长期施肥对小麦玉米轮作系统的影响.docx

Long-term manure amendments and chemical fertilizers enhanced soil organic carbon sequestration in a wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)–maize(Zea mays L.)rotationsystem
长期粪肥修复和化肥增强了小麦（Triticum aestivum L.） - 玉米（Zea mays L.）轮作系统中的土壤有机碳吸收
Abstract
BACKGROUND:The carbon sequestration potential is affected by cropping system and management practices,but soil organic carbon(SOC) sequestration potential under fertilizations remains unclear in north China
背景：碳固存潜力是种植系统和管理实践的影响，但是在施肥条件下中国北方的土壤有机碳（SOC）固存潜力仍不清楚
This study examined SOC change,total C input to soil and,via integration of these estimates over years,carbon sequestration efficiency(CSE,the ratio of SOC change over C input) under no fertilization(control), chemical nitrogen fertilizer alone (N) or combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers (NP,NK,PKandNPK), or chemical fertilizers combined with low or high (1.5×)manure input (NPKMand1.5NPKM).
这项研究检测了SOC变化，土壤的总C输入，并通过多年来综合估计碳螯合效率（CSE，SOC变化与C输入的比率） 在没有施肥（对照），只有化学氮肥（N）或与磷肥和钾肥（NP，NK，PKandNPK）组合，或与低或高（1.5×）粪肥投入（NPKMand1.5NPKM）组合。
RESULTS:Results showed that, as compared with the initial condition,SOC content increased by 0.03, 0.06, 0.05, 0.09, 0.16, 0.26, 0.47 and 0.68 Mg C ha −1 year −1 under control, N, NK, PK, NP, NPK, NPKM and 1.5NPKM treatments respectively. Correspondingly, the C inputs of wheat and maize were 1.24, 1.34, 1.55, 1.33, 2.72, 2.96, 2.97 and 3.15 Mg ha −1 year −1 respectively.
结果表明，与初始条件相比，SOC含量在对照，N，NK，PK，NPNPK，NPKM和1.5NPKM处理条件下分别提高了0.03, 0.06, 0.05, 0.09, 0.16, 0.26, 0.47 和0.68 Mg C 。 相应地，小麦和玉米的C投入分别为1.24, 1.34, 1.55, 1.33, 2.72, 2.96, 2.97和3.15 Mg 。
The long-term fertilization-induced CSE showed that about 11% of the gross C input was transformed into SOC pool.
长期施肥诱导的CSE显示约11％的总C输入转化为SOC库。
CONCLUSION:Overall,this study demonstrated that decade-long manure input combined with chemical fertilizers can maintain high crop yield and lead to SOC sequestration in north China.
结论：总的来说，本研究表明，长达10年的粪肥与化肥相结合投入，可以保持较高的作物产量，并导致华北地区的SOC封存。
INTRODUCTION
The soil organic carbon (SOC) pool is an important indicator of soil quality and has significant direct and indirect impacts on soil quality.
土壤有机碳（SOC）库是土壤质量的重要指标，对土壤质量具有显著地直接和间接影响。
Maintenance of SOC is essential for long-term sustain-able agriculture, since declining levels generally lead to decreased crop productivity.
维持SOC对于长期可持续农业至关重要，因为下降的水平通常导致作物生产力下降.
Optimum levels of SOC can be managed through improving tillage methods,applying mineral fertiliz-ers and organic amendments and adopting appropriate crop rotations
可以通过改进耕作方法，施用矿物肥料和有机修复物并采用适当的作物轮作来管理SOC的最佳水平。
It is the C input and output balance that determines the carbon sequestration of soil.
C输入和输出的平衡决定土壤碳固存
The major source of C input in cropland agriculture comes from crop residues (straws, stubble, roots and rhizodeposition exudates) and organic manures.
