本课文法重点-不定词(to+Vr).doc

BOOK FOUR Lesson One
本課文法重點：不定詞（to＋Vr）
To＋Vr（原型動詞）這個型式我們稱之為不定詞片語，它的詞性有：
（一）名詞（二）形容詞（三）副詞

（一）名詞
一、當名詞時可做為句子中的主詞，我們將此不定詞片語當成是一件事，視為第三人稱單數主詞，所以後面用單數動詞。
例句：To get up early every day is a good habit.每天早起是好習慣。
To swim in the river alone is dangerous.獨自在河中游泳是危險的。
To do exercise every morning is good for your health.
每天早上運動對健康是有幫助的。
二、當名詞時可做為句中及物動詞的受詞。（本課主要文法重點）
例句：Jack wants to buy a new motorcycle.傑克想買一台新摩托車。
I hope to be a great doctor some day.
我希望未來有一天成為偉大的醫生。
Mom needs to cook for my family every day.媽媽每天必需為家人煮飯。
三、當名詞時可做為句中的主詞補語。
例句：Joe’s dream is to be an English teacher.喬的夢想想當個英文老師。
To see is to believe.眼見為憑；百聞不如一見。
My hope is to go to New York next year.我的希望就是明年能到紐約。

（二）形容詞：不定詞當形容詞時，一般都放在被修飾的主詞後面。
例句：I need someone to talk to.我需要找人聊聊。
Give Mr. Wang something to drink.給王先生一些飲料喝。
He looks for a man to discuss this thing.他找人討論此事。

（三）副詞：不定詞當副詞時，放在所修飾的動詞後面，表目的、原因或結果。
例句：Mr. Lin goes to London to visit his parents.（表目的）
林先生到倫敦去探望他的父母。
He gets up early to catch the first train.（表原因）
他早起以便搭上第一班火車。
Helen studied hard only to fail the exam.（表結果）
海倫努力用功讀書結果考試失敗。

Lesson Two
本課文法重點：動名詞
動名詞是指兼具有名詞和動詞性質的字詞，其形式是將原型動詞改為V~ing的形式，其變化和現在分詞一樣。
動名詞具有名詞和形容詞的功能：
（一）名詞
一、做為句子的主詞：由動名詞所帶領的片語，我們稱之為動名詞片語，當句子主詞時，指某一件事，視為第三人稱單數主詞，後接單數動詞。
例句：Reading makes us very happy.閱讀使我們非常快樂。
Getting up early is good for our health.早起對我們的健康是有益的。
Swimming in the river alone is very dangerous.
單獨在河中游泳是很危險的。
二、做為及物動詞的受詞：
例句：I like playing baseball.我喜歡打棒球。
Jack enjoys listening to popular music.傑克很喜愛聽流行音樂。
They practice singing everyday.他們每天練習唱歌。
Pauline loves having snacks before she goes to bed.
寶琳喜愛睡前吃點心。
His puppy hates swimming.他的小狗討厭游泳。
Mr. Lee finished washing his car.李先生洗完車子。
其他動詞後面需接動名詞的尚有：avoid（避免）、dislike（不喜歡）
spend（花費）、 start（開始）、begin（開始）、stop（停止）
forget（忘記）、remember（記得）等等。
三、做為介系詞的受詞：
例句：She is fond of playing the piano.她喜愛彈鋼琴。
I am afraid of living alone.我怕一個人生活。
Joe is good at speaking English.喬精通說英文。
Sue is tired of doing the same thing.蘇討厭做同一件事。
四、做為主詞補語：
例句：Seeing is believing.眼見為憑。
Teaching is learning.教學相長。
His hobby is collecting stamps.他的興趣是集郵。
（二）形容詞：放在所要修飾的名詞前面。
例句：They have dinner in the dining room.他們在飯廳吃晚餐。
There is a swimming pool in this school.這所學校有游泳池。
Mr. Chen smokes in the smoking room.陳先生在吸煙室抽煙。

