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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考!,英语网考（B）,词汇与结构,解题指导,1/178,词汇与结构考评关键点,这类考题包括考点非常宽泛，归纳而言可包含以下一些方面：,包括词汇考点：,名词与代词性、数、格及其与动词关系；,形容词和副词原级、比较级和最高级以及比较句型应用；,动词短语、介词短语及形容词短语（含各种固定搭配）利用；,近义词、反义词、形近词选取；,关联词在不一样句子成份和句型结构中使用；,各种性质词汇之间搭配或修饰关系；,词根及其派生词关系和利用；,2/178,包括结构考点,动词各种时态利用；,谓语动词和主语配合；,谓语动词和非谓语动词之间配合；,主句和从句中动词时态呼应；,动词与主语名词或代词不一样结构形式呼应；,关联词在各种复合句中使用；,主动态和被动态句型利用；,虚拟语气利用；,动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词和动名词利用；,陈说句、否定句、疑问句（普通、特殊、反问、选择）利用；,一些成语、习语、俚语等固定表示短语或句型使用；,与其它语言习惯不一样点、易混同或易误解之处辨析。,3/178,词汇与结构题型解题思绪,一、首先观察考题考评目标（考点）,看完题干内容后，观察一下四个备选答案共性，如都是同一词性单词时，就基本能够判断出与考评词义相关，可能是选择同义词或反义词；如都是动词词组结构，就是考评固定搭配词义；假如是各种时态形式谓语动词结构，就和时态、语态或语气考点相关。,二、其次观察题干空缺处前后单词，分析备选答案是否与其有搭配关系，这么就比较轻易选出正确答案。,三、经过上述分析后，要先行排除显著错误或无关答案，缩小分析思索范围。,四、把剩下备选答案，依据词法、句法、语法次序进行深入分析，最终找出正确答案。,五、有些短语能够依据平时形成语感立刻选出答案，但要相信自己第一感觉，不要在最终验题时把正确答案再改成错。,4/178,英语词汇与结构常考知识点介绍,一.名词及名词性成份常见考点,1.英语中含有名词性质成份有：,名词,专有名词,普通名词,名词性成份,个体名词,集体名词,物质名词,抽象名词,可数名词,不可数名词,名词性物主代词及基数词,动名词,the 形容词、序数词,the 动词过去分词,合成名词及复合名词,名词性从句（主、宾、表）,人称代词宾格及反身代词,5/178,2、合成名词（也称复合名词）复数形式,（1）有主体名词时，主体名词变复数,father-in-law -fathers-in-law;,grandmother grandmothers;,stander-by standers-by;,（2）无主体名词时，合成名词中最终一个词变复数,grown-up grown-ups;,go-between go-betweens;,the 18-year-old the 18-year-olds,good-for-nothing good-for-nothings（废物）,（3）man和woman组成合成名词,一起变为复数,man-driver men-drivers；,woman-teacher women-teachers;,特例：man-,staff,men-,staff,;man-,crew,men-,crew,6/178,（4）名词+名词时，在最终名词上变复数,bookshelf bookshelves;,chairman chairmen;,chairwoman chairwomen;,railway railways;,（5）名词+动词，在动词上加复数,horse-riding horse-ridings;,rainfall rainfalls;,handwriting handwritings;,（6）形容词+名词，在名词上变复数,blackboard blackboards;,blueprint blueprints;,chipped-potato chipped-potatoes;,7/178,3、不可数名词复数形式,英语中不可数名词本身不能用复数形式表示，它复数形式要表示在与其搭配量词结构上。,有些名词惯用单数形式，既能够是可数，也能够是不可数，其复数形式都要用量词表示（如将其本身变成复数，则表示不一样种类集合），常见有：,fish,sheep,news,information,staff,crew,furniture,people,food,sand,paper,等等。,例：,a news a few pieces of news;,an information a few pieces of information;,a staff a crowd of staff;,a piece of furniture a few pieces of furniture;,a people a group of people.,8/178,4、个别复数形式结尾但用作单数名词,trousers（裤子）,scissors（剪刀）,glasses（眼镜）,这几个词复数形式也要用量词表示：,a,pair,of trousers （一条裤子）；,three,pairs,of trousers（三条裤子）;,a,pair,of scissors（一把剪刀）；,several,pairs,of scissors（几把剪刀）；,a,pair,of glasses（一副眼镜）；,five,pairs,of glasses（五副眼镜）。,能够看出，这些成对成双物品，量词基本上都是用pair。