动词和短语动词.docx

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动词和短语动词
　　【考点分析】
　　1.系动词的比较;
　　2.动词和短语动词的习惯用法和意义辨析(重)。
　　【知识点归纳】
　　（说明：本专题暂不涉及动词的时态、语态、语气、非谓语动词以及情态动词等语法内容。）
　　I.动词的分类
　　根据意义和句法作用，英语动词可分为四类：
　　1.行为动词(实义动词)
　　①及物动词：带宾语的动词
　　②不及物动词：不带宾语的动词
　　注意：英语里及物动词和不及物动词不是截然分开的，有的动词既可以是及物动词也可以是不及物动词。
　　It is important for you to learn how to learn.
　　第一个learn是及物动词，后面有宾语how to learn;第二个learn是不及物动词。
　　不及物动词向及物动词转化需要借助于介词、副词等构成短语动词。
　　He is working hard at English.
　　③状态动词(相对静止)：contain, exist, own, prefer, belong
　　④动作动词：延续性(work, stay);非延续性(marry, go, come)
　　2.系动词
　　①表示人或事物的特征和状态：be, feel, look, seem, taste, appear, sound
　　②表示状态的变化：turn, go, become, get, fall, grow
　　③表示某种状态的延续或持续：remain, keep, stay
　　注意：绝大多数连系动词又是实义动词，在解题时要正确区分,否则就会出错。
　　例：
　　 good,the food has been sold out.
　　A. Tasted B. Having been Tasted C. Tasting D. To taste
　　3.助动词(与动词原形或分词构成复合谓语)：be(am, is, are),do(does, did);have(has); will, would, shall
　　4.情态动词：can(could),may(might),must,shall(should)等等
　　II.短语动词常见的构成方式及其注意点
　　1.动词+副词所构成的短语动词分及物的和不及物的两类
　　Please turn every light in the house off. 请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。(及物)
　　Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left.
　　晚会后，人们都已离去，哈里出现了。(不及物)
　　注意：①如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开
　　She turned off all the lights that had been left on. 她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。
　　②如果宾语是人称代词，只能放在动词和副词之间。
　　She gave them away.她送掉了它们。
　　③同一动词和不同副词搭配时，意义上有很大的差异。
　　ring back回电话, ring off挂断电话, ring up打电话
　　put away放好, put on穿，上演, put up挂起，举起。
　　2.动词+介词(及物)
　　I'm looking for my glasses.我在找我的眼镜。
　　注意：①当它跟宾语时，不能把介词放在宾语后面。
　　②同一动词和不同介词搭配时，意义上有很大的差异。
　　look after照料，look at看，look for寻找
　　3.动词+副词+介词
　　I look forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望不久就见到你。
　　注意：“动词+介词”、“动词+名词+副词”、“动词+副词+介词”，这三种搭配都是及物的，如变成被动语态，不可漏掉介词。
　　In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after. (不能漏掉after)
这样一来，粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。
4.动词+名词+介词
catch sight of pay attention to make use of take notice of
take the place of take pride in take part in show interest in
5.be+形容词+介词
be fond of be afraid of be sure about/of
同一be+形容词和不同介词搭配时，意义上有很大的差异。
be good to be good for be good at
III.动词及短语动词词义辨析
　　1.形似动词及短语动词之间的辨析;
　　2.意似动词及短语动词之间的辨析;
　　3.动词及短语动词与其它词形相近、意义相似的词和短语之间的辨析;
　　4.意义不同，但容易混淆的动词及短语动词的辨析。
　　5.某些常用动词及短语动词习惯用法的辨析。
　　动词及短语动词词义辨析要靠日常积累。
　　IV.动词和短语动词的常见辨析方法
　　(一)从语法搭配、习惯用法上进行辨析
　　1.宾语不同，意义不同
　　go on doing(继续干同一件事) go on to do(接着去干另一件事)
　　regret doing(后悔干了某事) regret to do(相当于be sorry to do)
　　forget doing (忘记已做过的事) forget to do(忘记要去干的事)
　　remember doing(记得已做过的事) remember to do(记住要去干的事)
　　mean doing(意味着干) mean to do(想干…)
　　try doing(尝试做) try to do(设法做)
　　consider doing(考虑去做) consider to be/have done(认为是/认为已经做了)
　　2.接宾语或宾补(主补)，形式有不同
　　某些动词如forbid, advise, allow, permit, admit, consider等直接接动词作宾语时要用动名词，但接宾补(主补)时，宾补(主补)要用不定式。
　　We forbid smoking here.(宾语，用动名词)
　　We forbid you to smoke here.(宾补，用动词不定式)
　　You are forbidden to smoke here.(主补，用动词不定式)
　　3.宾语形式不同，意义相同
　　有些词如need,require,want,deserve等后可接不定式(要用被动形式)，可接动名词(要用主动形式表
　　被动意义)，两种形式意义相同。
　　The room requires to be cleaned.=The room requires cleaning
　　4.主动形式表示“被动”意义的动词
　　有些动词sell,open,close,wash,teach,burn,measure,cut,lock,cost,read,write,tear,wear,pull, clean,add,cook等，它们的主语是事物，且又是表示主语的固有特征和状态，与行为方式状语连用时，要用主动形式表被动意义。
1. — Do you like the new pen?
