动词和短语动词.docx

1515动词和短语动词【考点分析】1.系动词的比较;2.动词和短语动词的习惯用法和意义辨析(重)。【知识点归纳】（说明：本专题暂不涉及动词的时态、语态、语气、非谓语动词以及情态动词等语法内容。）I.动词的分类根据意义和句法作用，英语动词可分为四类：1.行为动词(实义动词)及物动词：带宾语的动词不及物动词：不带宾语的动词注意：英语里及物动词和不及物动词不是截然分开的，有的动词既可以是及物动词也可以是不及物动词。It is important for you to learn how to learn.第一个learn是及物动词，后面有宾语how to learn;第二个learn是不及物动词。不及物动词向及物动词转化需要借助于介词、副词等构成短语动词。He is working hard at English.状态动词(相对静止)：contain, exist, own, prefer, belong动作动词：延续性(work, stay);非延续性(marry, go, come)2.系动词表示人或事物的特征和状态：be, feel, look, seem, taste, appear, sound表示状态的变化：turn, go, become, get, fall, grow表示某种状态的延续或持续：remain, keep, stay注意：绝大多数连系动词又是实义动词，在解题时要正确区分,否则就会出错。例： good,the food has been sold out.A. Tasted B. Having been Tasted C. Tasting D. To taste3.助动词(与动词原形或分词构成复合谓语)：be(am, is, are),do(does, did);have(has); will, would, shall4.情态动词：can(could),may(might),must,shall(should)等等II.短语动词常见的构成方式及其注意点1.动词+副词所构成的短语动词分及物的和不及物的两类Please turn every light in the house off. 请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。(及物)Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left.晚会后，人们都已离去，哈里出现了。(不及物)注意：如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开She turned off all the lights that had been left on. 她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。如果宾语是人称代词，只能放在动词和副词之间。She gave them away.她送掉了它们。同一动词和不同副词搭配时，意义上有很大的差异。ring back回电话, ring off挂断电话 ring up打电话put away放好, put on穿，上演, put up挂起，举起。2.动词+介词(及物)Im looking for my glasses.我在找我的眼镜。注意：当它跟宾语时，不能把介词放在宾语后面。同一动词和不同介词搭配时，意义上有很大的差异。look after照料，look at看，look for寻找3.动词+副词+介词I look forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望不久就见到你。注意：“动词+介词”、“动词+名词+副词”、“动词+副词+介词”，这三种搭配都是及物的，如变成被动语态，不可漏掉介词。In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after. (不能漏掉after)这样一来，粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。4.动词+名词+介词catch sight of pay attention tomake use oftake notice oftake the place oftake pride intake part inshow interest in5.be+形容词+介词be fond ofbe afraid ofbe sure about/of同一be+形容词和不同介词搭配时，意义上有很大的差异。be good tobe good forbe good atIII.动词及短语动词词义辨析1.形似动词及短语动词之间的辨析;2.意似动词及短语动词之间的辨析;3.动词及短语动词与其它词形相近、意义相似的词和短语之间的辨析;4.意义不同，但容易混淆的动词及短语动词的辨析。5.某些常用动词及短语动词习惯用法的辨析。动词及短语动词词义辨析要靠日常积累。IV.动词和短语动词的常见辨析方法(一)从语法搭配、习惯用法上进行辨析1.宾语不同，意义不同go on doing(继续干同一件事) go on to do(接着去干另一件事)regret doing(后悔干了某事) regret to do(相当于be sorry to do)forget doing (忘记已做过的事) forget to do(忘记要去干的事)remember doing(记得已做过的事) remember to do(记住要去干的事)mean doing(意味着干) mean to do(想干)try doing(尝试做) try to do(设法做)consider doing(考虑去做) consider to be/have done(认为是/认为已经做了)2.接宾语或宾补(主补)，形式有不同某些动词如forbid, advise, allow, permit, admit, consider等直接接动词作宾语时要用动名词，但接宾补(主补)时，宾补(主补)要用不定式。We forbid smoking here.(宾语，用动名词)We forbid you to smoke here.(宾补，用动词不定式)You are forbidden to smoke here.(主补，用动词不定式)3.宾语形式不同，意义相同有些词如need,require,want,deserve等后可接不定式(要用被动形式)，可接动名词(要用主动形式表被动意义)，两种形式意义相同。The room requires to be cleaned.=The room requires cleaning4.主动形式表示“被动”意义的动词有些动词sell,open,close,wash,teach,burn,measure,cut,lock,cost,read,write,tear,wear,pull, clean,add,cook等，它们的主语是事物，且又是表示主语的固有特征和状态，与行为方式状语连用时，要用主动形式表被动意义。1. Do you like the new pen? Yes, it _ very well. A. is writtenB. is writingC. WroteD. writes2. Oil _ (burn) easily.5.意义上基本相同，但是在用法上习惯搭配上有不同之处的词例如： buy/cost/pay/spend/take都可以指花钱买东西;spend/take都可指花时间;但是它们在用法、习惯搭配上有较大的区别。