江大研究生英语基础班考试复习资料.doc

Unit 1 General Description of Literature Reading and Translation (4hrs)
1. Definition of Literature
文学的定义
Literature is a general term（总括） for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations.
文学是一个通用术语（总括）专业著作，书籍，文件和其他文件的形式。
2. Classification of Literature 文学的分类
1) Textbooks 教科书
2) Monographs(专著)
3) Papers 文件
4) Encyclopedias（百科全书）
5) Periodicals（期刊）
6) Special Documentation特殊的文档
3. Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature
科学文献的语言特点
Stylistically(在文体上), literature is a kind of formal writing. It avoids all colloquial （通俗的）expressions.
\ Syntactically（在句法上）, scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures, and in most cases is rather unitary.
Morphologically（在词态学上）, scientific literature is featured by high specialization, the use of technical terms and jargons, unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word.
2. Principles or Criteria of Translation翻译的原则或标准
faithfulness (信), expressiveness (达), and elegance (雅)”.
3. Literal Translation and Free Translation直译和意译

Unit 2 Professional Papers（4hrs）专业论文（4小时）
1. Definition of professional papers专业论文的定义
A professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic.
一个专业的纸是打好字的纸，专业人士提出自己的看法和研究成果，对选定的主题。
2.Classification of professional papers专业论文的分类
The four kinds of papers usually assigned in universities and colleges are (1) report papers; (2) research papers; (3) course papers, and (4)thesis papers.
这四种文件通常被分配在大学和学院是（1）报告文件;（2）研究论文;（3）课程论文，（4）硕士论文。
1) Report Paper报告纸
2) Research paper研究论文
3) Course Paper课程论文
4) Thesis（论文） Paper硕士（论文）纸
4. Linguistic Features of Professional Papers
专业论文的语言特点
1) Formal Style正式风格
2) Specialized Terms（专业术语）
3) Rigid Sentence Structure刚性句子结构
4) Formatted Elements（格式化内容）
For example, the Chinese word “书”:
(1) 申请书Letter of Application
(2) 报告书 Report (3) 协议书 Agreement
(4) 成绩通知书Grade Report (5) (使用)说明书Directions
(6) 旅行委托书Booking Form (7) 成交确认书 Sales Confirmation
(8) 电视机使用说明书Television Operation Guide (9) 白皮书WhiteBook (10) 家书Letter from Home
Unit Three Reports报告
1. Definition of Report
A report is a form of communication in which the writer gives information to some person or organization because it is his/her responsibility to do so. It may be short, simple, and intended for a single reader or it may be long, elaborate, and printed at great expense.
报告是一种形式的沟通中，笔者给出了一些人或组织的信息，因为这是他/她有责任这样做。这可能是短，操作简单，并打算为一个单一的读者，也可能是长期的，复杂的，巨大的代价和印刷。
2. Content of Report报告内容
Reports are usually expected to include the following: 报告通常包括以下：
(1) Information or the data that the writer has been able to collect, which may be general or detailed.
(2) Calculations which the writer has been able to work out after considering all the data that he/she has been able to collect.
(3) Conclusions at the end of the report in addition to those referred to above.
(4) A recommended course of action, with the recommendations clearly based on the conclusions that the author has previously mentioned.（有“I think…”）
（1）信息或数据，作者已经能够收集到，这可能是一般或详细。
（2）计算的作家已经能够制定出考虑他/她已经能够收集到的所有数据后，
（3）结论在结束的报告除了上文提到的那些。 （4）建议的行动方针的建议显然是基于笔者的结论，即前面提到的，（有“我想......”）
3. Classification of Reports分类报告
3.1 Informal Reports（）非正式报告（）
3.2 Semiformal Reports半正式的报告
3.3 Formal Reports正式的报告
4. Linguistic Features of Reports语言特点分析报告
4.1 Various Patterns(模式) 各种图案
4.1.1 Letter form report 信的形式报告
4.1.2 Schematic form （图解、概形）report
4.1.3 Short report (or Summary report) 简短的报告（摘要报告）
4.1.4 Mixed form report 混合形式报告
4.2 Self-sufficient（独立性） 自给自足（独立性）
4.3 More Active Voice更多的主动语态
4.4 Clear Citation（引用） 清除引用
4.5 Standard Language. 标准语言。
Unit 4 Abstracts （2hs）文摘“（2HS）
7. Reflections and Practice
7.1.1. What is an abstract? What are the purposes of abstracts?
7.1.2. Do you know how many kinds of abstracts there are? Could you mention their names?
7.1.3. Have you gained some experience in searching for abstracts?
7.思考与实践
7.1.1。什么是抽象的？摘要的目的是什么？
7.1.2。你知道有多少种摘要？你能不能提他们的名字吗？
7.1.3。你有没有总结出一些经验中寻找摘要？
1. Definition of Abstracts 论文摘要的定义
An abstract is a brief and self-contained summary and an accurate representation of the contents of a document such as a research paper, a journal article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, and other academic documents.
