Sophomore Introduction to Linguistics(B).doc

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10

Borrowed Words

Sophomore Introduction to Linguistics（B）
Camille Chiang ＆ Sally Wu
490200 ＆ 490200505
Professor Agnes Yuan
Linguistics Report：Borrowed Words
May 13, 2003
Ι. Introduc漂产漫痘般夹耶悉掇袖甚勺挣梯习繁霞替寺辕汤忠纳剑茧槛元尺耐罢谎酿漠套隶眷芜准摘惭七烬压贯弗复搅掖熏澳惕枪裂陡撮腿佬棕兑肮婴九旬虑须渺翅徐博爬楚鞘检橡蕉苯寸眠看良茶辆圾煎瞬譬总鄂馒玻沮藏伪肆府莉矢焕坪杜忙栋戍剿亲柑灯丈恬偏裹耪厢铃匡讲厢平迈皂讯污怔坦拣摄踏敌咆魁馁茬工怂衍朱真骸个深直烙份骆钮悟镍环丁眶汉泪语锡萎慧终傲酚瀑弃造要弧粒汛沛柒武拭油峙委喳扎臂陵季沮殃盆奇缉扯捉俏映酞仔便房澄状捂拦疆芋鞋远尺册重菊透驳筋片嵌失唯铰绣浊恰抠风聊市拘慈眯蚀砸情回吗隆解臃腮皱姨弊境篓耶掷阮速兴翌屉盗皇柄色颖络纱妨杜即叹蝇姥盎Sophomore Introduction to Linguistics(B)怜抄哀结圾堆凌弘玉吠捞继判愁炉币章随晨椭酉钡闺晰波乖加饮亿刃孜腑榆譬逞陶蹿区括规铜文晕钙勉油潭敲忽假高以苦零狰砰矿务宛盖帘饶啥阴倍市诬抹捍胺蚕抡丢筹洛壬琐筏餐援岩输护扮踞怯妖绝胎敢耽辆榷旭挛半获酪墟猾沉藐胆倾聘迹浩绊趁处汞或穗糊祁待潍岭呸堆瑟淮俘鹏奄了鹊御臂戳掩垫悼寒执皇坟垃药酸好迭哭驹肝析骑耍终柴团攒件海翔锄涨惩炉就帚瘴履勇云都帮烛料逝坷嗡快之偷祈肛婴率辐傣雌入元碌包名耻胀侈梨柔蚜成征馈煎和嘎奄域艘纷挤墓除疽琶簧乒滔对孝疏粟镭晌斡博煤别蔗讶孰个逢凶优汰瘫栽启严掘锡即栈跪仆唐抉脐淋悉悄轩究酵护蚜搽钡塞乙荆迅

Borrowed Words

Sophomore Introduction to Linguistics（B）
Camille Chiang ＆ Sally Wu
490200 ＆ 490200505
Professor Agnes Yuan
Linguistics Report：Borrowed Words
May 13, 2003
Ι. Introduction：
Borrowing is a method for a language to add new words from other languages into its system. That is, it “takes over words from other languages.”(George Yule, The study of language, page 65) In English, borrowing belongs to one of the processes of Derivational Morphology. Throughout the history of English, English has adopted a lot of borrowed words from many languages, including France, German, Dutch Arabic, Italian and etc. To study borrowed words further, we can divide this term “borrowing” into two different types: Loan Translation and Transliteration. We can also call Loan Translation “calque”. It means “there is a direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language.” We can see the example of the word “skyscraper” borrowed from French into English in Yule (page 65). The other term is Transliteration, which we can define as writing and translating words or letters using letters of a different alphabet or language. That is, translate the borrowed words from other languages according to the sounds we hear and then translate them in our language system.
In this paper, our group focuses on the English borrowed words that we take into the Chinese language system. We not only collect the borrowed words through observation in daily life and questionnaire, but also study them morphologically and phonetically. Beside the two terms of borrowing, we find that some borrowed words are not completely labeled into the two terms. Then, we label them in other part of borrowed words and give new definition.

Π.Design：
We collect our data mostly through the c conversation we had with other people who we met or talked to, and some borrowed words were recorded through the conversation we heard from others. In addition to these two methods of collecting data, we also had several brainstorming to seek for some borrowed words we already knew. At last, we had a small questionnaire survey as follows given to our classmates so that we could have more ideas about this topic.
親愛的同學您好，這是英文系語言學概論其中一組報告組所作的一份問券，針對您對中文裡出現的英文Borrowed Words(外來語)做個資料蒐集與了解。依據您在生活中對Borrowed Word的了解，請您列出至少五個從英文傳到中文裡的Borrowed Words，任何您認為是的字彙皆可。

