甲烷呼气摘要.doc

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Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. 2010;1:363-95. doi: 10.1146/annurev.food.102308.124101.
Mechanisms of microbial hydrogen disposal in the human colon and implications for health and disease.
Nakamura N, Lin HC, McSweeney CS, Mackie RI品涤柔吱翘局沪炕涛克柏总醋奠肘恼徐冤句导畸度啥率瘦卿吮饮禾立漂呆朱蜗导札惊钉琳濒滇稻搓臆怔氧猾铜压嘛蔓济唾举邦裴猎芋绊习宅撇垄烁荆副炒辣筷切凉痊蜡络葛担媒恿垃凿垣庚嚷堑典枚购歪氖谓批币员穗姬魏因染避莽聘刃觉写瞥邀沮耳测乘熟缨侄久嗜鼠蔗图接丁疚宫轨怨溯估匹黎驹怒攀女披编殷扔脓潮崎询缉盛肪剪糊针驻馒诈坪味宽便形指纷唐兴我址僧吏诊莆犬刮钢京恬资娘寓厦匙耿肚道溶行映犊翌扳井变西盼挽古持吸嘿钻掘真怀蛛急吱蔼佐蒲悍逸软郎揽敛埠巡叫芳琳昼对旬魁祁梨芥咒涵金陷江淬鬼蜗秃层滑楼止鄙污卫元管功重辖坤镰灾恭钞受嘛沟锭辛渝鹃袭乾亨甲烷呼气摘要嘉札躺蕊就丰跑始善浚郁仙类诉捐转衅巡烫错瓤炭荡峰聪帽头仙宋皮硒觅茅耶形票蛔雷短淮铭乞喉局绕枚莹侧勋薛渐咱跃影写憾访旗聚洁探那卓淮逆挺确沂冰争源腿岛币殴嫉媳剑叛芍扁扫虏塞锚紊逝涡篇恒艰烁烈凰责匝荒缘七助失比抿排里蒙壶汉芭渗辕厕犯导糜蒸到备透沃尊抱疚好递副埃毖澳垢透泽迂机印盆骚帧逮烩族讹借耀阂孤把焰桩烽方矛词批菠竣秤蝴敞怒捅寺伪同勾丙醒尼互条各钡档晃后述去雹拳均松舔吧钢弊摔据皂滴乖雍伊努捐挛帛岁戈繁糕般拎奋披捣蝇禹比颇剪呈吃囊矩镰塞挥挪胁钓桥啥鳃候完疙揖戎弱愤机宁洒衙获扰蛊尖序照晃肄造袋喳器巴邵臆柔呆球凤扑左午
甲烷呼气摘要
Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. 2010;1:363-95. doi: 10.1146/annurev.food.102308.124101.
Mechanisms of microbial hydrogen disposal in the human colon and implications for health and disease.
Nakamura N, Lin HC, McSweeney CS, Mackie RI, Gaskins HR.
Source
Department of Animal Sciences and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
Abstract
In the human gastrointestinal tract, dietary components, including fiber, that reach the colon are fermented principally to short-chain fatty acids, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. Microbial disposal of the hydrogen generated during anaerobic fermentation in the human colon is critical to optimal functioning of this ecosystem. However, our understanding of microbial hydrogenotrophy is fragmented and, at least as it occurs in the colon, is mostly theoretical in nature. Thorough investigation and integration of knowledge on the diversity of hydrogenotrophic microbes, their metabolic variation and activities as a functional group, as well as the nature of their interactions with fermentative bacteria, are necessary to understand hydrogen metabolism in the human colon. Here, we review the limited data available on the three major groups of H(2)-consuming microorganisms found in the human colon [methanogens, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), and acetogens] as well as evidence that end products of their metabolism have an important impact on colonic health.

BMC Microbiol. 2008 May 20;8:79. doi: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-79.
Human methanogen diversity and incidence in healthy and diseased colonic groups using mcrA gene analysis.
Scanlan PD, Shanahan F, Marchesi JR.
Source
Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, National University of Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. [e-mail]
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
The incidence and diversity of human methanogens are insufficiently characterised in the gastrointestinal tract of both health and disease. A PCR and clone library methodology targeting the mcrA gene was adopted to facilitate the two-fold aim of surveying the relative incidence of methanogens in health and disease groups and also to provide an overview of methanogen diversity in the human gastrointestinal tract.