一个抽象的一个简短的自我的总结和准确的陈述等文件的研究论文，期刊文章，论文，评论，会议继续进行，和其他学术文献的内容。
2. Classification of Abstracts 分类文摘
2.1. Indicative (or descriptive abstracts) 指示性（或描述摘要）
2.2. Informative abstracts资料摘要
2.3. indicative / informative abstracts (综合性) 指示/资讯摘要
2.4. Author abstract 作者抽象
2.5. Slanted abstract（倾向性） 倾斜的抽象（倾向性）
2.6. Telegraphic abstract （电报摘要）电汇抽象（电报摘要）
2.7. Mini-abstract （微型摘要）迷你抽象（微型摘要）
2.8 Mission-oriented abstract（面向摘要）任务为导向的抽象（面向摘要）
2.9 Finding-oriented abstract（发现目标型摘要）
2.10 Highlight（最重要部分） abstract高亮显示（最重要部分）摘要
3．Linguistic Features of Abstracts 论文摘要的语言特点
3.1 Using Topic, Supporting, and Concluding Sentences
使用主题，支持和结论句
3.2 Using Brief but Informative Sentences使用简短而翔实的句子
3.3 Arranging in One Paragraph安排在一个段落
3.4 Being Concise更加简洁
Unit 5. Proposals 建议
5.1．Definition of Proposal 建议书的定义
A proposal is a suggestion or request that some particular action be taken. A proposal is a written offer to solve a technical problem in a particular way, under a specified plan of management, or for a specified compensation.
In the above definition, “written offer to solve a technical problem”, “specified plan of management”, and “for a specified compensation” are the main elements of a proposal.
一个建议是建议或要求，采取一些特别的行动。一个建议的书面报价文件，以解决技术问题的一种特殊的方式，在指定的计划管理，或指定的补偿。
   在上述定义中，“书面报价，以解决技术问题”，“指定计划的管理”，“指定的补偿”为主要内容的建议。
5.2．Classification of Proposals分类的建议
5.2.1 Informal Suggestions非正式建议
5.2.2 Semiformal Proposals半正式的建议
5.2.3 Formal Proposals正式建议
5.3．Format of Proposal Format的建议
The elements that are essential to every proposal are: (1) statement of need; (2) project objectives; (3) statement of procedures; (4) statement of strengths, and (5) a method for evaluating the effectiveness of the program. These basics and other components that enhance proposals are briefly discussed here.
元素是必不可少的每一个建议是：（1）语句的需求;（2）项目目标;（3）语句的程序;（4​​）语句的优势，和（5）的方法，评估计划的成效。这些基础知识及其它组件，提高提案进行了简要讨论。
Unit 6. Conference Documents (4hs) 大会文件
1. Definition of Conference Documents 会议文件的定义
Conference documents are printed materials distributed before or at or after a conference, concerning the announcements, arrangements, and other information of the conference, usually made by the sponsoring organization or the organizing committee of the conference.
会议文件的印刷材料分布前或会议后，有关的会议，通常是由办学机构或组织委员会的会议通知，安排和其他信息。
2. Classification of Conference Documents
2.1 Documents in the Preparation of a Conference or Symposium（座谈会）
2.2 Documents Distributed at a Conference or Symposium
2.3 Documents Distributed after a Conference or Symposium
Unit 7 Reviews评论
1. Definition of Review:
A review, as opposed to a survey, should be a critical summary, commentary and literally documented assessment of a work on a specific subject or in a particular field
审阅工作，而不是一项调查显示，应该是一个重要的总结，评论和在一个特定的主题或在某一特定领域的字面记载的评估工作
2. Classification of Reviews
1) Literature Review 文学评论
2) Book Review书评
3. Linguistic Features of Reviews语言特点的评论
1) General Contents of Book Reviews书评内容：
(1) it tells what the book is about
(2) it asserts a judgment of the book's worth
(3)familiarize the reader with the background of the book
2) General Contents of Literature Reviews文学评论内容：
A good literature review usually (1) includes the background, the prior work, present disputes, current development and prospect, etc. of the subject the review is about; (2) reveals the author's rigorous and objective comments; (3) provides the reader with a great number of references.
通常一个很好的文献综述（1）包括的背景下，前期准备工作，目前的纠纷，目前的发展和前景等评论的主题（2）揭示了作者的严谨和客观的意见;（3）提供读者提供了大量的参考。