耕地农业中C投入的主要来源是作物残留（秸秆，茬，根和根际沉积渗出物）和有机肥料。
The below-ground biomass returned to the cropland is however difficult to determine and can only be estimated from its proportion to crop yield or aboveground biomass.
然而，返回到农田的地下生物量很难确定，并且只能从其与作物产量或地上生物量的比例来估计。
Clearly, the C input varies with crop type, soil fertility, management practices and climatic conditions.
显然，C输入因作物类型，土壤肥力，管理实践和气候条件而异。
For example, Srinivasarao etal reported that the C inputs ranged from 0.5 Mg ha/year for no fertilization to 3.6 Mg C ha/year for chemical fertilization with groundnut shell under a groundnut-based system in southern India
例如，Srinivasarao等人报道，在印度南部，C输入量为0.5毫克/公顷/年至3.6毫克/公顷/年，前者不施肥，后者在基础花生系统条件下，用花生壳施化肥。
Kundu etal estimated that the C inputs in soil ranged from 0.9 Mg C ha/year for no fertilization to1.8 Mg C ha/ year for chemical fertilization under rainfed soybean–wheat rotation in a sandy loam soil of Indian Himalayas.
Kundu等人估计土壤中的C输入量在印度喜马拉雅山的砂质壤土中从未施肥的0.9Mg/公顷/年到在旱作大豆 - 小麦轮作下施化肥的1.8Mg/公顷 /年。
A high C input usually results in high carbon sequestration in soil.
高C输入通常导致土壤中高的碳固存
However, the relationship between the carbon sequestration and the C input varies in different studies.
然而，碳固存和C输入之间的关系在不同的研究中不同
Many studies have indicated a strong positive linear relation between the C amount incorporated into soil, either from the crop residues or from external sources such as manure,and the carbon sequestration.
许多研究表明，在作物残留物或来自外部来源如粪肥引入土壤中的C量与碳固存之间存在显著的正线性关系
Logarithmic correlations were also found based on long-term fertilization experiments.
基于长期施肥实验也发现对数相关性
The linear relation indicated that the soil had constant carbon sequestration efficiency and no C saturation level within a certain range of C input
线性关系表明土壤在C输入的一定范围内具有恒定的碳固存效率和没有C饱和水平
In contrast, the logarithmic relation showed a weakening efficiency of carbon sequestration when the SOC approached saturation level.
相反，当SOC接近饱和水平时，对数关系显示碳固存的效率减弱
The Huang-Huai-Hai Plain located in the temperate zone of north China is one of the most productive agricultural regions in China, but few studies have focused on SOC sequestration potential in the typical croplands of this region.
黄淮海平原位于中国北方温带，是中国最具生产力的农业区之一，但很少有研究集中在该地区典型农田中的SOC固存潜力
In this study,we investigated a long-term fertilization experiment in a typical wheat–maize rotation system in Zhengzhou city of north China,located in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain
在这项研究中，我们调查了在中国北方郑州市（位于黄淮海平原）一个典型的小麦 - 玉米轮作系统的长期施肥实验
Our objectives were (i) to quantify the effects of different fertilization treatments on SOC change, C input from crop and manure, and carbon sequestration rate, (ii) to evaluate the effects of different fertilization treatments on aboveground grain and straw of wheat and maize and (iii) to establish a relationship between annual C input and carbon sequestration rate
我们的目标是（i）量化不同施肥处理对SOC的变化，来自作物和粪便的C输入和碳固存率的影响，（ii）评估不同施肥处理对小麦和玉米地上谷物和秸秆的影响，以及（iii）建立年度C输入与碳固存率之间的关系
EXPERIMENTAL
The long-term experiment was started in 1990 in Zhengzhou city(34.28 ∘ N, 112.30 ∘ E), Henan Province
长期实验于1990年在河南省郑州市开展（34.28°N，112.30°E）
It belonged to the National Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Efficiency Long-term Monitoring Network,located in north China with a temperate monsoonal climate
它属于国家土壤肥力和施肥效率长期监测网络，位于中国北方，温带季风气候
We confirm that the field studies did not involve endangered or protected species
我们确认实地研究不涉及濒危或受保护物种
The experimental site, soil properties and climate conditions were reported in detail by Tang etal
Tang等人详细报道了试验地点，土壤性质和气候条件
Briefly,it is an alluvial plain in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, with an altitude of 21 m
简而言之，它是黄河中游的冲积平原，海拔21米
The soil is derived from alluvial sediments of the Yellow River and is classified as a fluvoaquic soil.
