新托福听力授课思路-Marina-Dong.doc

TOEFL IBT Listening（8节）

Lecture 1
一：大家互相认识，鼓励大家。（10分钟）
二：新托福听力介绍及评分标准 （65分钟）
Brief Introduction to Listening
TOEFL iBT listening materials
TOEFL iBT listening questions type

I: TOEFL iBT listening materials（15分钟）
LISTENING SECTION
Type of audio text
Length of audio text
Number of question
Conversation 1
2-3 min
5
Conversation 2
2-3 min
5
Lecture 1
4-6 min
6
Lecture 2
4-6 min
6
Lecture 3
4-6 min
6
Lecture 4
4-6 min
6
Extra Audio Test #
2-6 min
5-6
1.1 contents of listening materials
1.1.1Conversations
Office
Student Service
1.1.2 Lectures
Fragment of real life lecture
• Interaction with students
• Occasional Irrelevant small talk
• Very board topic
• Rudimentary knowledge

Arts （艺术）
Life Science（生命科学）
Physical Science（自然科学）
Social Science( 社会科学)
Arts:
Architecture
Industrial design/art
City planning
Photography
Crafts: weaving, knitting, fabrics, etc

Life Science:

Extinction of or conservation efforts for animals and plants
Fish and other aquatic organisms
Bacteria and other one-celled organisms
Viruses
Medical techniques
Public health
Animal behavior

Physical Science：
Weather and atmosphere
Oceanography
Math
Astronomy and cosmology
Chemistry of inorganic things
Computer science
Seismology

Social Science:
Early writing systems
Historical linguistics
Business, management
Education
Modern history
Child development

Example:（10分钟）
Philosophy
Listen to part of a lecture in a philosophy class.
Questions:
1: What is the main purpose of the lecture?
To illustrate the importance of extrinsic values
To explain Aristotle’s views about the importance of teaching
To explain why people change what they value
To discuss Aristotle’s views about human happiness
（gist-content 内容主旨题）

2: The professor gives examples of things that have value for her. Indicate for each example what type of value it has for her.

Place a checkmark in the correct box. This question is worth 2 points
Only Extrinsic Value Only Intrinsic Value Both Extrinsic and Intrinsic Value
Teaching

Exercise

Health

Playing a musical instrument

（细节题）
3. Why is happiness central to Aristotle’s theory?
Because it is so difficult for people to attain
Because it is valued for its own sake by all people
Because it is a means to a productive life
Because most people agree about what happiness is.
（组织结构题）
4. According to the professor, why Aristotle think that fame cannot provide true happiness?
Fame cannot be obtained without help from other people.
Fame cannot obtained by all people.
Fame does not last forever.
People cannot share their fame with other people.
（细节题）
5. Listen again to part of the lecture by playing track 4. Then answer the question.
Teaching is not a highly valued profession in society.
She may change profession in order to earn more money.
The reason she is a teacher has little to do with her salary.
More people would become teachers if the salary were higher.
（推论题）

二：听力考试应该注意的问题，及考试题型的简单介绍。（30分钟）
Do & Don’t
Don’t
Do
多听，拼命听，听不懂也要听。
1. 依照考试时间，先听一套题。
2. 听三遍还不明白，翻开答案，确认。
3. 跟读原文，找出听觉盲点。
4. 背诵听力盲点所在，直至脱口而出。
5. 三到：心到，眼到，耳到。
时时听
在特定时间内，（一般40-60分钟左右）、特定的场所内，没有其他事情的影响下做题。调整出临场考试的心态。
一没听明白就慌了
保持冷静和自信，培养良好心理素质。
盲目追求题海战术
把注意力放回到听过的题目上。
Model everything (Pronunciation, intonation, tone, slang, idioms, patterns, etc. )
持之以恒

模仿基础上，大力扩展ibt听力题目中常用词汇和句式的其他含义和用法。
难点： “一词多义” 或 “一义多词”
只看不背
与阅读不同的是，听力必须了解具体含义。
听力语言重现率很高，背的越多，没听过的就越少。

Strategies for Listening
1. Understand the gist(理解主旨)
文章的主要观点和总体话题。
Gist-Content Questions
Recognize
Gist-Content Questions
What problems does the man have?
What are the speakers mainly discussing?
What is the main topic/purpose/Idea of the passage/lecture/ conversation?
What is the lecture about?