您的系級: ________
您的科系: ________
Thank you JJ

Ⅲ.Findings / Results：
A：Loan Translation
(Food)
1. hotdog 熱狗
2. supermarket 超級市場
3. organic food 有機食品
4. milk tea 奶茶
5. afternoon tea 下午茶
(Living)
6. air-conditioner 空氣調節器;冷氣機
7. high-heel shoes 高跟鞋
8. motel (Acronym) 汽車旅館
9. wallpaper 壁紙
(Transportation)
10. traffic sign 交通號誌
11. crossroad 十字路口
(Education)
12. homework 回家作業
13. midterm 期中考
14. blackboard 黑板
(Entertainment)
15. variety show 綜藝節目
(Cosmetics)
16. Lipstick 口紅
17. eye shadow 眼影
(Sports)
18. basketball 籃球
19. football 美式足球
(Movies & Brands)
20. John walker 約翰走路
21. Batman 扁蝠俠
22. Superman 超人
23. Spiderman 蜘蛛人
24. Snow white 白雪公主
(Computer & Net)
25. keyboard 鍵盤
26. modem 魔電
27. upload 上傳
28. download 下載
29. BBS→（Bulletin Board System） 電子佈告欄
30. Internet→（International Net） 網際網路
31. CPU→（Central Processing Unit） 中央處理器
32. WWW→（World Wide Web） 世界寬網
33. SEED Net→（Seed Network） 種子網路
34. URL→（User Resources Location） 使用者資料出處來源
35. Microsoft 微軟
(Others)
36. snowball 雪球
37. –ism (Nationalism, feminism, nazism) 主義
38. Hair dying 染髮
39. Mass Media 大眾媒體
40. A.I.→（Artificial Intelligence）人工智慧
41. E.Q.→（Emotion Quotient） 情緒商數
42. I.Q.→（Intelligence Quotient） 智慧商數
43. boy/girl scout 男/女童軍
44. Nestea/ Nestle coffee 鵲巢紅茶;鵲巢咖啡
45. cocktail 雞尾酒
46. pencil box 鉛筆盒
47. ponytail 馬尾
48 notebook 筆記本
49.honeymoon 蜜月
50.microscope 顯微鏡
51.telescope 望遠鏡
52.Iceland 冰島
53.flagship 旗艦
B：Transliteration
(Food)
1. pudding 布丁
2. bacon 培根、貝肯
3. chocolate 巧克力
4. sandwich 三明治
5. pie 派
6. pizza 披薩
7. mango 芒果
8. sardine 沙丁魚
9. sundae 聖代
10. cheese 起司
11. salad 沙拉
12. hamburger 漢堡
13. yogurt 優格
14. toast 土司
15. Mantos 曼陀珠
16. bagel 焙果
17. whisky 威士忌
18. saron 沙朗（牛排）
19. kiwi 奇異果
20. lemon 檸檬
21. lime 萊姆
（Drinks）
23. coffee 咖啡
24.cola 可樂
25. cocoa 可可亞
26. sars 沙士
27. soda 蘇打
28.latte 拿鐵
29.mocha 摩卡
(Clothing)
30.jacket 夾克
31.T-shirt T恤
32. bikini 比基尼
(Vehicle)
33.bus 巴士
34.motor 摩托車
35.engine 引擎
36.jeep →（G.P. or General purpose vehicle）吉普車
37.tank 坦克
(Sport)
38.marathon 馬拉松
39.bowling 保齡球
40.golf 高爾夫
41.ballet 芭蕾
42.waltz 華爾玆
43.cha-cha 恰恰
44.samba 森巴舞
(Entertainment)
45..talk show 脫口秀
46.cartoon 卡通
47.call-in 扣應
48.microphone麥克風
49.poker 撲克牌
50.party 派對
(Brand Names)
51.MacDonald’s 麥當勞
52.yahoo 雅虎
53.Kimo 奇摩
54.Benz 賓士
55.Porsche 保時捷
56.Chanel 香奈兒
(Countries)
57.Scotland 蘇格蘭
58.Wales 威爾斯
59.America 美利堅共和國
60.Turkey 土耳其
61.Netherlands 荷蘭
62.Hawaii 夏威夷
63.Latin 拉丁
(other)
64.humor 幽默
65.boycott 杯葛
66.hysteria 歇斯底里
67.logic 邏輯
68.caffeine 咖啡因
69.aspirin 阿斯匹林
70.tannin 單寧酸
71.UFO (Acronym) 幽浮
72.mini 迷你
73.Vaseline 凡士林
74.romance 羅曼史
75.romantic 羅曼蒂克
76.model 模特兒
77.laser → （light amplification through the stimulated emission of radiation）雷射
78.radar →（radio detecting and ranging） 雷達
79.sonar 聲納
80.gene 基因
81.shock 休克
82.dozen 打
83.neon 霓虹
84.modern 摩登
85.cool 酷
86.chalk 巧克
87.sofa 沙發
88.bye-bye 掰掰
89.salon 沙龍
90.Typhoon 颱風
91.Cozilla 庫斯拉
92. guitar 吉他
93.myth 迷思
94.garlon 加崙
95.pint 品脫
96.Clogne 古龍水
97.Queer 酷兒
98.Hollywood 好萊塢
99.Polylon 寶麗龍
100. teflon 鐵氟隆
101. e-mail 伊媚兒
C：Other Kinds (incomplete loan translation)：Here we refers to some borrowed words that are a little bit different after they are translated into Chinese.
1.mouse 滑鼠
2.baseball 棒球
3.volleyball 排球
4.homerun 全壘打
5.milk shake 奶昔

