初中英语中考前必备知识总结整理版.doc

基本语法表格 1.人称代词和物主代词 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 (现在时, 动词+s/es) 复数 人称 代词 主格 I we you you she he it they these 宾格 me us you you her him it them those 物主代词() 物主性 my our your your her his its their these 名词性 mine ours yours yours hers his its theirs those 反身代词 自己 myself ourselves yourself yourselves herself himself itself themselves themselves 2.可数名词复数 组成 举例 1 在名词后面加s Americans, Germans, apples, bananas 2 以s, x, sh, ch, 结尾，加es boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, foxes buses 3 以辅音字母加y结尾变y为i再加es baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies, 4 以元音字母加y结尾直接加s day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, way-ways 5 以o结尾加s（外来词）； 但如是辅音加o加es radios, photos zoos tomatoes, potatoes heroes 6 以f或fe结尾变f为v再加es thief,wife,shelf,knife, loaf,leaf,wolf,half, 7 通常只有复数，没有单数有 clothes;p0lice, people, crew, staff, police; pants, shorts, shoes, glasses, gloves, socks, trouses; scissors; （由两部分组成东西） 8 特殊形式有 child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, mouse-mice, sheep-sheep; man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen 10 假如是由man或woman所组成合成man doctor-men doctors, 3.名词全部格（某人/物“”东西） 组成 举例 1 单数：在后面加s brothers, Mikes, teachers 2 复数：以s结尾直接在s后加， 不以s结尾，加s Teachers Day教师节 classmates books同学们书籍 Childrens Day六一节 Womens Day三八节 词复数，则前后两个词都要变为复数 woman teacher-women teachers 11 既能够是单数也能够是复数一些集合名词 class班，同学；family家，家庭组员；organization机构；army军队； audience 观众；enemy 敌人；navy 海军；committee 委员会；group, team. 12 单复数相同 fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese 13 单复数意思不一样 fish鱼 fishes鱼种类, paper纸 papers报纸，卷子，论文 work工作 works作品，工厂 glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼镜 orange桔子水 oranges橙子 light光线 lights灯 cloth布 clothes衣服 people人 peoples民族 time时间 times时代, 次数 chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡 water水 waters水域；公海 wood 木板； woods树林 14 惯用不可数名词 water, milk, fruit, meat, food, paper, air, weather, rice, ice, 家俱 sheep羊肉, fish鱼肉 （动物表示肉类） 动词+ed组成方式 组成 举例 1 直接在词尾加ed work-worked; play-played; want-wanted; act-acted 2 以不发音e字母结尾动词，直接加d live-lived; move-moved; taste-tasted; hope-hoped, 3 以辅音字母+ y结尾，把y变为i 再加ed study-studied; copy-copied; cry-cried; carry-carried 4 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母动词，要双写这一辅音字母，再加ed stop plan fit refer prefer cancel travel quarrel drop 4.动词+ing组成方式 组成 举例 2 以不发音e字母结尾动词，要去掉e再加ing make-making, write-writing, skate-skating, closeclosing, come-coming, take-taking，have-having, dance-dancing, liveliving; hope-hoping 3 若结尾e 发音, 就不能去掉 see-seeing 4 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母动词，要双写这一辅音字母，再加ing run-running, swim-swimming, get-getting, sitsitting, putputting, beginbeginning, hit-hitting, stop-stopping, forget forgetting 5 在少数几个以ie 结尾动词后：须将ie 变作y，再加ing。 diedying; tietying, lielying躺/位于 lie- lied - lied - ly撒谎 lie - lay - lain - lying 躺/位于 lay - laid - laid - laying下蛋/放 5.时态语态公式 时态 主动 被动 be + done （过去分词） 1通常现在时 do / does am/is/are done 2通常过去时 did used to do was/were done 3通常未来时 will/shall do am/is/are going to do will/shall be done 4现在进行时 am/is/are doing am/is/are being done 5过去进行时 was/were doing was/were being done 6未来进行时 will be doing will be done 7现在完成时 have/has done have/has been done 8过去完成时 had done had been done 9未来完成时 will have done will have been done 10现在完成进行时 have/has been doing have/has been done 11过去未来时 would do would be done 6.主动/被动 主动 被动： be + done (be-am/is/are-was/were-being-been) 1通常现在时 I do my homework every day My homework is done (by me) every day. 2通常过去时 I did my homework yesterday. My homework was done (by me) yesterday. 