土壤来源于黄河的冲积沉积物，被归类为流感水土
The annual precipitation in the area during the time of the study was 640mm, of which 70% occurred from June to September.
研究期间该地区的年降水量为640mm，其中70％发生在6月至9月。
The mean annual temperature was 14.4℃ and the lowest and highest mean monthly values were −1.2℃ in January and 27.5℃ in July respectively.
年平均气温14.4℃，最高和最低平均月气温分别为-1.2℃和7月27.5℃。
The field was under a winter wheat (Triticumaes-tivum L.)–summer maize (Zea mays L.) cropping system for many years and was not fertilized in the two years prior to the start of the experiment in order to make it more homogeneous
该田在冬小麦（Triticumaes-tivum L.） - 夏玉米（Zea mays L.）作物系统下多年，并且在实验开始之前的两年内不施肥，以使其更均匀
Before the experiment was started in 1990, the soil was calcareous with a pH of 8.3 and contained 6.7 g/kg organic carbon , 0.65 g/kg total N, 0.64 g/kg total P , 16.9 g/kg total K , 76.6 mg/kg alkaline hydrolysable N, 6.5 mg/kg available P (Olsen-P) and 71.7 mg/kg available K (ammonia acetate extractable).
在1990年开始实验之前，土壤是钙质的，pH为8.3，含有6.7g / kg有机碳，0.65g / kg总氮，0.64g / kg总P，16.9g / kg总K，76.6mg / kg 碱性可水解N，6.5mg / kg有效P（Olsen-P）和71.7mg / kg有效K（乙酸氨可萃取）。
Experimental design
A wheat–maize double crop rotation was adopted every cropping year for all treatments
对于所有处理，每个作物年采用小麦 - 玉米双轮作物轮作
Each year, winter wheat seeds were sown in strips around 20 October and harvested in late May the following year
每年，冬小麦种子在10月20日左右播种，并在下一年5月下旬收获
Summer maize seeds were sown in holes between the wheat strips in early June and harvested in early October
夏季玉米种子在6月初在小麦条之间的孔中播种，并在10月初收获
The tillage method consisted of rotary tillage (20 cm depth) in autumn after maize harvest
耕作方法包括玉米收获后秋季的旋耕（20厘米深）
Maize stubbles were incorporated into the soil, and the rest was removed from the fields
玉米茬进入土壤，其余的从田地中移除
Wheat seeds were manually sown after tillage operation.
在耕作后手工播种小麦种子
Maize seeds were manually sown without tillage operation
手工播种玉米种子，不进行耕作操作
Herbicides and pesticides were applied during the growth periods when needed
除草剂和杀虫剂在需要时在生长期间施用
Wheat and maize were harvested to the level of the soil surface;thus the stubble was left above the soil surface and roots were left in the soil
小麦和玉米土壤表面以上的部分被收获;因此，茬留在土壤表面上方，根部留在土壤中
Grains and straws were weighted separately after air drying.