The watch cost him thirty-six thousand francs.He spent thirty-six thousand francs on the watch/ (in) buying the watch.It took him thirty six thousand francs to buy the watch.He paid thirty-six thousand francs for the watch.He bought the watch for thirty-six thousand francs.(二)从组成形式和它们的恰切含义上辨析词汇间的微小差别对我们来说既是重点又是难点。要从词义的内涵和外延上进行辨析。1.以构成形式为突破口进行辨析如有无介词for，意义不同：answer(回答)/answer for(对负责、偿还)常见的还有：search(对人、物或场所搜查)/search for(搜寻人、物或场所)leave(离开某地)/leave for(去某地) reach(到达;拿到)/reach for(伸手去拿)prepare(准备)/prepare for(为作准备) enter(进入)/enter for(报名参加)run(经营;跑)/run for(竞选) stand(站;忍受)/stand for(代表)pay(付钱、债给某人)/pay for(付钱买某物)2.以意义为突破口进行辨析意义内涵不同型：几个词它们的内在含义不尽相同。defend, protect, guard 都与 “保护”有关。defend 指采用办法消除存在的危险或击退正在进行的攻击。protect 指使用某种遮盖或外力，外物防御可能的伤害或毁坏。guard 指小心警惕，防止实际存在的或可能发生的危险。They raised a large army to defend the country.他们招募了一支庞大的军队来保卫这个国家的安全。The entrance to the palace were well guarded.进宫殿的入口处门卫把守得很严。Clothing is worn to protect us from cold.穿衣服是为了御寒。动作结果不同型：动作动词和结果动词: 英语中有些动词虽然意义相同，但用法不同，有的表示某个动作，而另一个则表示该动作所产生的结果。advise(劝说)/persuade(劝服)I advised him but I couldnt persuade him. 我劝过他，但未能劝服他。这类常见的动词还有：look for(寻找)/find(找到)look(看)/see(看见)listen(听)/hear(听到)try(试图，不说明是否成功)/manage(设法，侧重做到)动作状态不同型：begin(开映：动作非延续性)/be on(开映：状态延续性)The film began at 5 oclock and has been on for half an hour. 电影5点开映，已开映半小时了。客观主观不同型：receive(客观上：收到)/accept(主观上：受到)I received her present but I didnt accept it.我收到了她的礼物，但没有接受。直接间接不同型：hear(直接：听)/hear of(间接：听说)I heard him singing. 我听到她在唱歌。I have heard of him.我听说过他的有关情况。V.平日一定要多总结、辨析、记忆高中阶段重点短语动词【高考真题】1.【2015浙江】If steel is heavier than water, why are ships able to _ on the sea?A. float B. drown C. shrink D. split 2.【2015浙江】We tend to have a better memory for things that excite our senses or _ our emotions than for straight facts.A. block off. B. appeal to C. subscribe to D. come across 3.【2015浙江】Body language can_ a lot about your mood, so standing with your arms folded can send out a signal that you are being defensive.A. take away B. throw away C. put away D. give away 4.【2015浙江】Studies have shown that the right and left ear _ sound differently.A. produce B. pronounce C. process D. download 5.【2015天津】If you have any doubts about your health, youd better_ your doctor at once. A. convinceB. consultC. avoidD. affect6.【2015陕西】Peter will_his post as the head of the travel agency at the end of next month.A. take up B. put up C. add up D. break up7.【2015福建】It is said that body language_55 per cent of a first impression while what you say just 7 per cent.A. lies inB. accounts forC. consists ofD. goes with8.【2015江苏】The whole team _ Cristiano Ronaldo, and he seldom lets them down.A. wait on B. focus on C. count on D. call on9.【2015江苏】The university started some new language programs to _ the countrys Silk Road Economic Belt.A. apply to B. cater for C. appeal to D. hunt for10.【2015湖北】In order not to be heard, she pointed her finger upwards to _ that someone was moving about upstairs.A. whisper B. signal C declare D. complain11.【2015湖北】There is no doubt that this candidates advantage _ his ability to communicate with foreigners in English.A. leaves out B. goes against C. lies in D. makes up 12.【2015江苏】Schools should be lively places where individuals are encouraged to _ to their greatest potential.A accelerate B. improve C. perform D. develop 13. 