— Yes, it ______ very well.
A. is written B. is writing C. Wrote D. writes
2. Oil ______ (burn) easily.
　　5.意义上基本相同，但是在用法上﹑习惯搭配上有不同之处的词
　　例如： buy/cost/pay/spend/take都可以指花钱买东西;spend/take都可指花时间;但是它们在用法、习惯搭配上有较大的区别。
　　The watch cost him thirty-six thousand francs.
　　He spent thirty-six thousand francs on the watch/ (in) buying the watch.
　　It took him thirty six thousand francs to buy the watch.
　　He paid thirty-six thousand francs for the watch.
　　He bought the watch for thirty-six thousand francs.
　　(二)从组成形式和它们的恰切含义上辨析
　　词汇间的微小差别对我们来说既是重点又是难点。要从词义的内涵和外延上进行辨析。
　　1.以构成形式为突破口进行辨析
　　如有无介词for，意义不同：answer(回答)/answer for(对……负责、偿还)
　　常见的还有：
　　search(对人、物或场所搜查)/search for(搜寻人、物或场所)
　　leave(离开某地)/leave for(去某地) reach(到达;拿到)/reach for(伸手去拿)
　　prepare(准备)/prepare for(为…作准备) enter(进入)/enter for(报名参加)
　　run(经营;跑)/run for(竞选) stand(站;忍受)/stand for(代表)
　　pay(付钱、债给某人)/pay for(付钱买某物)
　　2.以意义为突破口进行辨析
　　①意义内涵不同型：几个词它们的内在含义不尽相同。
　　defend, protect, guard 都与 “保护”有关。
　　defend 指采用办法消除存在的危险或击退正在进行的攻击。
　　protect 指使用某种遮盖或外力，外物防御可能的伤害或毁坏。
　　guard 指小心警惕，防止实际存在的或可能发生的危险。
　　They raised a large army to defend the country.
　　他们招募了一支庞大的军队来保卫这个国家的安全。
　　The entrance to the palace were well guarded.
　　进宫殿的入口处门卫把守得很严。
　　Clothing is worn to protect us from cold.
　　穿衣服是为了御寒。
　　②动作结果不同型：动作动词和结果动词: 英语中有些动词虽然意义相同，但用法不同，有的表示某个动作，而另一个则表示该动作所产生的结果。
　　advise(劝说)/persuade(劝服)
　　I advised him but I couldn’t persuade him. 我劝过他，但未能劝服他。
　　这类常见的动词还有：
　　look for(寻找)/find(找到) look(看)/see(看见)
　　listen(听)/hear(听到) try(试图，不说明是否成功)/manage(设法，侧重做到)
　　③动作状态不同型：begin(开映：动作非延续性)/be on(开映：状态延续性)
　　The film began at 5 o’clock and has been on for half an hour. 电影5点开映，已开映半小时了。
　　④客观主观不同型：receive(客观上：收到)/accept(主观上：受到)
　　I received her present but I didn’t accept it.我收到了她的礼物，但没有接受。
　　⑤直接间接不同型：hear(直接：听)/hear of(间接：听说)
　　I heard him singing. 我听到她在唱歌。
　　I have heard of him.我听说过他的有关情况。
V.平日一定要多总结、辨析、记忆高中阶段重点短语动词
【高考真题】
1.【2015·浙江】If steel is heavier than water, why are ships able to _____ on the sea?