Lesson Three
本課文法重點：授與動詞
授與動詞：指的是該動詞後面需接兩個受詞（間接受詞【人】和直接受詞【物】）的及物動詞。
其句型如下：
一、主詞＋授與動詞＋間接受詞（人）＋直接受詞（物）.
例句：My parents gave me a birthday present yesterday.
人 物
昨天我父母送給我生日禮物。
The boys bring him some food every day.那些男孩每天帶給他一些食物。
人 物
Nancy made her family some delicious snacks.
人 物
南西為家人做了些美味的點心。
He writes his girlfriend a love letter every day.
人 物
他每天寫給他女朋友一封情書。
此類動詞尚有：lend（借）、send（寄）、show（指給）、tell（告訴）、sell（賣）、pay（付）、buy（買）、get（取來）、ask（問；請求）、do（做）、play（做）等等。
二、主詞＋授與動詞＋直接受詞（物）＋介系詞＋間接受詞（人）.
例句：Joe told his trip in America to me.喬告訴我他的美國之旅。
事物 人
I bought a beautiful doll for my daughter.
物 人
我買了一個漂亮洋娃娃給我女兒。
We asked a question of our teacher.我們問了老師一個問題。
事物 人
1.give（給）、lend（借）、send（寄給）、write（寫）、bring（帶給）、show（指給）、teach（教）、tell（告訴）、sell（賣）、pay（付）、do（給與）等動詞＋直接受詞（物）＋to＋間接受詞（人）
2.buy（買）、bring（帶給）、get（取來）、make（做）、leave（留給）、do（做）等動詞＋直接受詞（物）＋for＋間接受詞（人）
3.ask（問；請求）＋直接受詞（物）＋of＋間接受詞（人）
4.play（做）＋直接受詞（物）＋on＋間接受詞（人）

Lesson Four
本課文法重點：聯繫動詞
聯繫動詞亦稱不完全不及物動詞，使用此動詞時必需注意的是：
（1）其後面不能接受詞。（2）其後需接名詞或形容詞當主詞補語，用以說明主詞的身分、樣貌、狀態等。

句型一：主詞（物）＋smell/taste/sound/feel/become/get＋形容詞.
例句：The flowers smell sweet.這些花聞起來很香。
The coffee became cold.咖啡變冷了。
The fast food tasted sour.這速食嚐起來很酸。
Her song sounds terrible.她的歌聽起來很糟。
The weather today gets hot.今天的天氣變熱了。
The ice feels cold.冰摸起來很冷。

句型二：主詞（人）＋feel/sound/look/become/get＋形容詞.
例句：He felt very sad yesterday.昨天他覺得很悲傷。
Mr. Brown becomes angry.布朗先生變得很生氣。
She sounded happy after she heard Sam won the game.
在聽到山姆比賽勝利後，她的聲音聽起來很高興。
You looked terrible today. What’s up?你今天看起來很糟。怎麼了？
Jack got interested in Helen after he saw her.
傑克看過海倫後，他就對她感興趣了。

句型三：主詞（人）＋become/get＋a/an＋（形容詞）＋名詞.
例句：Miss Li became a famous singer three years ago.
三年前，李小姐成為有名的歌手。
Study hard. You can become a successful doctor.
努力讀書，你會成為一名成功的醫生。

句型四：主詞＋feel/smell/sound/taste＋like＋a/an＋（形容詞）＋名詞.
例句：The table feels like glass.這桌子摸起來像玻璃。
His voice sounds like a loud speaker.他的嗓門聽起來像擴音器。
This fruit tastes like honey.這水果嚐起來像蜂蜜。
My shirt smells like a rat.我的襯衫聞起來臭的像老鼠。
I look like a Santa Claus.我看起來就像聖誕老人。