2014江苏卷 Legend has it that the origin of the Dragon Boat Festival is to _ the soul of Qu Yuan.Aremember BremindCrecover Drecall14. 2014全国大纲卷 Caroline doesnt have a gift for music, but she _ it with hard work. A. goes back on B. takes away from C. makes up for D. catches up with 15. 2014福建卷 As a grassroots singer, she reads everything she can _ concerning music, and takes every opportunity to improve herself.Acatch sight of Bget hold of Ctake charge of Dmake mention of 16. 2014陕西卷 Ralph W. Emerson would always _ new ideas that occurred to him.A. set off B. set about C. set up D. set down17.（2013年高考英语浙江卷）Bears _ fat stores throughout the summer and fall to have energy enoug h to last them through their winter sleep.A. pack up B. build up C. bring up D. take up 18.（2013年高考英语新课标I卷）At the last moment, Tom decided to_ a new character to make the story seem more likelyA. put upB. put in C. put onD. put off19.（2013年高考英语天津卷）I had hoped to take a holiday this year but I wasnt able to _ . A. get away B. drop in C. check out D. hold on20.（2013年高考英语江西卷）She _ the carpet with some very nice curtains in color.A. connectedB. fittedC. equippedD . matched.21.（2013年高考英语江苏卷）Team leaders must ensure that all members_ their natural desire to avoid the embarrassment associated wit h making mistakes.A. get over B. look over C. take over D. come over22.（2013年高考英语江苏卷）The town is so beautiful! I just love it.Me too. The character of the town is well _.A. qualified B. preserved C. decorated D. simplified23.（2013年高考英语湖北卷）In much of the animal world, night is the time _ for sleeppure and simple.A. set aside B. set down C. set off D. set up 24.【2012湖北卷】24. Im so glad youve come here to _ this matter in person.A. lead to B. see to C. turn to D. refer to25.【2012湖北卷】22. Finally, my thanks go to my tutor, who has offered a lot of suggestions and comments on my paper and _ every page of my draft.A. approvedB. quotedC. polishedD. folded26.【2011陕西卷,25】Some insects_the colour of their surroundings to protect themselves. A. take in B. take off C. take on D. take out27.【2011湖北卷,29】The government has taken measures to _ the high prices of daily goods to keep the market stable.A. take down B. bring down C. hand down D. tear down28.【2011湖北卷,28】Clinical evidence began to_, suggesting that the new drugs had a wider range of useful activities than had been predicted from experiments in animals.A. operate B. strengthen C. approve D. accumulate29.【2011湖北卷,27】The minister said. “We are ready for discussions with any legal parties, but well never_ with criminals.”A. negotiate B. quarrel C. argue D. consult30.【2011全国卷,34】William found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to _ . .A. disappear B. fall C. fail D. damage【Key】1-5 ABDCB6-10 ABCBB11-15 CDDCB16-20 DBBAD21-25 ABABC26-30 CBDAC【练习】1. 短语动词填空1. The doctor was _ (send) immediately the little boy fell off a ladder and hurt himself.2. Too many sweets and not enough exercise will make you _ weight.3. Before the firemen arrived the big fire had been _.