A. float B. drown C. shrink D. split
2.【2015·浙江】We tend to have a better memory for things that excite our senses or _____ our emotions than for straight facts.
A. block off. B. appeal to C. subscribe to D. come across
3.【2015·浙江】Body language can_____ a lot about your mood, so standing with your arms folded can send out a signal that you are being defensive.
A. take away B. throw away C. put away D. give away
4.【2015·浙江】Studies have shown that the right and left ear _____ sound differently.
A. produce B. pronounce C. process D. download
5.【2015·天津】If you have any doubts about your health, you’d better______ your doctor at once.
A. convince B. consult C. avoid D. affect
6.【2015·陕西】Peter will_____his post as the head of the travel agency at the end of next month.
A. take up B. put up C. add up D. break up
7.【2015·福建】It is said that body language_____55 per cent of a first impression while what you say just 7 per cent.
A. lies in B. accounts for C. consists of D. goes with
8.【2015·江苏】The whole team _____ Cristiano Ronaldo, and he seldom lets them down.
A. wait on B. focus on C. count on D. call on
9.【2015·江苏】The university started some new language programs to _____ the country’s Silk Road Economic Belt.
A. apply to B. cater for C. appeal to D. hunt for
10.【2015·湖北】In order not to be heard, she pointed her finger upwards to ____ that someone was moving about upstairs.
A. whisper B. signal C. declare D. complain
11.【2015·湖北】There is no doubt that this candidate’s advantage _____ his ability to communicate with foreigners in English.
A. leaves out B. goes against C. lies in D. makes up
12.【2015·江苏】Schools should be lively places where individuals are encouraged to _____ to their greatest potential.
A. accelerate B. improve C. perform D. develop
13. [2014·江苏卷] Legend has it that the origin of the Dragon Boat Festival is to ________ the soul of Qu Yuan.
A．remember B．remind C．recover D．recall
14. [2014·全国大纲卷] Caroline doesn't have a gift for music, but she ________ it with hard work.
A. goes back on B. takes away from C. makes up for D. catches up with
15. [2014·福建卷] As a grass­roots singer, she reads everything she can ________ concerning music, and takes every opportunity to improve herself.
A．catch sight of B．get hold of C．take charge of D．make mention of
16. [2014·陕西卷] Ralph W. Emerson would always ________ new ideas that occurred to him.
A. set off B. set about C. set up D. set down
17.（2013年高考英语浙江卷）Bears ______ fat stores throughout the summer and fall to have energy enoug h to last them through their winter sleep.
A. pack up B. build up C. bring up D. take up
18.（2013年高考英语新课标I卷）At the last moment, Tom decided to_____ a new character to make the story seem more likely
A. put up B. put in C. put on D. put off
19.（2013年高考英语天津卷）I had hoped to take a holiday this year but I wasn’t able to _____ .
A. get away B. drop in C. check out D. hold on
20.（2013年高考英语江西卷）She _____ the carpet with some very nice curtains in color.
A. connected B. fitted C. equipped D . matched.
21.（2013年高考英语江苏卷）Team leaders must ensure that all members___ their natural desire to avoid the embarrassment associated wit h making mistakes.
A. get over B. look over C. take over D. come over
22.（2013年高考英语江苏卷）—The town is so beautiful! I just love it.
—Me too. The character of the town is well _____.
A. qualified B. preserved C. decorated D. simplified
23.（2013年高考英语湖北卷）In much of the animal world, night is the time ______ for sleep—pure and simple.
A. set aside B. set down C. set off D. set up
24.【2012湖北卷】24. I’m so glad you’ve come here to ________ this matter in person.
A. lead to B. see to C. turn to D. refer to
25.【2012湖北卷】22. Finally, my thanks go to my tutor, who has offered a lot of suggestions and comments on my paper and ________ every page of my draft.
A. approved B. quoted C. polished D. folded
26.【2011陕西卷,25】Some insects________the colour of their surroundings to protect themselves.
A. take in B. take off C. take on D. take out
27.【2011湖北卷,29】The government has taken measures to _________ the high prices of daily goods to keep the market stable.
A. take down B. bring down C. hand down D. tear down
28.【2011湖北卷,28】Clinical evidence began to__________, suggesting that the new drugs had a wider range of useful activities than had been predicted from experiments in animals.
