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AlbertEinsteinAndHisPhotoelectriceffectTheresastoryaboutalittleconversationthattookplacebetweentwolegends,CharlesSpencerChaplinandAlbertEinstein,atapublicevent.Itwentsomewhatlikethis:Einstein:WhatImostadmireaboutyourart,isyouruniversality.Youdontsayaword,yettheworldunderstandsyou!Chaplin:True.Butyourgloryisevengreater!Thewholeworldadmiresyou,eventhoughtheydontunderstandawordofwhatyousay.Albert Einsteins Days Of Growing Up1.He wasnt much of a talker at the beginning.BornonMarch14,1879,inUlm,Germany,littleEinsteincouldntreallypickupourlanguageasearlyaschildrennormallydo.Tilltheageof4Einsteinsstruggledtoarticulatehimselfwitheaseandfluency.However,somesayEinsteinstartedspeakingfullsentencesbythetimehewas2.Whenhesawhissister,Maja,forthefirsttimein1881,anexcitedlittleEinsteintookherforatoyandasked“Yes,butwheredoesithaveitssmallwheels?”2.Thelittlegeniushadaproblemofauthority.Iftheresonethingcommonamongthegreatestmenintheworld,itsthefactthatsocietyalwaysstruggledtocontaintheirgreatnesswithinthetinycagesofclosed-mindedness.SowasthecasewithyoungEinsteinaswellwhosecockywitandsubtlerebellionrubbedhisteachersoffinthewrongway.Annoyedbyhisblatantinsubordination,hisseventhgradeteacherhadoncesaidthathewouldneveramounttomuchinhislifeaslightmispredictiononthepartoftheteacher.3.Healwayshadthemusic.Einsteinsloveaffairwithhisviolinbeganatthetenderageof5.Linaiswhatheusedtocallhisviolin.However,likemostgreatlovestories,thisone,too,beganwithtrouble.Theboydidntreallyappreciatedrillsofviolinexerciseandone fine day at violin class,the youngstudent,frustrated by the routine threw hischairatthemusicteacherwholeftthehouseintears.Then,Einsteins ears were introduced toMozartssonatawhenhewas12andthusbeganhisloveformusicthatlastedforever.4.Hisfirstpaper.Itwasin1894thatEinsteinbeganhisfirstpapereverOntheInvestigationoftheStateoftheEtherinaMagneticField.Hardly15,Albertsentthepapertohisuncle,CaesarKochforhisexpertopinion.Heslippedinaletteralongwiththepaperwhichread“IfyouarenotgoingtoreadthisstuffIwillnotbeannoyedatall;butatleastyouhavetorecognizeitasashyattempttofightagainstmybeingabadletterwriter,whichIinheritedfrombothmybelovedparents.”The Fate of Einsteins BrainShortlyafterEinsteinsdeathin1955,Harveyremovedandweighedthebrainat1230g.ThebrainhasattractedattentionbecauseofEinsteinsreputationasoneoftheforemostgeniusesofthe20thcentury.Thiswasamatterofgreatdispute.SoHarveywasfiredforEinsteinsbrainwithoutthepermissionofeitherEinsteinorhiscloserelatives.ThenHarveyleftthehospital.Hephotographedthebrainfrommanyangles.Hethendissecteditintoabout240blocks.Andhepreserveditforover20years.Hepromisedtoresearchintoit,buthedidnothavesomesignificantresearchoutcomes.In1978,Einsteinsbrainwasrediscoveredbyotherscientists.Scientificstudieshavesuggestedthatregionsinvolvedinspeechandlanguagearesmaller,whileregionsinvolvedwithnumericalandspatialprocessingarelarger.1.1905年:爱因斯坦根据狭义相对论,在计算时钟同步过程上出现错误;2.1905年:错误估计迈克逊-莫利实验;3.1905年:在高速粒子的横向质量计算上出现错误;4.1905年:爱因斯坦在运用数学和物理知识计算液体粘性时多次出现错误。爱因斯坦通过计算液体的粘性,推导出分子的大小;5.1905年:在热辐射和光量子关系的认识上出现错误;6.1905年:首次验证质能方程E=mc2时出现错误;7.1906年:在第2次、第3次和第4次验证质能方程E=mc2时连续出现错误;8.1907年:在测算加速时钟(accelerated clock)的同步程序上出现错误;9.1907年:在测算引力和加速度的等效原理时出现错误;10.1911年:在首次计算光线弯曲时出现错误;11.1913年:在首次尝试广义相对论时出现错误;以下是爱因斯坦一生中犯下的23个重大错误:12.1914年:在第5次验证质能方程E=mc2时出现错误;13.1915年:在做爱因斯坦-哈斯(Einstein-de Haas)实验时出现错误;14.1915年:在验证广义相对论时出现多次错误;15.1916年:在解释马赫原理时出现错误;16.1917年:在引入宇宙常数时出现错误(爱因斯坦称这是其一生中最大的错误);17.1919年:两次尝试修改广义相对论时出现错误;18.1925年:在寻求阐明统一场论时犯下多次错误;19.1927年:在与玻尔探讨量子不确定性时出现错误;20.1933年:在解释量子力学时出现错误;21.1934年:在第6次验证质能方程E=mc2时出现错误;22.1939年:在解释史瓦西(Schwarzschild)奇点和引力坍缩(黑洞)时出现错误;23.1946年:在第7次验证质能方程E=mc2时出现错误。Photoelectriceffect光电效应Onequestion:Whodiscoveredphotoelectriceffect?HertzNot me.赫兹于1887年发现光电效应,爱因斯坦第一个成功的解释了光电效应(金属表面在光辐照作用下发射电子的效应,发射出来的电子叫做光电子)。光波长小于某一临界值时方能发射电子,即极限波长,对应的光的频率叫做极限频率。临界值取决于金属材料,而发射电子的能量取决于光的波长而与光强度无关,这一点无法用光的波动性解释。还有一点与光的波动性相矛盾,即光电效应的瞬时性,按波动性理论,如果入射光较弱,照射的时间要长一些,金属中的电子才能积累到足够的能量,飞出金属表面。可事实是,只要光的频率高于金属的极限频率,光的亮度无论强弱,电子的产生都几乎是瞬时的,不超过十的负九次方秒。正确的解释是光必定是由与波长有关的严格规定的能量单位(即光子或光量子)所组成。光电效应里电子的射出方向不是完全定向的,只是大部分都垂直于金属表面射出,与光照方向无关。光是电磁波,但是光是高频震荡的正交电磁场,振幅很小,不会对电子射出方向产生影响。END
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