Lesson Five
本課文法重點：形容詞的比較級
形容詞是用來描述人或事物的性質、外貌、樣態、長短、新舊等詞彙。
第三課我們學到形容詞的原級比較句型：（指兩者之間的比較時）
主詞＋be動詞/聯繫動詞＋as＋原級形容詞＋as＋名詞/代名詞.
例句：She is as beautiful as Helen.她和海倫一樣的漂亮。
Jack looks as happy as his wife.傑克看起來和他的太太一樣快樂。
本課則學習用形容詞比較級來比較兩者之異同。其句型如下：
1.主詞＋be動詞＋形容詞比較級＋than＋名詞或代名詞.
例句：Mary is taller than her sister.瑪莉比她妹妹還高。
The question is easier than that one.這個問題比那個問題更容易。
This cake is larger than that one.這個蛋糕比那個蛋糕更大。
The teacher is busier than his student.老師比學生更忙碌。
You are thinner than your brother.你比你弟弟更瘦。
That man is nicer than his daughter.那個男人比他女兒更和善。
2. 主詞＋be動詞＋more＋原級形容詞＋than＋名詞或代名詞.
例句：Helen is more beautiful than her.海倫比她更漂亮。
He is more careful than his father.他比他爸爸更謹慎。
Tina is more considerate than I.蒂娜比我更體貼。
The cake is more delicious than the hot dog.蛋糕比熱狗更美味。
※ 形容詞比較級的形成：
（1）大多數單音節形容詞只要在字尾加er即形成其比較級。
tall－＞taller short－＞shorter long－＞longer
young－＞younger cheap－＞cheaper strong－＞stronger
（2）字尾已經有e時，只加r。
nice－＞nicer large－＞larger white－＞whiter brave－＞braver
（3）字尾是短母音接子音結尾時，重複字尾的子音字母，再加er。
big－＞bigger thin－＞thinner sad－＞sadder hot－＞hotter
（4）形容詞是子音字母加y結尾時，去y，改為i，再加er。
happy－＞happier heavy－＞heavier busy－＞busier
lucky－＞luckier easy－＞easier lazy－＞lazier
（5）多音節形容詞則在前面加上more即可形成其比較級，本身則不用變化。
important－＞more important difficult－＞more difficult
careful－＞more careful comfortable－＞more comfortable
delicious－＞more delicious interesting－＞more interesting
※ 要特別注意的是：比較級的使用是不可拿人和物來做比較，只能是人和人做比較，物和物做比較。

Lesson Six
本課文法重點：感官動詞的用法
感官動詞有：see（看到；看見）、watch（觀賞；留神觀察）、hear（聽到）
listen to（傾聽）、look at（注視）、feel（感覺）、smell（聞到）、taste（嚐到）、touch（摸到）等。
句型1：主詞＋感官動詞＋受詞＋原型動詞.（表事實狀態）
例句：She saw the man kill that dog last night.
她昨晚看到那個人殺那隻狗。
My parents watched me play baseball with my friends.
我父母看著我和朋友打棒球。
I felt the house shake two hours ago.
兩小時前，我感覺到房子在搖動。
Our teacher listened to us sing in the classroom.
我們老師聽我們在教室唱歌。
My sister smelled something burn yesterday.
昨天我妹妹聞到東西燒起來的味道。
They heard the little girl cry on the corner.
他們聽到轉角處有女孩在哭。
Mr. Lin looked at that box move forwards.
林先生看著那個盒子往前移動。
句型2：主詞＋感官動詞＋受詞＋動名詞.（表動作正在進行）
例句：The students saw the plane flying in the sky.
學生們看到飛機在天空中飛行。
Mrs. Brown smelled something burning inside her house.
布朗太太聞到家裡有東西在燒的味道。
Their English teacher watched them doing their homework.
他們的英文老師看著他們寫家庭作業。
Last night, we felt all the building shaking.
昨晚我們感覺到整棟建築物在搖動。
Jack looks at the little cat walking.
傑克看著那隻小貓走路。
We heard the young lady singing all night.
我們聽到那年輕小姐唱一整晚的歌。
Helen listened to her sister talking with her friends.
海倫聽她的妹妹和朋友一直聊著天。
He touched his heart moving inside his body.
他摸到心臟在身體裡面跳動。

Lesson Seven
本課文法重點：介紹如何指出某些人或事物中的全部或一部份
句型1.在此句型中of後面的名詞都用複數名詞，其主詞則是of前面的不定代名詞，不定詞是單數概念時，動詞用三單動詞，不定詞是複數概念時，動詞用複數動詞。
One一個
of
the students
the boys
the girls
the teachers
the chairs
the books
us（we的受詞）
you（you的受詞）
them（they的受詞）
is my brother.
Any任何一個
is a good student.
Some一些

of
are beautiful.
teach English.
are old.
are very expensive.
are in the park.
are college students.
run in the school.
walk to work every day.
A few一些
Few很少
Several幾個
Both兩者都
All全部都
Many許多
Most大多數