A. operate B. strengthen C. approve D. accumulate
29.【2011湖北卷,27】The minister said. “We are ready for discussions with any legal parties, but we’ll never_______ with criminals.”
A. negotiate B. quarrel C. argue D. consult
30.【2011全国卷,34】William found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to _______ . .
A. disappear B. fall C. fail D. damage

【Key】
1-5 ABDCB 6-10 ABCBB 11-15 CDDCB 16-20 DBBAD 21-25 ABABC
26-30 CBDAC

【练习】
1. 短语动词填空
1. The doctor was ________ (send) immediately the little boy fell off a ladder and hurt himself.
2. Too many sweets and not enough exercise will make you ______ weight.
3. Before the firemen arrived the big fire had been ___________.(put)
4. Hard work __________ (lead) success. So just keep on working hard.
5. After the students put up New Year decorations, the classroom _______ (take)a holiday appearance.
6. Every one of us in the hospital hoped that he would _______(pick) after a few days’ treatment.
7. The policy-opening to the outside world has ________ (bring)great changes in our lives.
8. He is unfit for the job, which ______(call) patience and creativeness.
9. In China today women ______ (make)47% of the workforce, and nearly three quarters of the mothers with children are in paid work.
10. No matter what you say, I shall _______ (stick)my opinion.
11. After a long walk she was tired and her legs almost ______（give）.
12. I am from the south. The weather in the north doesn’t _______ （agree）me.
13. Now her new job ______ （bring）two thousand dollars per month.
14. The concert had to be _____ （call）because the singer went down with a bad case of flu.
15. Modern music like jazz has ______ （break）from the old traditional rules.
16. What a pity! His heart has stopped beating and will never _____.(come)
17. The story was so touching that I could not ______ (hold)my tears.
18. It is not right for the people in the city _______ (look)those in the countryside, who are very poor.
19. I’m really ________(look) vacation. I can’t wait for it to begin!
20. Yesterday at the super market Jan ______ (run/come)her former classmate. Before yesterday they hadn’t seen each other for more than five years.
短语动词填空
21. The government will ______ (set)to investigate the cause of the mine accident.
22. I thought she was a secretary but she _______ (turn) to be a manager.
23. I cannot _______ (put)that naughty child. He is always making trouble in class.
24. Tom managed to ______ (set)a few dollars of his wages each week to buy a computer.
25. Try to be careful with those strangers while in Guangzhou. Don’t be ______(take).
26. She always can ______ (keep)the changes in fashion.
27. If you can _____ (get/ break)the habit of smoking, you’ll soon feel better.
28. The manager doesn’t have much free time because his work ______ (take)nearly all his spare time.
29. It took years of planning and saving, and their seagoing vacation _____(come) at last.
30. The salesman at the door is very disgusting. I really don’t know how to ______ (deal)him.
31. After playing for a while, the children were made to _____ (put)all the toys they had taken out.
32. It took them a long time to _____ (get)the disappointment of losing the match.
33. If you have no idea how to pronounce the word correctly, you may _____ (refer/turn)the dictionary.
34. When he realized the police had seen him, the thief _____ (make)the exit as quickly as possible.
35 Jack, _______ (look/watch)for the broken glass on the floor! You are barefoot.
36. If you go on doing that kind of foolish thing, you will _____ (end)in prison.
37. Mr. Black is most popular with the company leaders, for he always ______ (come) new ideas for increasing sales.
38 .The government has done everything it can to _____(keep) produce prices at their present level.
39. I applied for the job, but I was ______ (turn) because I didn’t know English.
40. I can’t _____ (figure) what’s happened to the fish. They were fresh last night.
41. I couldn’t find my wallet for ages, but then one day it suddenly _____ (turn) in a jacket pocket.
42. He was so kind and generous that he was always ready to _____ (give) money and clothes to those in the flood-stricken areas.
43. They dated two months ago but ________（break） very soon after a quarrel.
44. In the early morning an earthquake hit this area and the electricity was _____(cut).
45. Those addicted to drugs cannot _________ (go/do) even a few hours.
46. It is working hours. Please stop talking and ________ (get) your own business.
47. The solider was very brave. He refused to ________（give）before the cruel enemy.
48. For the sake of health he has to ________ （give