如：a,pair,of shoes.,9/178,5、几个常见名词全部格特殊考点,（1）几个名词并列时全部格利用及区分,强调各自全部：These are Johns and Marys letters.,强调共同全部：These are John and Marys letters.,（2）表示数量程度全部格,two hours drive;a years period;,three decades development;,（3）双重全部格,（考点之一）,A relative of my mothers（妈妈一个亲戚）；,A book of Mr.Smiths（史密斯先生一本书）;,A room of theirs（他们一个房间）;,Three cars of ours（我们三台车）.,10/178,二、冠词常见考点,1、不定冠词,（1）表示“某一”,A,Walt wants to see you at the gate.,大门那有个瓦尔特先生要见你。,After the first person,a,second came with flowers and,a,third with gifts.,第一个人之后，第二个人拿着花进来，第三个人拿着礼品。,（2）用在such强调结构里,（考点之一）,误：She is a such pretty girl that;,误：She is such pretty a girl that;,误：She is such a more pretty girl that;,误：She is pretty such a girl that;,正：She is such a pretty girl that.,（3）有没有不定冠词词义区分,little(few)几乎没有；,a,little(few)有一点（有几个）,11/178,2、定冠词几个常见考点,（1）定冠词与形容词连用，表示一类人或物（形转名）,We must pay more attention to,the poor,the disabled,and those lacking of ways to survive.,（2）在双重比较结构中使用：越，越,The more,you exercise,the stronger,you will be.,注：,考点不一定在冠词本身，而是放在对这种结构中形容词使用上，如多音节形容词用more组成比较级。另外，每个比较结构中必须是句子而不是其它成份。,（3）和代词关系,一个名词如已被全部格代词修饰，就不能再用定冠词：,误：The my book 正：The book of mine/my book,一样，不定冠词也不能和全部格代词并列修饰名词：,误：A his fathers pen 正：A pen of his fathers,12/178,（4）名词只要有后置定语成份，普通前边都须有定冠词（一些首次提及情况能够用不定冠词，但决不能没有冠词）,The bottle bought by him（过去分词短语作后置定语）,The hole in the wall（介词短语作后置定语）,The dictionary that her mother borrowed for her.（定语从句）,A singing bird is in that tree.The bird I mentioned is a one from that park.,（5）在一些固定结构中意义不一样,in hospital 住院 in the hospital 在医院（工作）,in front of 在前面 in the front of 在前部,out of question 不成问题 out of the question 根本不可能,in future 以后 in the future 未来,at table 就餐 at the table 在桌子旁,in fashion 流行 in the fashion 勉强、马马虎虎,by train(car,plane)坐火车 by the train 坐那趟火车,13/178,（6）必须有不定冠词习惯用语,have a headache (a stomachache),（7）必须有定冠词习惯用语,in the morning (afternoon,evening);in the past;in the way of;by the way;in the street(city),（8）不加冠词（零冠词）习惯使用方法,to catch cold;at noon(night,dawn,midnight);in town;at school;by bus(plain,train);on foot;in class,（9）定冠词和可数名词单数连用，代表一类人或物,playing the piano（指钢琴一类乐器）,the rose is the symbol of love.（指玫瑰一类花）,14/178,三、代词常见考点,关系代词：,代词主要考点在关系代词上，即不一样主句和从句之间选取哪个关系代词，是考试主要考评点。尤其是非限定性定语从句，往往是和关系代词相关出题点。,如：,that,what,which,who,whom,whose,等选取。,有时在被选答案中会混进,指示代词,，如,this,these,that,those,it,等，要求考生依据复合句语法要求找出正确关系代词,（考点之一）,。