(put)4. Hard work _ (lead) success. So just keep on working hard.5. After the students put up New Year decorations, the classroom _ (take)a holiday appearance.6. Every one of us in the hospital hoped that he would _(pick) after a few days treatment.7. The policy-opening to the outside world has _ (bring)great changes in our lives.8. He is unfit for the job, which _(call) patience and creativeness.9. In China today women _ (make)47% of the workforce, and nearly three quarters of the mothers with children are in paid work.10. No matter what you say, I shall _ (stick)my opinion.11. After a long walk she was tired and her legs almost _（give）.12. I am from the south. The weather in the north doesnt _ （agree）me.13. Now her new job _ （bring）two thousand dollars per month.14. The concert had to be _ （call）because the singer went down with a bad case of flu.15. Modern music like jazz has _ （break）from the old traditional rules.16. What a pity! His heart has stopped beating and will never _.(come)17. The story was so touching that I could not _ (hold)my tears.18. It is not right for the people in the city _ (look)those in the countryside, who are very poor.19. Im really _(look) vacation. I cant wait for it to begin!20. Yesterday at the super market Jan _ (run/come)her former classmate. Before yesterday they hadnt seen each other for more than five years.短语动词填空21. The government will _ (set)to investigate the cause of the mine accident.22. I thought she was a secretary but she _ (turn) to be a manager.23. I cannot _ (put)that naughty child. He is always making trouble in class.24. Tom managed to _ (set)a few dollars of his wages each week to buy a computer.25. Try to be careful with those strangers while in Guangzhou. Dont be _(take).26. She always can _ (keep)the changes in fashion.27. If you can _ (get/ break)the habit of smoking, youll soon feel better.28. The manager doesnt have much free time because his work _ (take)nearly all his spare time.29. It took years of planning and saving, and their seagoing vacation _(come) at last. 30. The salesman at the door is very disgusting. I really dont know how to _ (deal)him.31. After playing for a while, the children were made to _ (put)all the toys they had taken out.32. It took them a long time to _ (get)the disappointment of losing the match33. If you have no idea how to pronounce the word correctly, you may _ (refer/turn)the dictionary. 34. When he realized the police had seen him, the thief _ (make)the exit as quickly as possible. 35 Jack, _ (look/watch)for the broken glass on the floor! You are barefoot.36. If you go on doing that kind of foolish thing, you will _ (end)in prison. 37. Mr. Black is most popular with the company leaders, for he always _ (come) new ideas for increasing sales. 38 .The government has done everything it can to _(keep) produce prices at their present level. 39. I applied for the job, but I was _ (turn) because I didnt know English.40. I cant _ (figure) whats happened to the fish. They were fresh last night.41. I couldnt find my wallet for ages, but then one day it suddenly _ (turn) in a jacket pocket.42. He was so kind and generous that he was always ready to _ (give) money and clothes to those in the flood-stricken areas. 43. They dated two months ago but _（break） very soon after a quarrel.44. In the early morning an earthquake hit this area and the electricity was _(cut).45. Those addicted to drugs cannot _ (go/do) even a few hours.46. It is working hours. Please stop talking and _ (get) your own business.47. The solider was very brave. He refused to _（give）before the cruel enemy.48. For the sake of health he has to _ （give