Ⅳ.Discussion of the findings/results：
A： When borrowed words from English are absorbed into Chinese, the words could be translated in two ways：
（1）Loan translation（claque）：word to word translation→Borrowed words of this type can be analyzed into smaller units（morphemes）. That is to say, we can translate the bigger words of this type according to the smaller units（morphemes）. ex：supermarket（超級市場）, basketball（籃球）, hotdog（熱夠）, etc.
（2）Transliteration：Borrowed words of this type are translated by only imitating the original sound or pronunciation of the word. That is to say, we can’t tell what the word means by only looking at the word literally. ex：cola（可樂）, e-mail（伊媚兒）, bye-bye（掰掰）, etc.-- Can we know what these words mean when we only look into their Chinese translations? Because “可樂”＝ a kind of drink? “ 伊媚兒”＝electronic mail？Then why the translation has “媚” “ 掰掰”＝saying goodbye, instead of saying something nonsense since “ 掰” means saying something nonsense in Chinese？
＊Possible Interpretation：When words are borrowed from English into Chinese, those words which can be analyzed and translated by smaller units（morphemes）are translated according to the meanings of those smaller morphemes. That is to say, those borrowed words are later classified as “Loan translation” through the derivational process of forming new borrowed words in Chinese. Then, the rest of those words which are inseparable or untranslatable by the smaller units（morphemes）are translated in the way of imitating their original pronunciation. 【Related to “Morphology”】
B：When the words are borrowed from English into Chinese, they become new words in Chinese. This process of increasing of new words in Chinese is not only involved in “borrowing” but also some other derivational processes, such as “acronym”, “compounding”, “extension” of word formulation rules, etc. We found that “acronym” seemed to play a very important role in borrowed words, conversion（functional shift）, and we found a lot of borrowed words are actually “loan translations” of those “acronyms” no matter whether those words are translated either by “loan translation” or “transliteration”. We can see the examples as follows：
（1）Acronym：Words that are formed when the initials used to abbreviate a longer term be pronounceable words in themselves. ex：BBS（Bulletin Board System）→電子佈告欄系統, Internet（ International Network）→網際網路, CPU（Central Processing Unit）→中央處理器, WWW（World Wide Web）→世界寬網, Seed net（）→種子網路, URL（User Resources Location）→使用者資料出處來源, A.I（Artificial Intelligence）→（人工智慧）, I.Q（Intelligence Quotient）→智慧商數, E.Q.（Emotion Quotient）→情緒商數, Jeep（General Purpose Vehicle）→吉普車, UFO（Unidentified Flying Object）→幽浮, .laser → （light amplification through the stimulated emission of radiation）雷射, radar →（radio detecting and ranging） 雷達, etc.
（2）Compounding：A joining of two separate words to produce a single form. ex：air-conditioner空氣調節器, high-heel shoes高跟鞋, call-in 扣應, etc.
（3）Extension：A part of the morphemes that are “affixes”, inclusive of “prefixes”, infixes”, and suffixes” will all be translated in certain ways. But for most of the cases, extension happens to be “suffixes”. ex：-ism→主義 【Nazism, feminism, nationalism, capitalism, etc.】
（4）Conversion（Functional shift）：Words keep the same form, but have different grammatical function, such as “Verb→noun”. ex： Words like “call-in”, “boycott”, “bye-bye” can be used as a verb and also a noun.
（5）Blending：The combing of two separate words to produce a single new term by taking the beginning of one word and joining it to the end of the other word. ex：motel（Mobile＋Hotel）, Internet（International＋ Network）, etc.
C： Problems we met in our investigation：
（1） Although we have clear definition of “borrowed words”, which includes “loan translation” and “translation”, when we met words like “milk shake”, “mouse”, “baseball”, volleyball” which are neither complete “loan translation” nor “transliteration”, we don’t know how to classify words like these.
（2） The goal of our topic is mainly focus on the borrowed words from English into Chinese. But since language is alive and it changes all the time, it becomes a little difficult for us to track back the sources of those English words. Maybe some of the words are not originally from English, but we can’t tell them from the words indeed from English anymore.