,人称代词：,1、考点会包括用 it 在句子中作形式主语或形式宾语处理:,如：,It,is hard for us,to remember so many new words,.,He told,it,to us,that the teacher was coming,.,2、多个人称代词并列时对谓语动词影响：,如：,She,he and I,are,all students.,Neither,he,or,I,am,going there.,15/178,不定代词：,普通不定代词：some,any,one,no;,somebody,anybody,nobody;,someone,anyone,none;,something,anything,nothing.,个体不定代词：all,each,other(s),another,either,neither,both,everybody,everyone,everything.,数量不定代词：many,much,few,a few,little,a little a lot of,lots of,a great deal,a great many,many a.,主要考点在于不定代词在句子中和其它成份搭配或呼应：,例：,1、和动词关系（单数性质）,Someone,is,waiting for you at the school gate.（陈说句，单数性质）,16/178,Is,there,anyone,in the room?（疑问句，单数性质）,There,is,nobody,in the room.（否定句，单数性质）,There,are,somebody,playing basketball on the ground.（陈说句，复数性质）,There,is,not,any,(no)water in the bottle.（否定句，不可数用单数）,I forgot to take my wallet.Have you got,any,?（用于问句）,No,I havent got,any,either.（用在否定句中）,Oh,I have got,some,.I can lend,it,to you.（用在必定句中，表示不可数时用单数）,None,of them,know(s),the news.（单复数均可）,All,of us,are,eager to know it.（复数性质）,Each,of us,is,eager to know it.（单数性质）,None,of us,is,eager to know it.（单数性质）,Both,of us,are,eager to know it.（复数性质）,Neither,of us,is,eager to know it.（单数性质）,17/178,2、other,the other,another,others 选取,（考点之一）,：,这几个不定代词经常会出现在考试中。,other:,普通作为形容词使用，表示“其它、别”；,例：,This one is not workable.I must find other ways.,the other:,含有名词性质，表示“二者中另一个”；,例：,I have two house.One is in Shenzhen,the other in Beijing.,another:,含有名词和形容词性质，表示“任意另一个”；,例：,This road is blocked.We should find another.,This story is too old.Tell me another new one.,others:,名词复数性质，表示“其它人（事、物）、他人”；,例：,This is a confidential thing.Please never tell others.,This room is for you,and that one is for others.,18/178,3、表示数量不定代词使用,强调数量程度感：,The most 绝大多数 100%,most 大多数 75%,many 许多 50%,some 一些 25%,a little(few)一点（几个）5%,little(few)几乎没有 0,例：,Do you know,any,people here?,你认识这里任何一个人吗？,Do you know,many,people here?,你认识这里很多人吗？,19/178,四、数词和量词常见考点,这部分考点通常包括量词使用，包含将基数词作为量词使用时规则。,例：,a(one)hundred of,（确指：恰好一百个）,hundreds of,（泛指：成百、上百、好几百）,hundreds of thousands of,（泛指：成千上万）,a(one)million of,（确指：恰好一百万个）,three hundreds of,（确指，复数，加S）,序数词使用中易混同处：,A third person has come onto the stage.,（有第三个人走上台，序数词表次序）,A third of persons have come onto the stage.,（有三分之一人走上台，序数词表分数）,20/178,量词结构中有形容词时使用规则,英文量词结构通常是：a +量词+of+名词，假如要使用形容词来修饰结构中名词，形容词位置需放在不定冠词后，量词前,（考点之一）,。,例：,误：,I sent him,a bunch of,beautiful,flowers.,正：,I sent him,a,beautiful,bunch of,flowers.,误：,He bought,a bottle of,hot and thick,milk.,正：,He bought,a,hot and thick,bottle of,milk.,21/178,五、形容词和副词常见考点,形容词和副词三个比较层次：,1、原级比较,必定比较句型：as+原级形容词+as,否定比较句型：not as+原级形容词+as;,not so+原级形容词+as.,疑问比较句型：so+原级形容词+as,例：,Mr.Smith is,as,clever,as,his father(is).,（两个人比较）,The weather in Beijing is,not so,hot,as,that in Shenzhen.,（两个地域天气比较，后边用that代表前边提到天气）,Are those potatoes,so,hot,as,the one you gave me?,（两部分相同物品比较，后者用不定代词指代并被定语从句修饰）,22/178,主要提醒：,比较句型最需要注意是，,比较结构两端被比较成份必须在词性、语法功效上保持一致,（考点之一）,。