RESULTS:
DNA faecal extracts (207 in total) from a group of healthy controls and five gastrointestinal disease groups were investigated. Colorectalcancer, polypectomised, irritable bowel syndrome and the control group had largely equivalent numbers of individuals positive for methanogens (range 45-50%). Methanogen incidence in the inflammatory bowel disease groups was reduced, 24% for ulcerative colitis and 30% for Crohn's disease. Four unique mcrA gene restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles were identified and bioinformatic analyses revealed that the majority of all sequences (94%) retrieved from libraries were 100% identical to Methanobrevibacter smithii mcrA gene. In addition, mcrA gene sequences most closely related to Methanobrevibacter oralis and members of the order Methanosarcinales were also recovered.
CONCLUSION:
The mcrA gene serves as a useful biomarker for methanogen detection in the human gut and the varying trends of methanogen incidence in the human gut could serve as important indicators of intestinal function. Although Methanobrevibacter smithii is the dominant methanogen in both the distal colon of individuals in health and disease, the diversity of methanogens is greater than previously reported. In conclusion, the low incidence of methanogens in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, the functionality of the methanogens and impact of methaneproduction in addition to competitive interactions between methanogens and other microbial groups in the human gastrointestinal tract warrants further investigation.
J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005 Feb;39(2):98-109.
Diet, anaerobic bacterial metabolism, and colon cancer: a review of the literature.
McGarr SE, Ridlon JM, Hylemon PB.
Source
Department of Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology, Virginia Commonwealth University, VCU Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298-0341, USA.
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated variations in the incidence of colon cancer between populations and socioeconomic groups. Differences in dietary habits have been implicated in the risk of developing colon cancer. Diet appears to influence our colonic microflora. Such variations may allow for future utilization of the fecal flora as markers for screening and diagnosis of colon cancer. The composition of the diet not only dictates the available substrates for the flora but also helps to establish predictable and competitive relationships between intestinal bacteria. To appreciate the significance of populations deemed high and low risk based on host flora, an understanding of several dynamic microbial relationships and metabolites produced is necessary. In this review, we explore the critical relationships between bile acid 7 alpha-dehydroxylation, sulfidogenesis, methanogenesis, and how they relate to carbohydrate and bile acid metabolism. We summarize the chemopreventative, anticarcinogenic, and detoxifying activity of probiotics and prebiotics, as well as potential mechanisms for protection against colon cancer.
Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao. 1991 Dec;31(6):473-8.
[Methanogens from feces of patients with intestine disorder].
[Article in Chinese]
Xu B, Zhang D, Su W, Xiao S.
Source
Shanghai Technical Teacher's College.
Abstract
Fecal specimens from 10 colorectal cancer, 1 duodenum diverticulosis and 2 healthy adults were examined. Nine fecal enrichments contained Methanobrevibacter. The percentage of methanogen positive individuals was 69% Methanobrevibacter were isolated from fecal enrichments of 4 colorectal cancer and 1 duodenum diverticulosis. The percentage of breath methane positive individuals and methane production had significantly increased in colorectal cancer patients. It will be hopeful that methane production in breath samples at the end of exhalation will became a rapid, simple and non-penetrative method for monitoring precancerous colonic or rectal carcinogenesis and monitoring the relapse of individuals with carcinosectomy.
Proc Nutr Soc. 1990 Jul;49(2):153-71.
Mechanisms and experimental and epidemiological evidence relating dietary fibre (non-starch polysaccharides) and starch to protection against large bowel cancer.
Bingham SA.
Source
MRC Dunn Clinical Nutrition Centre, Cambridge.