3通常未来时 I will do my homework tomorow. My homework will be done (by me) tomorrow. 4现在进行时 I am doing my homework now. My homework is being done now. 5过去进行时 I was doing my homework at 3:00 yesterday afternoon. My homework was being done at 3:00yesterday afternoon 6未来进行时 I will be doing my homework tomorrow. My homework will be done tomorrow. 7现在完成时 I have already done my homework. My homework has already been done. 8过去完成时 I had done my homework before yesterday afternoon. My homework had been done before yesterday afternoon 9未来完成时 I will have done my homework tomorrow. My homework will have been done tomorrow. 10现在完成进行时 I have been doing a half of my homework. My homework has been done a half. 11过去未来时 I said that I would do my homework next week. I said that my homework would be done next week. 7.不规则动词巧记表 AAA型 过去式、过去分词与原形一致 原形 过去式 过去分词 词义 原形 过去式 过去分词 词义 cut cut cut 切、割、剪 shut shut shut 关、闭（门窗） put put put 放置 hurt hurt hurt 受伤；疼痛 let let let 让 cost cost cost 值钱；花费 set set set 设置 read read read 朗诵；阅读 hit hit hit 撞击；打 spread spread spread 展开；铺开 AAB型 过去式与原形一致 原形 过去式 过去分词 词义 原形 过去式 过去分词 词义 beat beat beaten 击败；打败 ABA型 过去分词与原形一致 原形 过去式 过去分词 词义 原形 过去式 过去分词 词义 run ran run 跑步；逃跑 come came come 来 forget forgot forgotten 忘记 do / does did done 做 go went gone 去 lie lay lain 躺；卧 表时间 组成 举例 详细时间，“几点几分”用at She goes to bed at eleven oclock. “在早上，在下午，在晚上”用in，且the不能省略；“在某年、某月” 用in，不加冠词; “在中午，在夜里”用at，不加冠词 in the morning; in the afternoon; in the evening in ; in June at noon; at night 表示“在星期几”、 “在星期几早晨、下午、晚上” “在某天”、 “在某月某日”、用on on June 13; on Monday/Tuesday/Sunday on Monday morning/afternoon/evening/nigjt 在this, last, next, every等词前面既不加介词，也不用冠词 What are you doing this afternoon? I do it every Friday. 表地点 在小地点用at at school; at home; at railway station; at the cor 在大地方用in in Beijing; in China; in Amarica; in Asia 在上面用on on the desk; on the top of the montain 8. 介词at; in; on使用方法 惯用介词 before (时间)在前；截至（到） in front of (地点)在前面 in the front of在前部 after (时间)在之后 behind (地点)在后面 until（till） 直到为止 (动词假如是点动词，则必须用否定句) about 在各处；四处；在附近; 关于; 大约 by 直到为止；以计，后跟度量单位 “靠伎俩”，“用方法凭借动作” away 离开； 离多远 beyond 超出范围（或能力） for 为；表示一段时间；用交换 around 在周围，围绕 during 在(时间)内 into 进入 through 一直（从开始到结束）；穿过 along 沿着 from 表示“是哪里人”，以及“时间或地点起始to 到（目地）去，向 点 since 自从以来 across 横穿 in 过后（未来时间）；在里面（地点） in “用语言” 常与write, speak, talk, answer等连用 within 不超出范围 be made of 表示从成品仍可看出原料 outside 在外面 be made from 表示从成品已看不出原料 between 在之间（指二者） with 表示用什么工具，所用东西都是详细物 among 在之间（指三者以上） without =but for 没有 on 在上面，表面相互接触 like 像一样 above 只表示“在上方或位置高出”，与below相对 as 作为 below 在下方，低于 near 在附近，与far相对 over “在正上方”，与under相对 under 在正下方 against 紧靠、倚靠 反对（反义词是for） beneath 在下方 beside =by (地点) 靠近，在旁边，比near距离更近 except for 除之外（主要用来谈论不一样类东西） besides 除之外还有 except 除之外没有了（主要用来谈论同类东西） 组成 举例 1 通常在形容词后加er/est 假如是以e结尾则直接加r或st great-greater-greatest, short-shortershortest, tall-tallertallest, long-longerlongest, nice-nicer- nicest, large-larger -largest 2 以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母1个辅音字母结尾，双写结尾辅音字母， 再加er /est （与动词+ed和+ing一样） big-bigger-biggest thin (字母组合除外，如few-fewer-fewest) red-redder-reddest hot-hotter-hottest 3 以辅音字母y结尾，变y为i，再加er/est （与动词+ed；名词+es一样） happy-happier-happiest, sorry-sorrier-sorriest, friendly-friendlier-friendliest (more friendly-most friendly),busy-busier-busiest, easy-easier-easiest 9.