,例：,误：,My pet dog,is as pretty as,you,.,正：,My pet dog,is as pretty as,yours,.,误：,He studies,as hard as,you,.,正：,He studies,as hard as,you do,.,23/178,原级形容词和副词程度强调,（考点之一）,英语中经常会碰到用贬义副词修饰形容词或副词情形，尤其是在口中常见。,尤其提醒：只能用,副词,修饰形容词和副词，不能用形容词修饰形容词和副词。,awfully big,terribly high,dirty loud,2、比较级比较,常见结构是：,必定句：形容词（副词）比较级+than+被比较对象,否定句：less+形容词（副词）原级+than+被比较对象,no(not)+形容词（副词）比较级+than+被比较对象,注：副词比较结构后边被比较对象须跟有谓语动词。,He gets up much,earlier,than I,do,everyday.,（口语可说成than me）,You are,not more clever,than I,am,(than me).,This material is,less soft,than that one(is).,24/178,需特殊记住几个形容词和副词,原级,比较级,最高级,good/well,better,best,bad/badly,worse,worst,little/few,less,least,much,more,most,far,farther更远,farthest最远,further更深入,furthest最深入,old,older更老,oldest最老,elder更年长,eldest最年长,late,later稍后,latest最近,latter后者,last最终,25/178,尤其提醒：,比较级比较只能用在,二者,比较场所，一样要注意被比较成份一致性,（考点之一）,；有时依据前后文逻辑关系，可省略被比较对象。,如：,I think this film is,much more,interesting.,尤其提醒：,1）,比较级形容词或副词程度强调只能用much、far more,（far more后边须用原级形容词或副词，不能再用另一个more，因为该结构中more已组成比较级。此处也是,考点之一,）,误：,This book is,more thicker,than that one.,误：,The scenery here is,more more beautiful,than that in your city.,正：,This book is,far more thick,than that one.,正：,The scenery here is,much more beautiful,than that in your city.,26/178,2）even也是强调形容词或副词比较级程度，是“更”意思。直接用形容词或副词比较级形式，不要再加more。,例：,This pig is,even bigger,than that one.,This picture is,even more more beautiful,than another one.,27/178,3、最高级比较,形容词（副词）最高级比较基本结构是：,the+形容词（副词）最高级+比较范围,最高级比较结构中必须注意三点：,一是被比较对象以比较范围形式出现；,二是形容词（副词）最高级形式前边必须有定冠词。,三是最高级是在三者及以上范围中进行比较，所以不能用在二者比较场所。,Diwang Skyscraper is,the highest,building,in Shenzhen,.,He is,the most clever,student,in our class,.,28/178,尤其提醒：,1）英语在表示最高级时，经惯用下面这个固定句型，意思表示为“最之一”,（考点之一）,：,one of the 最高级形容词（副词）+复数名词+比较范围,Yangtze River is,one of the longest,rivers,in China.,考点经常表示在of后边名词要用复数形式上。,2）不要形成和自己比较情形：,误：,He is much taller than all the students in the class.,正：,He is much taller than all the,other,students in the class.,3）最高级反向表示（即“最不”）方法是把most换成least.,He is,the least tall,one in his family.,29/178,形容词（副词）中一个常见强调结构,（考点之一）,：,so+形容词（副词）+that （目标或结果从句）,该结构含义是：“如此、这般，以至于”,这里so和that也能够连用，但强调感减弱。,例：,Peter is,so,clever（形容词）,that,he can understand anything you tell him.,Peter studies,so,hard（副词）,that,he always has the highest marks in the class.,轻易相混类似结构（强调是名词，单数时要加不定冠词）：,such(a/an)+名词+that（结果从句）,Lei Feng was,such,a great,people（名词）,that,everyone in China wanted to learn from him.,30/178,六、介词常见考点,介词含有及物性质，其后必须接名词性成份。