Tips
整体把握，排除局部听力材料的选项。
注意开头，了解段落主要意思。
听其余部分时，思考讲话者在说什么，调整对段落主旨的看法。
Example:
What does the woman need?
(A) A meeting with Professor Simpson
(B) An English composition class
(C) An appointment for tutoring
(D) Information about the Learning Center

You hear:
Men: Hi, are you Paula?
Women: Jim?
Man: Hi, nice to meet you.
Women: Glad to meet you
Man: So, you need some tutoring in English?
Women: Yeah. I’m taking English composition composition, and I’m not doing very well on my
Essays.
Man: Right. Um, well, first let’s see if we can finger out a time to meet… that we’re both free.
2: Understand the Details（ 了解细节）
Detail Questions
Recognize
Detail
Questions
What is stated in the passage…?
What is indicated in the passage…?
（段落说明了什么？）
According to the speaker…?
(根据说话者….?)
How does the professor emphasize her point about-------?
图片题：
Identify the part of the picture that represents---------？
Select the diagram that represents-----------?
Tips
1: 仔细听段落中细节
2：寻找与段落信息相同的答案。
3：排除错误的选项，从剩余的选项中选择最佳答案。
3：Understand the Function
Purpose Questions
Recognize
Purpose
Questions
Listen again to part of the passage, then---------?
Why does the speaker say this?
What does the professor imply when he says this?
What is the purpose of the woman’s response?
Why does the student visit the professor?
Tips
1: 仔细听重放段落中讲话者说了什么？
2：做出结论：讲话者为什么这样说？
4: Understand The Speaker’s Stance
Stance, Attitude Questions
Recognize
Gist-Content Questions
What is the attitude, opinion, point of view of the speaker?
Select the sentence that best expresses how the speaker feels?
What does the speaker mean?
What can be inferred about the student?
What is the speaker/professor/student’s attitude towards---------?
Tips
1: 学会关注说话人语气、态度和观点。

5: Understand the Organization（观点如何组织的）
Organization Questions
Recognize
Organization
Questions
How is the information in the passage organized?
How is the discussion organized?
Click the correct column…?
How does the speaker organize the information that he presents?
Which of the following best describes the organization of the lecture?
How does the professor help the student?
How does the professor clarify her point about -------?
Tips
1：参看笔记。
2：注意文中所作的比较。
6: Understand Relationship
Relationship Questions
Recognize
Relationship
Questions
What can be inferred about X?
What is the likely outcome of doing procedure X before procedure Y?
What will student probably do next?
Match each term with the correct definition/ classification:
Based on the speaker’s description, classify the following--------?
The speaker describes a sequence of events, Put the events in the correct order.
Tips
1: 细听段落中每一信息点。
2注意思考信息点之间如何连接。
3：寻找表明信息点如何相互关联的答案。

实例分析 （分析文章的出题点）10 分钟

Problems 15-18, Conversation, Audio-04, Track 4. Listen to a conversation on campus between two students. (BA-220)

1: Why does the man want to talk with the woman?
A To ask her to help him study for the exam
B To get some handouts for a class he has missed
C: To clarify his understanding of the review session
D: To find out her opinion of Professor Carson

2: Why does the woman think that the review session will be helpful?
A Because she has some questions that she wants to ask the professor
B Because Professor Carson will tell them some of the test questions
C: Because it helps to hear the answers to questions that other people ask
D: Because she needs an individual conference with the professor

3: Why dose the man decide to go to the review session?
A: Because the review session will make up for absences
B: Because the woman convinces him that it is a good idea
C: Because the professor has recommended the session
D: Because he needs help to organize his class notes

4: Listen again to part of the conversation. Then answer the following question.
A: He thinks that the professor will notice if a student is absent
B: He agrees with the woman about the attendance policy
C: He wants to change the subject that they are discussing
D: He tries to encourage the woman to explain her opinion

三：让学生记忆演讲话题高频词汇。先发词汇表给学生，然后分组，回答意思。（集中学生注意力，引发注意力）

四：布置作业: （10分钟）
1. 回去记忆高频词汇，测词汇。
2. 做听力练习，并将其中一篇文章进行复述，录音发到我邮箱中，时间严格控制在45秒内。

Lecture 2
一：检查作业。(15 分钟)
二： 测试（5 分）（dictation, 单词测试）
三：Note-taking 讲解。(45分钟)
1: Why should you develop the skill of note-taking?
(让学生回答，意识到做笔记的重要性。)
1：It keeps you focused
2: It helps you remember the information
3: It helps you answer the questions and organize your spoken or written response.
4：Good notes will facilitate your responses and directly affect your IBT score.