分别称重空气干燥后的谷物和秸秆
The eight treatments included no fertilizer and no manure (control), mineralnitrogen(N), mineral nitrogen and phosphorus combination (NP), mineral nitrogen and potassium combination (NK),mineral nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium combination (NPK),mineral fertilizer plus a low rate of organic manure (NPKM) and mineral fertilizer plus a high rate of organic manure(1.5NPKM)(the source of organic manure was horse dung, cow dung or barnyard manure in different years)
8种处理包括无肥料和粪肥（对照），矿物氮（N），矿物氮和磷组合（NP），矿物氮和钾组合（NK）,矿物氮，磷和钾组合(NPK),矿物肥料加低有机肥（NPKM）和矿物质肥料加上高有机肥（1.5NPKM）（有机肥的来源是不同年份的马粪，牛粪或谷仓前空地）
The manures were applied only in wheat season
肥料只在小麦季节施用
The application amount of manures in NPKM treatment was calculated based on the N concentration in manures so as to maintain the same total N input as in NPK treatment and keep the ratio of N in manures to mineral N as 7:3 (Table1)
NPKM处理中粪肥的施用量基于粪便中的氮浓度以保持与NPK处理中相同的总氮输入，并将粪便中的N与矿物N的比率保持为7：3（表1）
For maize, the application rates of N,P and K were 187.5, 41 and 78 kg ha/ year respectively in both NPK and NPKM treatments
对于玉米，NPK和NPKM的处理中N，P和K的施用率分别为187.5,41和78 kg 公顷/年
The application amounts of fertilizers and manures in 1.5NPKM treatment were 1.5 times those in NPKM treatment in both wheat season and maize season
在小麦季节和玉米季节1.5NPKM处理中化肥和粪肥的施用量是NPKM的1.5倍
Fertilizers such as urea, superphosphate and potassium chloride were applied
施用肥料如尿素，过磷酸盐和氯化钾
Each treatment was replicated three times (plot size 8.5m × 6m) in a randomized block design. Protected area space was set around the experimental plot.
每个处理在随机区组设计中重复三次（样地大小8.5m×6m）。 在实验样地周围设置保护区空间。
Soil sampling and analysis
Soil samples were collected annually at a depth of 0–20 cm at five sites from each plot through the whole experimental period,approximately 3–10 days after corn harvest
在整个实验期间，在玉米收获后约3-10天，在每个样地的5个位点，每年在0-20cm的深度收集土壤样品
The fresh samples were mixed thoroughly, air dried, sieved through a 2 mm sieve and stored for analysis of SOC and total N
将新鲜样品充分混合，空气干燥，通过2mm筛过筛并储存以分析SOC和总N
The SOC concentration was determined by oxidizing organic carbon with K 2 Cr 2 O 7 (1.5molL /1 )in an acid environment with H 2 SO 4 and by reading subsequently with a spectrophotometer
通过在酸性环境下(H 2 SO 4)用K 2 Cr 2 O 7（1.5mol L -1）氧化有机碳并随后用分光光度计测定SOC 浓度
Three replicates were carried out for each analysis
每个分析进行三次重复
Bulk density (BD,g cm −3 ) was measured with a conventional core method using a cylinder (20 cm 2 × 5 cm) to extract successive cores at 5cm increments to a cumulative depth of 20 cm
使用圆筒（20 cm 2 × 5 cm），通过常规核心方法测量堆积密度（BD，gcm -3），以5cm增量提取连续的核至累积深度为20cm
堆积密度是把粉尘或者粉料自由填充于某一容器中，在刚填充完成后所测得的单位体积质量。
床料的堆积密度ρb与床料密度ρp之间的关系是ρb=ρp（1-ε）
ε为物料静止时的空隙率，ρb为堆积密度，需要测量，ρp为真实密度，可以查阅文献。Estimation of carbon biomass, carbon inputs and sequestration
The annual harvestable carbon biomass was estimated according to harvestable aboveground yield and carbon content of grain and straw of wheat and maize respectively
根据可收获地上产量和小麦和玉米的谷物和秸秆的碳含量分别估算年可收获碳生物量：