不及物动词和介词搭配后，整个搭配结构一样含有了及物性质，使用要求与及物动词相同，即只能接名词性成份。,常见考点：,1、惯用动词搭配,最常见是动词,take,和,make,与介词搭配。,例：,make away 逃走 make away with 吃掉、浪费、除去,make for 走向 make from 用某种原料制造,make of 某种材料制造 make off 离开、逃走,make out 编制出、了解 make up 填补、化装,take away 拿走、夺去 take back 收回,take down 记下、病倒 take for 误认为,take in 接收、接待、领会 take off 取掉、起飞,take out 拿出、去掉 take over 接管、接任,take to 开始从事、亲近 take up 占据、处理、打断话,31/178,2、介词内涵,介词功效就是用来说明由动词表示或发出动作：,方位（静态）,方向（动态）,方式（抽象）,介词这些功效决定了与动词搭配后整个短语内涵：,look,（不及物动词）,look at 看着 look for 寻找,look out 提防、环视 look through 看穿、审阅,look up to 敬仰、尊重 look down upon 瞧不起、藐视,look after 照料 look like 看起来像,turn,（不及物动词）,in turn 轮番、依次 turn about 转身、重复思索,turn aside 闪开、偏离 turn away 走开、转脸,turn away from 厌烦 turn back 停顿前进、折回,turn off 关闭 turn on 打开,turn down 拒绝 turn over 周转、营业额、产值、移交,turn out 清扫、产出 turn up 找到、发觉、出现、参阅、抵达,32/178,3、几个主要考点,（1）表示“除了”几个介词内涵差异,（考点之一）,表示“除了”后还包含回来：,besides:,Besides the award,he has also got a reputation.,aside from:,Aside from reading,we use listening and writing to improve our English.,apart from：,Apart from films,songs also have the educational function.,in addition to:,In addition to this specification,he will give us some examples,too.,表示“除了”后不包含回来：,except:,We all have finished our papers except Jack.,but:,The person I want to meet and talk is he but you.,except for:,The whole article is good written except for its handwriting.,33/178,（2）用介词+名词作表语：,of 结构,例：,The meeting is,important,.,（形容词作表语）,The meeting is,of great importance,.,（介词短语作表语）,（3）两个表示数量介词,（考点之一）,by：,表示改变本身量：The temperature has risen by 2 degrees.,to：,表示改变后到达量：The temperature has risen to 80 degrees centigrade.,（4）和完成时态相关介词,（考点之一）,since：,动作起点,We have studied English,since,7 o clock.,for:,动作延续段落,We have studied English,for,two hours.,by:,动作终点,We have learnt 3000 words,by,the time of last class.,34/178,（5）和动词发生时方式方法相关几个介词结构,用某种动作做事：by+动名词,We are studying English by listening,speaking,reading and writing.,用某种物品做事：with+名词,We are studying English with the book you gave us.,用某种路径或方式做事：through+名词或动名词,We have drawn a workable conclusion through the detail discussion.,（6）用介词表示方向方位,to the west of,to the north of,to the east of,to the south of,in the north of,in the south of,on the edge of,35/178,七、动词常见考点,在英语考试中，与动词相关考点出题数量最多，既包含动词本身使用规则，也包括和其它词组合。归纳起来，主要包括这些方面：,1、时态,考点经常表达在主句和从句时态呼应上：,时间轴,时间次序：,过去完成,过去现在完成现在未来完成未来,过去,现在,未来,过去完成,现在完成,未来完成,进行,进行,进行,36/178,例：,正：He,had sent,the letter to her before he,received,hers.,还没接到她信，他就把信发给她了。