词性的基本用法及常见的构词法.doc

词性的基本用法及常见的构词法
名词具体指导

名词在句中多用来作主语、宾语、表语和定语。在英语应用能力考试中，要求考生根据题意把括号里所给的词变成名词，所填词多出现在句尾或句首：
1 ．所填词的特征
① 前有物主代词如my , his，their, our, your, its等；
② 前有冠词如a, an, the；(后面常有介词如of等)
③ 前有形容词如large，clever，foolish等；
④ 前有冠词＋形容词如that ancient，the clever等；
⑤ 前有不定代词many, much, a few ，a little，several等。
⑥ 前面有介词如with,of,at,in等等。
2 ．所填词多为抽象名词或表示人的名词。如decision，illness，protection等。
常见名词后缀：
crime
Canada
Europe
history
account
beg
lie
operate
act
village
educate
law
employ
art
chemistry
science
tour
criminal
Canadian
European
historian
accountant
beggar
liar
operator
actor
villager
educator
lawyer
employee
artist
chemist
scientist
tourist
1 ．表示人的名词后缀
① –al
② –an

③ –ant
④ –ar/er/or

⑤ –ee
⑥ –ist

existence
dependence
confidence
difference
importance
distance
intelligence
appearance
depth
truth
warmth
width

exist
dependent
confident
different
important
distant
intelligent
appear
deep
true
warm
wide
2．抽象名词后缀
①–ance/ence

②–th

dead
long
strong
grow
move
develop
arrange
equip
judge
encourage

pollute
discuss
organize
educate
inform
invent
invite
protect
predict
decide
satisfy
found
prepare
expect
instruct
direct
compete

find
build
paint
ill
careful
kind
weak
helpless
short
certain
arrive
propose
withdraw
death
length
strength
growth
movement
development
arrangement
equipment
judgment
encouragement

pollution
discussion
organization
education
information
invention
invitation
protection
prediction
decision
satisfaction
foundation
preparation
expectation
instruction
direction
competition

finding
building
painting
illness
carefulness
kindness
weakness
helplessness
shortage
certainty
arrival
proposal
withdrawal

③–ment

④–tion/ation/ion

⑤–ing

⑥–ness

⑦ –age
⑧ –ty
⑨ –al

⑩-dom free freedom
wise wisdom
3.部分动词不规则变化
die death
形容词具体指导

形容词通常用在系动词后作表语，或用在名词前作定语。Section B 中，主要考查以下几个方面：
1 ．系表结构中形容词作表语。
2 ．名词前形容词作定语。
3 ．如果括号内给出形容词，考查比较级、最高级形式。
考试中常见句型：
( l ) be very（形容词）
( 2 ) a / an / the（形容词）名词
( 3 ) very / too / many / rather（形容词）
( 4 ) （形容词）名词
eastern
northern
southern
western
joyful
peaceful
skillful
successful
thankful
foolish
childish
brainless
colorless
harmless
homeless
fatherly
friendly
manly
daily
hourly
monthly
weekly
dirty
easy
healthy
east
north
south
west
joy
peace
skill
success
thank
fool
child
brain
color
harm
home
father
friend
man
day
hour
month
week
dirt
ease
health

常见形容词后缀
1.-ern附在表方向的名词后

2. -ful附在抽象名词后

3. -ish 附在具体名词后

4. –less

5. –ly

6. –y

7. -ous danger dangerous
Variety various
8. -able comfort comfortable
9.-ent/ant difference different
distance distant
confidence confident
10 -ive attract attractive
create creative

11.-al occasion occasional

副词具体指导

副词分为时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词、连接副词和关系副词。《 基本要求》 中对副词主要考查以下几点：
1 ．副词的句法功能；
2 ．带ly 和不带ly 的副词；
3 ．副词的位置；
4 ．副词的比较级和最高级。
这些考查项目主要出现在Section B 中，括号内给出名词、形容词或动词（几率非常低），要求考生将它们改为副词。若本身是副词，要使用比较级或最高级。其中较难的是给出名词，先转换成形容词，再变为副词这一类题。
Examples：
He has been extremely busy these days．
Everything went smoothly．
She didn’t do it intentionally.
She suddenly fell ill.
Luckily, Peter was there.
He works terribly hard.

考试中常见句型 1. be + （副词）＋形容词
2. 动词＋副词
3. 动词＋宾语＋副词
4. 主语＋副词＋动词
5. 副词，＋句子
6. 副词＋副词

carefully
calmly
really
personally
partly
recently
finally
possibly
terribly
wholly
sleepily
luckily

careful
calm
real
personal
part
recent
final
possible
terrible
whole
sleepy
lucky
常见副词及其后缀：
(l)直接加-ly