句型2. 在此句型中of後面的名詞都用不可數單數數名詞，其主詞則是of前面的不定代名詞，不定詞因是代替後面的不可數名詞，所以動詞一律用第三人稱單數動詞。
All

of
the food
the fruit
the water
the air
the milk
the money
is fresh.
is very delicious.
is not very clean.
is sweet.
is sour.
is mine.
Some
A little
Little
Much
Most

習題：
1.One of the teachers _________（teach）English at this school.
2.All of the food on the table__________（taste）delicious.
3.Many of the chairs ___________（be）new and comfortable.
4.A little of the fruit ____________（smell）sweet.
5.Both of them ___________（speak）English to their classmates.
6.Some of the milk in the bottle ____________（become）sour.
7.Any of the students can ___________（answer）the question.
8.Little of the money ___________（be）not in the box.
9.Several of the girls ___________（sit）over there.
10.Most of the people ____________（like）to help others.

Lesson Eight
本課文法重點：形容詞的最高級
用法：第五課談到形容詞的比較級，是指兩者之間的比較，本課則是談到三者以上的比較時，形容詞需用最高級，並且在最高級形容詞前要加上定冠詞the。
句型：主詞＋動詞＋the ＋（most）最高級形容詞＋of all/them/the boys.
in the class/school.
形容詞最高級的形成：
（1）大多數的單音節形容詞直接在字尾加est。
例如：tall－＞tallest small－＞smallest short－＞shortest
smart－＞smartest light－＞lightest warm－＞warmest
（2）單音節形容詞字尾已有e時只加st。
例如：brave－＞bravest large－＞largest nice－＞nicest
（3）單音節形容詞是短母音接子音結尾時，重複字尾子音字母再加est。
例如：big－＞biggest thin－＞thinnest sad－＞saddest
wet－＞wettest fat－＞fattest
（4）雙音節形容詞是子音字母加y結尾時，去y改為i再加est。
例如：happy－＞happiest heavy－＞heaviest easy－＞easiest
busy－＞busiest lazy－＞laziest noisy－＞noisiest
（5）多音節的形容詞則是在其前面加上most即可。
例如：helpful－＞most helpful useful－＞most useful
beautiful－＞most beautiful considerate－＞most considerate
careful－＞most careful difficult－＞most difficult
練習：1.Helen is the _____________（smart）in her class.
2.Jack is the _____________（tall）of all.
3.I am the _____________（short）in my family.
4.Mr. Chen is the __________________（considerate）in his office.
5.My teacher is the ________________（popular）in the school.
6.This basketball is the_____________（big）of them all.
7.He has the _________________（beautiful）flowers in this town.
8.The girl is the _______________（brave）of the three.
9.Your classroom is the ____________（wet）in our school.
10.Pauline’s room is the ______________（dirty）in her family.
11.Mr. Lin has to face the ________________（difficult）problem.
12.She is the ______________（thin）of them.
13.Henry is the _______________（heavy）in his class.
14.New York is the _______________（large）city in the world.
15.Spring is the ______________（warm）of the four seasons.
16.Where is the __________________（delicious）food in this city?
Lesson Nine
本課文法重點：介紹使役動詞的用法和不定詞當受詞補語的用法。
句型一
主詞
使役動詞
受詞（受格）
原型動詞或不定詞

I
You
We
You
They
He
She
Mr. Brown
My father
Jack
make
let
have
help
get
him
her
the boy
me
them
wash
go
run
（to）do
to buy
my car.
with us.
around the park.
my homework.
him some candy.
makes
lets
has
helps
gets
you
us
the girl
his son
his students
clean
play
cut
（to）do
to study
the house.
baseball.
the cake.
our homework.
hard.
句型二
主詞
動詞
受詞（受格）
不定詞片語
I
You
We
You
They

