荷马史诗伊利亚德奥德赛Iliad-and-Odyssey-(课堂PPT).ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,1,Iliad&Odyssey,2,Outline,Homer in Ancient Greece,Themes and Persons,Illiad,Odyssey,Closing Thoughts,3,Homer in Ancient Greece,Earliest Greek Literature,Written c.750 BCE from oral trad.(c.1200 BCE),Recited by Rhapsodes,Epic=dactylic hexameter or long poem on war/myth,Cultural Importance for Greeks,Taken as History,Hellenic Unity,Educational Texts,4,Some Themes,Glories of War/Adventure,Reasons for War,Realistic Descriptions,Ideals of Heroism,Aret,tim,and,kleos,Fate&Courage,“shame culture”,Others,Gods&Humans,Individual vs.Society,Word vs.Deed,5,Greece and Trojan War,6,Aret,Excellence,virtue,or what makes and individual the best or among the best;usually some combination of physical prowess&persuasive speech or command.,Tim,Honor,material symbol of status among others,usually capable of being taken away(prize,booty,trophies).,Kleos,Glory or Fame,understood as public opinion,or what others say or remember.,7,Persons in the,Iliad,Acheans,Achilles&Patrocles,Agamemnon&Menalaos,Odysseus,Ajax,Phoenix,Trojans,Hector&Alexandros,Priam,Helen,Andromache,Gods,Zeus,Apollo,Aphrodite,Athena,Hera,Thetis,8,Iliad,(Book I),Wrath of Achilles,Part I,In medias res,:Trojan War&Plague of Apollo,Menis:,Quarrel with Agamemnon,Consequences,Thetis Supplication of Zeus,Glimpse of Olympus,Is Achilles anger his own fault?,9,Thetis supplicant to Zeus,10,Iliad(,Book VI),Behind the Walls of Troy,Hector as Tragic Hero,Women and Family Life,Fate,Troy&Hector,Trojan Women,Is Hector a sympathetic hero?Why or why not?,11,Iliad,(Book IX),Embassy to Achilles,Discourse among equals?,Odysseus plea,Phoenixs plea,Ajaxs parting words,Is Achilles being unreasonable?Why or why not?,12,Death and Heroism,The prospect of death drives the heroes to pursue,tim,(honor).,The hero is defined by his(her)action in the face of mortality,especially in combat or contests.,And resulting,kleos,(glory)is the heros only immortality.,13,Sarpedon declares to Glaukos,(Book XII.322-28),“,Man,supposing you and I,escaping this battle,would be able to live on forever,ageless,immortal,so neither would I myself go on fighting in the foremost nor would I urge you into the fighting where men win glory.But now,seeing that the spirits of death stand close about us in their thousands,no man can turn aside nor escape them,let us go on and win glory for ourselves,or yield it to others.”,14,Iliad,(Book XXI),Wrath of Achilles,Part II,Death of Patrocles and Achilles Armor,Death of Lycaon:a ruthless death,Death of Hector:revenge,Is Achilles anger inhuman?,15,Hector at the Gates of Troy,Achilles was coming closer,like Enyalius,the warrior god of battle with the shining helmet.On his right shoulder he waved his dreadful spearmade of Pelian ash.,The bronze around him glitteredlike a blazing fire or rising sun.,At that moment,as he watched,Hector began to shake in fear.His courage gone,he could no longer stand there.Terrified,he started running,leaving the gate.Peleus son went after him,sure of his speed on foot.Just as a mountain falcon,the fastest creatureof all the ones which fly,swoops down easilyon a trembling pigeon as it darts off in fear,the hawk speeding after it with piercing cries,heart driving it to seize the prey,i,n just that wayAchilles in his fury raced ahead,16,Hector faces Achilles,When theyd approached each other,at close quarters,great Hector of the shining helmet spoke out first:Ill no longer try to run away from you,son of Peleus,as I did before,goingthree times in flight around Priams great city.I lacked the courage then to fight with you,as you attacked.,But my heart prompts me nowto stand against you face to face once more,whether I kill you,or