Note-taking strategies:
1: As you listen, focus on the main points and ideas. They can be recognized by the pause that is before the essential information, by the repetition of some information, the emphasis that is placed on certain points, word signals (… two main aspects, second, essential..) etc.
2: Concentrate on important words, like nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, also names, dates, number, etc.
3: Listen carefully to the questions both professors and students ask and answers given- they often refer to major ideas.
4: In conversations –identify the main problem/need, the solution and the main participants in conversation, as well as the one who is more important or whose problem is the topic of the conversation.
5: Do not write everything you hear, for example you can easily omit auxiliary words, determiners, pronouns and prepositions.
6: Identify how the information is organized: the stages of a process, major points to minor points, problems and solutions, causes and results, etc.
7: Organize your notes in some logical form-graph, list with major points and sub-points, flow charts, etc.
8: Write clearly, as the notes will do you no good afterwards if you can’t read what you have written.
9: Use abbreviations and symbols.

Abbreviations and Symbols
REMEMBER: YOU MUST BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE THE COMPLETE WORD FROM ITS ABBREVIATION.

1. Write just the beginning of a long word. Here are some examples of long words that have been abbreviated by writing just the beginning of the word:
Word
Abbreviation
Word
Abbreviation
different
diff
feminine
fem
incorporated
inc
population
pop
elementary
elem
ambiguous
ambig
molecular
molec
separate
sep
division
div
hippopotamus
hippo
Question
Q
Limited
Ltd.
2. Use Concept Maps and Diagrams
You can set down information in a concept map or diagram. This presents the information in a visual form and is unlike the traditional linear form of note taking. Information can be added to the concept map in any sequence.
· 确定核心话题 Begin in the middle of the page and add ideas on branches that radiate from the central idea or from previous branches.
· 记录细节 确定核心话题之后，我们需要做的就是记录与其相关的细节，主要的细节为what , when, where , who , why和 how等。注意记录对话和演讲中信息引导词和信息引导句后面的信息，例如， First ..., let's look at the ...,
Examples

3: 常用笔记字母汇编
Z：表示“人”， people/person
C: 表示政府,统治，近似government,govern. Government Offical 可以表示为CZ
P: 表示政治，如politics, political. 那么politician 就可以表示PZ.
E: 表示总数。数学符号表示总值。
G：表示效率。G 为效率符号。
Q：表示“通货膨胀”：inflation
A: 表示农业： Agriculture
B: 表示商业 ：Business
O: 表示国家，“国家”“民族”“领土”等：country, state, nation, etc. →O 表示进口，O→表示出口
⊙： 圆圈表示一个圆桌，中间一点表示一盆花，这个符号就可以表示会议、开会等：meeting,conference, negotiation, seminar,discussion, symposium.

4：常用速记箭头：
→ 1：表示到达、传达：go into,arrive at, give to,
2: 表示导致、导引：lead to, result in, in the direction of, etc.
← 1: 表示来自于：be/come from,return, receive from, etc.
2: 表示追溯到：come/go back to, originate
↑ 1: 表示上升：up/upward/rise, increase, arise,ascend,etc
2: 表示发射、投放市场、发行：lanuch,open, start,etc.
3: 表示发展、加强、推进:develop, strengthen, promote,etc
﹋: 表示“波折”：ups and downs, twists and turns, etc.

5: 常用速记符号：
+ 表示“多”：many,lots of ,a great deal of, a good many of,etc.
- 表示“少”：little, few, lack,in short of /be in shortage of etc.
= 表示“同等”概念：means, that is to say, in other words, the same as, be equal to, etc.
／ 表示“否定”，“消除”等概念：cross out, eliminate, etc.
☆ 表示 “重要的”状态：important, exemplary （模范的）, best, certain/affirmative, etc.
& 表示“和”、“与”： and , together with, along with, accompany, further more, etc.