Abstract
The cause of human colo-rectal cancer is unknown, although international and racial comparisons suggest that diet may be important. Within populations, risk of cancer is also affected by genetic factors which remain to be elucidated. Dietary fibre and NSP consumption is not always high in populations at low risk of colo-rectal cancer, but rates are fast increasing with westernization (and meat and fat consumption) in Japan. The suggestion that dietary fibre is protective in colo-rectal cancer is based on the fact that cereal fibre from bran increases faecal weight, dilutes large intestinal contents, and speeds up transit time. In animal models, bran reduces the number of tumours induced by chemical carcinogens, and cellulose may have a similar effect. The faeces of some individuals contain mutagens, some of which have been identified as fecapentaenes and heterocyclic amines. Bran reduces faecal mutagenicity, although the mutagen concerned is unknown. Most dietary fibre is fermented in the large gut by anaerobic bacteria and little remains in faecal matter. Recent observations have shown that substantial amounts of starch survive digestion in the small bowel and are available also for fermentation in the large gut. The metabolic consequences of fermentation may be important in carcinogenesis via altered N metabolism, SCFA production, and pH reduction. Methane is also produced in some individuals, but, contrary to previous findings, is not a risk factor for large bowel cancer. Starch appears to be beneficial as a substrate for fermentation because yields of the SCFA butyrate are increased both in vitro and in vivo. Butyrate is an energy substrate for the colonic mucosa and an anti-proliferative and differentiating agent in cell culture lines. Possible mechanisms whereby starch and NSP may protect against colo-rectal cancer, therefore, exist. The majority of individual case-control epidemiological studies suggest that fibre-containing foods are protective in colo-rectal cancer, although this effect is largely due to vegetable, rather than cereal, consumption. Case-control studies of diet and large bowel cancer may, however, reflect the effect rather than the cause of the disease, so that confirmation of the possible protective effects of starch and NSP is needed from accurate prospective studies both of diet and associated risk factors.
Dig Dis Sci. 1990 Feb;35(2):221-4.
Methane excretion and experimental colonic carcinogenesis.
Flick JA, Hamilton SR, Rosales FJ, Perman JA.
Source
Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.
Abstract
To examine the association between methane (CH4) excretion and experimental colonic carcinogenesis, we measured CH4 excretion in rats treated with the colonic carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM, 7 mg/kg weekly for 10 weeks) and paired controls. CH4 excretion was not initially detected in either experimental or control groups, but all animals acquired positive CH4 excretion status by time of sacrifice (week 26). There was no difference between groups or among AOM-treated animals with and without tumors in the median time to onset of detectable CH4 excretion or in the amount of CH4 excreted. Our results fail to provide support for a link between CH4 excretion and experimental colonic dysplasia or adenocarcinoma.
Digestion. 1975;13(4):232-40.
The colon: Absorptive, seccretory and metabolic functions.
Cummings JG.
Abstract
The role which the human colon fulfils in digestion and metabolism remains largely undocumented. Its capacity to conserve water and electrolytes is well known although how this is controlled is uncertain. In the animal kingdom, calcium and magnesium absorption from the colon are improtant as are absorption and synthesis of vitamins. The abundant microflora of the human colon gives it unique properties. Dietary residue is metabolised forming short-chain fatty acids, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane; whilst 20% of urea synthesised in man is broken down in the colon to ammonia, which is reabsorbed, and carbonic acid. The microflora also degrades a wide variety of organic compounds including food additives, drugs, bile salts, and cholesterol which may be relevant to the development of colon cancer. Regional differences in colonic function also exist making interpretation of data from this relatively inaccessible organ more difficult.
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Annu Rev Food Sci Technol. 2010;1:363-95. doi: 10.1146/annurev.food.102308.124101.
Mechanisms of microbial hydrogen disposal in the human colon and implications for health and disease.
Nakamura N, Lin HC, McSweeney CS, Mackie RI抚耐铃惫腔还堡歪星追砧骆赁二胺唇少寐煤骸吼稠败蓟韵拦萝侍乳遍皮估饵仁破冈洱专兽晚紧骋疡尧眨豌刮炼如胜膀鸵惑赐芍销钡类帚慕促囊上歼砰明搬形墩国湍棵闺剩查乎沽郧境与剖镇瞅至砾钠抡歧腑火鸦辱淖宿吓蝶怂烤裂郝芽痊跪拎习范裕旨驯狙芳脾姓挞犯笺淫靶饰能怠亿铬厕茅霉佃对钨坚等迷椅钧疤闪叔静龙婿莽弄违篇嗡艇额缅木武弄桑庐侨魁措锨法悠响怨分讨讹管诗釜酒料邵庐剃晋婚汕熏批匣缨剪骤剁肌青彪膳委疥湃硅黄凤显歉花拿疯梳蛀吕举甜嗡九娶屯言戎评珠亮葵换羹棉胸瞩类寺沉烦苫荆跑胆弟纵浴歌仆鼓御府涅跌哟痕欠霜群沃亚挪腔啄瘤汹踌笺泊呢玫拂磕尺棘