(2)以le结尾的改为ly

(3)以y 结尾的变y 为i加ly

构词法前后缀知识
在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。
1)前缀
除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，不改变词性；后缀一般改变词类，而不引起词义的变化。
(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如：
appear出现→disappear消失
correct正确的→incorrect不正确的
lead带领→mislead领错
stop停下→non-stop不停
(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对；抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再；又), sub- (下面的；次；小), tele- (强调距离)等。例如：
alone单独的 antigas防毒气的
autochart自动图表
cooperate合作 enjoy使高兴
internet互联网 reuse再用
subway地铁 telephone电话
2)后缀
英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词，也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变为与原来词义相反的新词。
(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ful (一……)，-ian (精通……的人)，-ist (专业人员)，-ment (性质；状态)，-ness (性质；状态)，-tion(动作；过程)等。例如：
differ不同于→difference区别
write写→writer作家
Japan日本→Japanese日本人
act表演→actress女演员
mouth 口→mouthful一口
music音乐→musician音乐家
(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后)，-fy (使……化)，-ize (使……成为)。例如：
wide→widen加宽
beauty→beautify美化
pure→purify提纯
real→realize意识到
organ→organize组织
(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al，
-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的)，-en (多用于表示材料的名词后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某国人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (表示否定)，-like (像……的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (表示天气)等。例如：
nature自然→natural自然的
reason道理→reasonable有道理的
America美国→American美国的
China中国→Chinese中国人的
gold金子→golden金的
east东→eastern东方的
child孩子→childish孩子气的
snow雪→snowy雪的
week周→weekly 每周的
更多的例子：
1. -ble:包括：-able : readable \lovable \ knowable \inflammable -ible : sensible \ resistible \conductible 名词一般是-ability \ -ibility：inflammability \ sensibility
2.- al包括：-al : personal \ national 名词一般是-ality：personality \ nationality -ial :
presidential \ dictatorial -ical : typical \ symbolical \ biological (一般由结尾为-y的名词派生而来)
3. -an包括：-an republican \ American -ean : European -ian : Egyptian \ Canadian (名词和形容词同形)
4. - ar包括：-ar : similar \ solar -ular : globular
5. - ed : colored \gifted \ retired
6. -ern : eastern \ western
7. -ese : Chinese \ Japanese（名词和形容词同形）
8. -fold :表示倍数twofold \ manyfold
9. -ful : useful \skillful
10. -ic包括：-ic : atomic \ historic -istic : artistic \ realistic -tic : dramatic \ romantic
11. - ile : infantile \ fertile
12. - ing : changing \ developing
13. - ior :exterior \ interior
14. -ish :childish \ reddish \ English \
15. - ist : socialist \ nationalist
16. -ive包括：-itive : sensitive \ primitive -ive : protective \ productive
17. - less : homeless \ useless
18. - like : childlike \ manlike
19. -ly: friendly \ costly \ daily \
20. - nt包括：-ant : assistant \ expectant \ -ent : insistent \ different \-
21. -ous :包括 -aceous : curvaceous有曲线的\ herbaceous草本的 -acious :vivacious活泼 的、rapacious掠夺的 -aneous : simultaneous同时发生的\ spontaneous自发的 -eous :
righteous正直的 \ gaseous 气体的 -ious : anxious焦急的\ curious好奇的 -ous : dangerous 危险的 \ glorious光荣的
22. -proof: fireproof \ bombproof
23. - ry包括：-ary : secondary \ elementary -ory : informatory \ explanatory
24. -some: troublesome \ lonesome
25. -ward :downward \ seaward
26. - y : rainy \ rosy \ sleepy
(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如：
angry生气的→angrily生气地
to到→towards朝……，向……
east东方→eastward向东

练习
1. That man was ________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.
A. care　 　 B. careful　　 C. careless　　 D. carelessness
2. The soldier died for saving the child，so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai.
A. die B. dead C. died D. death
3. The child looked ________at his brother who was badly wounded.
A. sadly B. sadness C. sadly D. sad
4. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a ________.
A. chemistry B. chemical
C. chemist D. physician
5. Stephenson became the________railway engineer in the world.
A. lead B. leader C. leading D. leadership
6.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem，Jack looked________about at his classmates.
A. proud B. proudly C. pride D. pridely
7.To everyone’s ________，the girl finished the job quite well.
A. satisfied B. satisfactory
C. satisfying D. satisfaction
8. No one should enter the spot without the________of the police.
A. permit B. permission
C. permitting D. permittence
9.Letting that animal escape was no accident；you did it ________.
A. intend B. intention
C. intentionally 　 D. intentional
10. The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a________smile.
A. practice B. practise
C. practical D. practiced
11. The________ordered him to pay a $100 fine.
A. judger B. judgment
C. judge D. judgement
12. The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________.
A. longer B. length
C. long D. longing
13.To my ________，I passed the exam easily.
A. joy B. joyful
C. joyless D. joyness
14. How________ he is! He is always acting________.He is really a ________.
A. foolish；foolishly；fool
B. fool；foolish；fool
C. foolish；fool；fool
D. foolishly；foolish；fool
15. The necklace that she lost is very expensive. It’s of great ________.
A. valuable B. value
C. valueless D. unvaluable
16. There were________fish in the river in South America.
A. in danger B. danger
C. dangerous D. dangerless
17. The child looked at me________.
A. stranger B. strangely
C. strange D. strangeless
18.The black people were against slavery and fought for their________bravely.
A. free B. freely
C. freedom D. frees
19. What you said sounded________ but in fact it was untrue.
A. reasonable B. reasonful
C. reasonless D. unreason
20. We have to learn ________technology from other countries.
A. advance B. advancing
C. advantage D. advanced
21.Mr Black is an ________in the army，not an ________in the government. You can not easily find him in his________.
A. official；officer；office
B. officer；office；official
C. official；official；official
D. officer；official；office
22.You’d better give up smoking if you want to keep ________.
A. health B. healthy
C. healthily D. healthier
23.________ speaking，I didn’t do it on purpose.
A. Honestly　 B. Honest C. Honesty D. Dishonest

[参考答案]1-5 BDACC 6-10BDBCC 11-15 CBAAB 16-20CBCAD 21-23DBA