C ag = Y wg × C wg + Y ws × C ws + Y mg × C mg + Y ms × C ms (1)
where C ag is the aboveground carbon biomass, Y wg and Y ws are the grain and straw yields of wheat, C wg and C ws are the carbon contents of grain and straw of wheat, Y mg and Y ms are the grain and straw yields of maize and C mg and C ms are the carbon contents of grain and straw of maize
其中C ag是地上碳生物量，Y wg和Y ws是小麦的谷物和秸秆产量，C wg和C ws是小麦谷物和秸秆的碳含量，Y mg和Y ms是玉米的谷物和秸秆产量 ，C mg和C ms是玉米的谷物和秸秆的碳含量
For all treatments, organic carbon contents were taken as national averaged values, i.e. 399 and 444g/kg (oven-dried basis) for wheat and corn respectively
对于所有处理，将有机碳含量取作国家平均值，小麦和玉米分别为399和444g/kg （烘干基）
烘干基质:在高温(105℃)将基质的自由水和结合水基本全部脱去。 干基质:一般是在自然风干，含水率一般在20%以下
The annual organic carbon input (C input ,ton ha −1 ) was estimated from below ground biomass carbon (C bg ,ton ha −1 ),stubbles incorporated into topsoil (C st , ton ha −1 ), seed inseminated into soil (C seed , ton ha −1 ) and organic manure applied (C manure , ton ha −1 ):
每年有机碳输入（C输入，ton ha −1）从地下碳生物量（C bg，ton ha −1），结合到表土中的残茬（C st，ton ha −1），种子向土壤 ，ton ha −1）和有机肥施用（C粪肥，ton ha −1）：
C input = C bg + C st + C manure + C seed (2)
C bg = R bg × C ag (3)
C st = R wst × Y ws × C ws + R mst × Y ms × C ms (4)
R bg is the ratio of annual underground carbon from crops to aboveground biomass carbon, which was estimated as 30% for
wheat and maize
R bg是来自作物的年地下碳与地上碳生物量的比率，对于小麦和玉米估计为30％
R wst is the ratio of wheat stubbles incorporated into soil to wheat straw, which was determined and recorded as 25–27% for NP, NPK, NPKM and 1.5NPKM treatments and 33–36% for control, N, NK and PK treatments.
R wst是掺入土壤中的小麦茬与小麦秸秆的比率，对NP，NPK，NPKM和1.5NPKM处理测定并记录为25-27％，对于对照，N，NK和PK处理记录为33-36％
R mst is the ratio of maize stubbles to maize straw (about 3% for all treatments) inall plots
R mst是所有样地中玉米茬与玉米秸秆的比例（所有处理的约3％）
C seed estimated for wheat (seed rate 200 kg ha −1 year −1 ) was 0.084Mg C ha −1 year −1 and for maize (seed rate 38 kg ha −1 year −1 ) was 0.016 Mg C ha −1 year −1
C种子估计小麦（种子率200 kg ha -1年-1）为0.084Mg C ha -1年-1，玉米（种子率38 kg ha -1年-1）为0.016 Mg C ha -1年 -1
The SOC sequestration rate (S, Mg C ha −1 year −1 ) in each treatment is defined here as
S = C rate × BD × d∕10 (5)
where C rate (g kg −1 year −1 ) is the SOC content change rate, which was determined by linear regression over the years of experiment for each treatment respectively
其中C率（g kg -1年-1）是SOC含量变化率，其通过对于每种处理的多年经验的线性回归分别确定
BD (g cm −3 ) is the final soil bulk density and d (cm) is the soil depth (we used 20 cm for our calculations)
BD（g cm -3）是最终土壤体积密度，d（cm）是土壤深度（我们使用20cm计算）
The relationship between C addition to the soil by different sources and storage within the soil was determined
测定不同来源的C添加到土壤中和在土壤中储存的C之间的关系
The rate constant of annual C input incorporated into soil organic matter (SOM) (h) and the decay rate constant of native SOC (k) were calculated from the Jenkinson equation assuming a single-pool,first-order kinetic relationship between C addition and sto