形容词比较级和最高级 4 多音节形容词（比较长形容词）， 比较级在词前面+more; 最高级在词前面+the most comfortable-more comfortable-the most comfortable difficult-more difficult-the most difficult expensive- more expensive the most expensive important beautiful-more beautiful-the most beautiful wonderful convenient-more convenient-the most convenient方便 interesting 5 特殊情况：(两好多坏，一少老远) good/wellbetterbest many/muchmoremost bad/illworseworst littleless least oldolder/elderoldest/eldest farfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest 10.不定冠词a(an)使用方法 组成 举例 1 a用于发辅音开始可数名词单数前 a girl; a university; a useful book (这里u为元音字母, 但发辅音) 2 an用于发元音开始词前 an English book; an hour, an honor, an honest boy (h不发音, 从元音o算起) 11.定冠词the使用方法 组成 举例 4 用来表示世界上独一无二事物 the sun, the moon, the sky, the earth, the world 5 用于表示阶级、党派名词前 the Chinese Communist Party; the working class 6 用于江河、湖海，山脉，群岛等名词前 the Yellow River；the East Sea；the Himalayas；the Pacific Ocean 7 用于由普通名词组成国名 The Peoples Republic of China；the United States 8 用于机关、团体、朝代、时代、报刊杂志等名词前 the United Nations；the State Council；the Tang dynasty；the Peoples Daily；the Summer Palace；the Peace Hotel； the British Museum 9 用于表示方位名词前 the east; the southwest; the middle; the Far East; on the left 10 用于西洋乐器名词前， 但汉语拼音乐器前不用冠词 play the piano; play the violin; play erhu; play guzheng 11 用于复数姓氏前，表示两夫妇或全家，在此情况下，这类名词作复数对待 When we got there, the Lius were waiting for us. The Smiths watch TV every day. 12 用于一些形容词或过去分词前，表示一类人或事物 the poor; the rich; the living; the young; the wounded; the beautiful 2 三餐饭名词前 breakfast lunch supper 3 节假日等名词前 on National Day; on Christmas Day; on Teachers Day 4 球类和棋类运动名词前 play pingpang, play basketball; play chess 9 季节、月份、星期等名词前 1.Monday 2.Tuesday 3.Wednesday 4.Thursday5.Friday 6.Saturday 7.Sunday 1.January 2.February 3.March 4.April 5.May 6.June 7.July 8.August 9.September 10.October11.November 12.December 1.spring 2.summer 3.autumn 4.winter 12 在一些固定词组里 on foot; by train/ boat / plane /bus / bike; in fact; as a mfact; in class in church; in danger; in hospital; in town; in bed; at home; at school at daybreak; at sunrise; at dusk; at sunset; at night; at noon go to school; go to class; go to bed; from morning till night; ; from door to door 范 围 特 点 实 例 112 无规律 one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven1319 以teen结尾 thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, ninete2090 以ty结尾 twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety hundred, thousand, million, billion )详细数字两无，无s 无of,如：5 hundred students 500个学生。含糊数字两有，有s有of.of。如：; hundreds of students成百上千学生 12.不用冠词情况 13.（一）基数词 14.（二）序数词 范 围 特 点 实 例 119 各基数词尾加th 其中七个例外：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth 其余，如：four forth, six sixth, nineteen nineteenth 2090 把y变i后加eth twentieth, fortieth, ninetieth 21以后多位数 最终一个数用序数词，其余用基数词 21st twenty-first, 110th one hundred and tenth 说明 first, second, third 通常可缩写为1st, 2nd, 3rd。 凡是以th结尾序数词可缩写为“基数词+th”：4th, 5th, 9th, 11th, 60th, 128th等。 . hundred, thousand, million 等序数词形式为 hundredth, thousandth, millionth 等；这类词前用数字“1”时，这个“1”只用one，不用a： one hundredth 第100 (不说a hundredth) ten thousandth (10, 000th) 第10000 15.不定数量词“多”表示法 修饰可数名词 dozens of 几十、许多 scores of 许多 many, a good(great) many, many a （修饰单数可数名词） 许多、大量 hundreds of 数以百计 thousands of, thousands upon thousands of 成千上万 millions of 数百万 billions of 亿万 a large (great, big, small) number (majority) of 许多、大量 修饰不可数名词 much, a great (good)deal of, a large amount of, large amounts of, a large (great, big)sum of（sum特指钱） 许多、大量 二者都可 a lot of /lots of, plenty of, a (large) quantity of , large quantities of 许多、大量 16.主谓一致 分类 组成与举例 1谓语动词 单数 不定式、动名词、名词性从句作主语时