笔记三大原则：
原则一：脑记为主，笔记为辅
笔记技巧只是帮助学生记忆和理解原文信息，不能喧宾夺主。考生应时刻谨记：理解逻辑关系，速记内容细节。

原则二：适用、快速、个性
简写符号因人而异，中英文均可，只要能便于记忆和编写，最高境界就是寥寥几笔，能最大程度地提醒自己相关信息。

原则三：坚持锻炼，产生条件反射。
刚开始考生都避免不了把单词写全的冲动，只有多练习，才能熟能生巧。

用一个例子说明该如何做笔记。（35分）Barron Model test 1: (listening 2)
（先放听力，让学生在规定时间内做完答案。）2 分钟答题
Main Idea-----4 主 type. Drainage pattern
1: dendritic: 树枝
人 循环 系统
（注意文中提到，here ‘s an example of a dendritic pattern）
2：radial : 刹 轮
不同方向
3: rectangular ： fractured（裂）
4：trellis: dif. 阻挡

（听的过程中，我们注意到：
1：教授出现了两次语气词。(提问学生，哪两次？)
第一次，I trust you have already read the chapter so….
第二次：I don’t plan to trick you with test questions about exceptional patterns.

2: 文中出现的经典提示：
(1)一般论点后都有例子说明，而且例子都是很简单易懂的，而且经常是出题点。

Here’s an example of a dendritic pattern. As you can see, it’s similar to many systems in nature. In addition to the structure of a tree, it also resembles the human circulation system.

(2) 文中出现的图片。

图片是对每个观点的具体说明，一般来说，论点中都是有生词的，那么图片就是让生词变得不再是生词的法宝。因此建立形象思维，关注图片在托福听力考试中就非常重要。

Ok，现在我们来看一遍问题，看看都是从哪些方面出题的。

4： 另外一个例子：(20分) Barron Model Text 4 ( listening 2)
先放听力，让学生在规定时间内做完答案。）2 分钟答题
Main Idea－dif. 观 （修正 A↓农）
1：A↑ 人↑→病↑
2：食样 猎≥农
农 1 食
3：高 猎≥农 猎 ♂5.9 ♀5.5
农 5.3 5
猎 移→食↑
农 饿
Sum A 农 健↓

注意：
1：句中出现了的经典句式：
a. From a revisionist perspective, the development of agriculture about 10,000 years ago didn’t improve the lives of early farmers. On the contrary, when hunter-gathers abandoned the age-old method of foraging for food and began to cultivate crops, they put their health at risk.
b. So, let’s see where we are, Oh, yes. Consider that hunter-gathers had the advantage of mobility.

Now, let’s listen again to this lecture, and check the answers together.
(对答案，解释题目出题方向) Barron P344 页s

四：布置作业（5分）
1：回去记忆高频词汇，测词汇。
2：做听力练习，并将其中一篇文章进行复述，录音发到我邮箱中，时间严格控制在45秒内。

Lecture 3:
一：检查作业（15分钟）
二：测试（ 10分钟）填空，词汇。
三：题型分析及实例讲解：（45分钟）
1: 主旨题 (25分钟) （要note-taking, 叫1个学生复述）
Gist-content Question:
What problems does the man have?
What are the speakers mainly discussing?
What is the main topic/purpose/Idea of the passage/lecture/ conversation?
What is the lecture about?

在做IBT主旨题的时候一定要尽量把握文章的整体思路, 可以从以下几个方面来进行:
a、记住谈话人语气加重所强调的人，事物或概念。
b、努力把握谈话或演讲中的关键词或短语。尤其要关注谈话人不止一次提到的词或短语。
c、从宏观上把握谈话或演讲的内容，提炼出讲话的主题

实例讲解1：(30分) （OG Practice Set 3 P166）
1: What is the professor mainly discussing?

A． The development of motor skills in children
B． How psychologists measure muscle activity in the throat
C． A theory about the relationship between muscle activity and thinking
D． A study on deaf people’s problem-solving techniques

Note-taking:

Muscular Habits=表现 thinking
1: 喉 voice box eg. 1. 小孩 2. 解问题， 肌 动
聋 信号语 解问题→手动
2：观念运动 eg. 1.地点----眼动 图书馆 2. 朋友----眼
总结

听力中的注意点：
a) 语气词