中心 简短、强调,1.,关于这个问题，不一样人有不一样看法,concerning this question,peoples viewpoints differ dramatically,2.,所以，怎样处理这个问题成了大家关心事,therefore,how to has become a matter of concern for many,3.,为何会有这个现象呢？大家都关心其原因,why does/is?Everyone expresses serious concerns for the
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