,误：She,received,his letter before she,had sent,hers.,（注：正确次序是：过去完成时发生在先，过去时发生在后）,正：He,came,in while we,were watching,TV.,误：He,had come,in while we,were watching,TV.,（逻辑上完成时与进行时无法同时发生）,正：He has learnt words,after,he came to the school.（动作过去发生，结果反应在现在）,误：He has learnt words,after,he comes to the school.（时间错位，普通现在时晚于现在完成时）,正：He has learnt words,before,he comes to the school.,37/178,2、动词一致性,是指主语和谓语之间一致关系，通常归纳为以下几个标准：,语法形式一致标准；概念一致标准；就近一致标准；指代一致标准,。下面分别介绍。,（1）语法形式一致,（,注意：谓语动词单复数只受主语中关键名词成份制约，即指依据主语关键成份确定动词单复数）,主语成份,动词形式,单数名词,单个动词不定式,单个动名词短语,单个从句,动词单数形式,复数名词,用and或both and连接动词不定式短语、动名词短语及从句,（语法术语将这些类型称作并列主语）,动词复数形式,38/178,例：,The,story,is,very interesting.,（单数名词）,To study by ones own,is,sometimes difficult.,（单个不定式短语）,Reading more books,is,helpful for improving your writing skill.（单个动名词短语）,What you see,makes up your first impression on him.,（单个主语从句）,Film and book,are,both good for you to increase knowledge.,（两个或以上单数名词作主语）,The teachers,there,are,having a meeting now.,（单个复数名词）,To study hard and to catch up with others,have become,the target of mine in this term.,（两个不定式短语一起作主语）,What he says and what he does are making me upset now.,（两个或以上主语从句共同作主语）,39/178,尤其提醒,：插入语成份不影响原有主语单复数性质,（考点之一）。,在主语名词成份后边，经常会有由一些关联词或其它结构连接另外一些名词成份，但这些成份只是插入性质，而不是并列性质，所以不影响动词和原有主语名词一致性关系。,这些连接结构或关联词主要有：,as well as,with,along with,like,together with,rather than,except,but,including,accompanied by,plus,besides,in addition to,no less than.,（注：bothand为复数性质）,例：,Xiao Zhang,as well as,his classmates,is,going to see the film.,Mr.Smith,with his wife,drives,to work everyday.,Along with,her parents,she,is,going to the park.,She,like her parents,has,also a pretty appearance.,It is Xiao Lee,rather than others,who,does,it perfectly.,He,plus his classmates,has,raised1000 Yuan in total.,40/178,尤其提醒：,多数不定代词含有单数性质，作主语时只能与单数动词形式搭配,（考点之一）,：,either,of them two,does,it well.,neither,of them,is,going to buy the food.,Each,of our students,has,his/her English name.,This shoe is worn out,the other,is,nearly the same.,The car has arrived on time,another,is,coming now.,The,professor,and,director,is,coming.（and后无定冠词，指同一人两个身份）,The,professor,and,the,director,are,coming.（and后有定冠词，指两个不一样身份人）,One,of them,has not passed,the exam.,41/178,尤其提醒：不定代词和of 组成名词前置定语时，动词单复数仍依据主语名词单复数。More than 句型、分数表示句型与其类似,（考点之一）,。,All the,students,have,passed exam.,All the,water,is,flowing into the pool.,Most of the,students,know,that person.,Most of the,money,has,been stolen.,More than,one person,knows,that news.,More than,half of the persons,know,that news.,A third o
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