want
need
wish
ask
hate
like
Jack
him
you
us
the boy
my brother
to go to the movie with me.
to help （to）do your homework.
to join the baseball team.
to come to your birthday party.
to steal things from them.
to play basketball with us.
He
She
Mr. Brown
My father
Jack
wants
needs
wishes
asks
hates
likes
Jack
him
you
us
the boy
my brother
to wash the car for him.
to buy a cake.
to study harder.
to stay home this weekend.
to step on the lawn.
to help him.
練習：
1.Mr. Wang wants us ______________（study）hard for the coming exam.
2.My mother lets me _____________（play）computer games after dinner.
3.I hate the man ________________（speak）with my girlfriend.
4.They need Mrs. Brown ______________（help）them.
5.We ask our parents _______________（let）us go to Kenting this week.
6.The teacher gets his students _____________（be）quiet in class.
7.You wish your mom _____________（buy）you a new computer.
8.My father has me ______________（wash）his car on Sundays.
9.He helps his little brother ______________（make）a toy ship.
10.Jack makes me ____________（do）his work.
11.Miss Lin lets her sister _____________（cut）the fruit.
12.I like you ______________（go）to the party with me tonight.
13.Ms. Chang gets her daughter ______________（buy）her a dress.
14.The old man wishes his oldest son _____________（visit）him.
15.Pauline needs me ______________（play）tennis with her this afternoon.
16.We want you ______________（join）us.
17.He has his parents _____________（take）care of his puppy.
18.They hate their son _____________（play）all day.
19.His mom wishes him _____________（go）abroad next year.
20.The girl wants her boyfriend ______________（stay）with her all the time.

Book Five Lesson One
本課文法重點：介紹被動語態的用法，亦即用來表達「某人或某東西被…了」。
句型1：主詞＋be＋過去分詞.此句型常用來表達「誰做這件事並不清楚」或「做這件事的人不重要，只是表達事實狀況」。
（1）誰做這件事並不清楚
主動句：Someone stole my cell phone.有人偷我的手機。
被動句：My cell phone was stolen（by someone）.我的手機被偷了。
練習：將底下的主動句依照上例改寫成被動句。
1.Someone cut the cake.--＞
2.Somebody took his money.－＞
3.Someone took away her hat.－＞
4.Somebody closed that window.－＞
5.Someone bought the fan.－＞
（2）做這件事的人不重要，只是表達事實狀況。
例句：燈是打開著的。－＞The lights are opened.
練習：1.電扇是關著的。－＞
2.窗戶是開著的。－＞
3.門是打開的。－＞
4.電腦是關著的。－＞
5.球被接住了。－＞
6.英語在許多國家使用。－＞
7.手機到處都有人使用。－＞
句型2：主詞＋be＋過去分詞＋by＋受詞.此句型用來表達承受動做的主體和行為者是誰。
主動句：Mary helps the poor boy.
被動句：The poor boy is helped by Mary.
練習：將底下的主動句依照上例改寫成被動句。
1.Most people believe that story.－＞
2.Several students share the computer.－＞
3.The tiger ate the meat.－＞
4.Jane cooked the dinner today.－＞
5.My wife found my cell phone.－＞
6.The mother brings her daughter to the school.－＞

7.Her sister makes the cake.－＞
8.Tina drew the picture.－＞
9.Kim broke the window yesterday.－＞
10.Jason washes the dishes every day.－＞
Lesson Two
本課文法重點：介紹情緒性動詞轉換成現在分詞的用法。
情緒性動詞轉換成現在分詞如下：
surprise（使驚訝）－＞surpring（令人驚訝的）
excite（使興奮；使刺激）－＞exciting（令人興奮的；令人刺激的）
interest（使感興趣）－＞interesting（令人興趣的；有趣的）
bore（使無聊；使厭倦）－＞boring（令人討厭的；令人無聊的）
tire（使疲倦）－＞tiring（令人疲倦的）
amuse（使發笑；使有趣）－＞amusing（令人發笑的；令人趣的）
confuse（使困惑）－＞confusing（令人困惑的）
disgust（使厭惡）－＞disgusting（令人厭惡的）
embarrass（使困窘；使尷尬）－＞embarrassing（令人困窘的；令人尷尬的）
frighten（使害怕；使驚恐）－＞frightening（令人害怕的；嚇人的）
touch（使感動）－＞touching（令人感動的；動人的）