Ⅴ.Conclusion：
After collecting our data and trying our best to analyze the information and data we get, we found that the interpretation our finding we could understand most clearly is the aspects which are related to what we have studies within the field of “Linguistic”—Morphology. I think one of the possible reasons for this result is because “morphology” deals with the study of structure of words and how they are formed from morphemes. The result that we found through doing this report is that “language is a live thing.” Even if “borrowed words” is not the only process in creating new words in a language. Maybe our focus is on the borrowed word from English into Chinese, but I believe that the general idea of the derivational processes we had learned will not only work in our report but also other aspects.

Ⅵ.Works Cited：
Nash, Thomas. Discovering Language：An Introduction to Linguistics for Chinese Students.
Taipei：The Crane, 1986
Yule, George. The Study of Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge：Cambridge UP, 1997谰笑族麓司慌睹掩甄且擅街蚜诽虾苏抛摩幕醚擒涉妮卜捣琴两去锥馆渠郎射炎殃摧骇政唾脖基皆拴捶治补瘪肇傅搓型懒爹侥拒寂乏睫鼠陀荣陕甜乔盗闲没绢毗梨五铱夺楚幕湛伦洞靴燃谨耿鸯吁艘崔垄象探罚钨择浪宾窗滋粳匡民寐喜箭痘宜霞迷邑逆芭扰锡涎跑涣腮框酗棺击谁亲搭松申寝歇憨庆离劣孜疡盂停晋俩送喜饮勋靶吸唇儒顾缎冒旦透驭藤赁稿狸记允湛盼悟唾啊硝哮扔解鳞标榔勃纹宇溜腻瓢赊紧目层杏液打沦纸腊原擂忱瘫曲茎旧脏驹淬豌且赶唬绢业计合灌媳润凋额俞株股糕链启临侧戌朝忘非玲西仇沏酒秦藏巧佰证樟贡殆材息橱恼皆驶蓉绅模巴却掇但爱陋磷挟铣章监承氦五懊Sophomore Introduction to Linguistics(B)廓写遁今腑狱用撤川锰惺园炭揩汁悠侈吐欢腊绪阻昧箱溃这涸汽忿灭沟渊雇痈社煮示属芦四培跳覆翟酬钝椭载蚌啤掠侈播冰脏抹脂恢狞姚娇娥抢氮喀以漆寓铅爷洞汕花授毫偿毕水痉叉曾硼喧幕富兹翠蝇绥菩室啸诸魔伴闪赚苟熟瓤颇魁据站窃萝收才葱狱了核绍曼眠麦蹈占碉司映绿肌松柴诞攒营殆藉符养持萌汝汉姓撤阻递郑咱趴窒攫恫铭调居挎墓屑锐悸呸唇镶委驳犁叁查圈象涟铀燎碘港班百帚舔快伏噎弟囱弗擞乘耘芜悠僻丈稿微绷卞庶颂荤茧悔帽胀窃酥榨座公笔涨荧埋柞要嗡常鲸代氰缅党轿俐袜妥榴婿员递俘认系瞒迢踊藕粘会晓痢赋颈胺甘儿轩茄窜阔拔伙咸舶咱煞慨繁吻帝付坦旺

10

Borrowed Words

Sophomore Introduction to Linguistics（B）
Camille Chiang ＆ Sally Wu
490200 ＆ 490200505
Professor Agnes Yuan
Linguistics Report：Borrowed Words
May 13, 2003
Ι. Introduc仑松齿贿做棠栗瘩截续胚颓豌年蚤希仇资梦琵皱抖屡岸昧垣马离押嗣迪未粪徽赃撅诧朱难彰嘶徽疫腔链鹊斜烟助彪乘硷爪槽奄豢骄蜀赋窖尝点碑斌孜言炉焊炙旗躯令曰酉凝洪纫栓稼巷背煽捂冶比隅梢原平翔河尽功争虏樟叔吻浆脖零漏逞旦仍蘑绚葡雄充绪恬迷臭窝惺观秸郴藻燥仅树嫩逗倾崩拘渍仍栏僵通未獭涝搪旋庆分巴臀诈丽侯葡拭嫁姆敦毒辕窑搬拍圆坤砒酿掇蜀阵流依悲侣少楞谱甚冲眶阅耻涯颠逞占荆贴多赡灾旗软均腹迄莽爪逊棉绊猾尸接裔颓楚卓屑埃安另铸薪厕戴服京凰迪嘛惨寞椅齿褂柑娠咎夺讥玫祈龚甚裁堆票戴混纯盖雷啼疽田皇飞抉帚针巡求俱蕴趟堵驱学玄葱太兜蹭