you kill me.So come here.,Lets call on gods to witness,for theyre the best ones to observe our pact,to supervise what we two agree on.If Zeus grants me the strength to take your life,Ill not abuse your corpse in any way.,Ill strip your celebrated armour off,Achilles,then give the body back againto the Achaeans.,And youll do the same.,Swift-footed Achilles,with a scowl,replied:Hector,dont talk to me of our agreements.Thats idiotic,like a faithful promisebetween men and lions.,Wolves and lambsdont share a common heart,t,hey always sensea mutual hatred for each other.In just that way,its not possible for us,for you and me,to be friends,or,indeed,for there to be sworn oaths between us,till one or other of us falls,glutting Ares,warrior with the bulls hide shield,on blood.Youd best remember all your fighting skills.Now you must declare yourself a spearman,a fearless warrior.,Youve got no escape.,Soon Pallas Athena will destroy youon my spear.,Right now youll pay me back,the full price of those sorrows I went through when you slaughtered my companions.”,With these words,he hefted his long-shadowed spear,then hurled it.,17,Achilles abuses Hectors body,Then on noble Hectors corpsehe carried out a monstrous act.,He cut throughthe tendons behind both feet,from heel to ankle,threaded them with ox-hide thongs,and then tied theseonto his chariot,leaving the head to drag behind.He climbed up in his chariot,brought on the splendid armour,then lashed his horses.,They sped off eagerly,dragging Hector.,A dust cloud rose above him,his dark hair spread out round him,and Hectors head,once so handsome,was covered by the dust,for Zeushad given him to his enemies to dishonourin his own native land.,So all his head grew dirty.,From Book XXII,translated by Ian Johnston:www.mala.bc.ca/johnstoi/homer/iliad_title.htm,18,Abuse of Hectors Body,19,Iliad,(Book XXIV),Priams Plea,Achilles grief,What moved Achilles to release Hectors body?,Has Achilles finally come to his senses?,20,Questions about the,Iliad,What are the chief motivations for war or conflict in the,Iliad,?,Compare/Contrast Achilles and Hector as representing heroic ideals.,Does the character of Achilles develop over the course of the,Iliad,?,If the,Iliad,is about the wrath of Achilles,what is the lesson to be learned,if any?,What relevance,if any,does the,Iliad,have for us now?,21,22,The,Odyssey,Journeys,Disguise,Deception&Craftiness,Fantastic Voyages,Women in the,Odyssey,Homecoming:Loyalty&Order,Concluding Remarks,23,Two Journeys in One Story,Odysseus and Telemachus,Fantastic and Worldly,Narrative Thread:Time and Memory,Theme:Heroic Struggles,Gods/immortality(Bk.V),Monsters,Finding home,Theme:,Xenia,generosity and courtesy towards strangers,24,1.Mt.Olympus,2.Troy,3.Cicones,4.Lotus Eaters,5.Cyclops,6.Aeolias Island,7.Laestrygonians,8.Circes Kingdom,9.Land of the Dead,10.Sirens,11.Scylla&Charybdis,12.Calypso,13.Ithaca,25,Disguise,Deception and Craftiness,Odysseus is,polutropan,=of many twists(Bk.I,Proem),Odysseus,arete,Cf.Achilles&Hector,Examples:,Nausicaa(Bk.VI),Polyphemus(Bk.IX),Circe(Bk.X),Homecoming(Bk.XXIII),26,Fantastic Voyages,Horrible and Seductive,Cyclops(Bk.IX),Circes Island(Bk.X),Land of the Dead(Bk.XI),Sirens,Scylla and Charybdis(Bk.XII),27,Women in the,Odyssey,Seduction and Symbol,Cf.Women in the,Iliad,The Women,Calypso,Nausicaa(&mother),Circe,Penelope,28,Land of the Dead(Bk.XI),Rites of the Dead,Vision of the Underworld,The Message,29,Homecoming(Bk.XXIII),Disguises at Ithaka,Now Athena,Killing the Suitors,Xenia?,Penelope&Telemachus:,Loyalty and Order,30,Concluding Remarks:,Iliad,&,Odyssey,Heroic Ideals:,arete,time,kleos,Gods and Humans:mortality or fate,Moral and Social Order:,xenia,arete,women,Place of Homer in Greece,