初一易混短语.doc

§1　 a few/ few/ a little/ little
Ⅰ. a few和few修饰可数名词，a little和little修饰不可数名词；a few和a little表示肯定意义，few和little表示否定意义，可受only修饰。如：
① Few people will agree to the plan because it’s too dangerous.
②This text is easy to understand though there are a few new words in it.
① There is little water left in glass. Will you please give me some
② Don’t worry, we have a little time left.

§2　 across/through/ over
Ⅰ. across “横过、穿过”，指从……的一边到另一边。含义与on有关。如：
Ⅱ. through “穿过、通过”指穿过两边。是从空间较狭窄的一头穿到另一头。是从内部穿过，含义与in有关。如：
① I swam across the river. 我游过这条河（指从此岸到彼岸）
② Let’s help push the cart across the bridge. 我们帮着把车子推过桥吧。
① We walked through the forest. 我们穿过森林。
② The river flows through the city from west to east. 这条河从西到东流过城市。

§3　 alone/ lonely
Ⅰ. alone adj. “单独的”只能作表语。如：
① I’m alone but I don’t fell lonely. 我单身一人但我从不觉得孤独。
② 此外alone 还可作副词。相当于by oneself,“单独地”“独自”
③ I’ll go there alone.我将独自去那儿。
Ⅱ. lonely adj. “孤独的”“寂寞的”有时还可表示“荒凉的”“无人烟的”意思,与deserted意思相同。含有较浓的情感色彩。既可作定语也可作表语。如：
① We’re together most of the time, so we never feel lonely.
② a lonely / deserted island

§4　 also/ as well/ too/ either “也”
Ⅰ. also较正式，位置通常靠近动词，用于句中；且用于肯定句中。如：
① He also plays football. 他也踢足球。
② I was also there.我也在那儿。
Ⅱ. too 多用于口语，通常置于句末，前边须用逗号隔开，也可用于句中，且前后均须用逗号隔开，；用于肯定句中。如：
① He is a worker, too.
② The two cows, too, are white.那两头奶牛也全都是白的。
Ⅲ. as well 是副词短语，多用于口语，只用于句末。如：
① She not only taught us English but taught us maths as well.她不但教过我们英语，还教过我们数学。
② He is a teacher and a writer as well.他是位教师，也是一位作家。
Ⅳ. either 用于否定句中，常置于句末。在肯定句变否定句时，其中的also, too, as well都要改为either.
① Yesterday I didn’t watch TV and I didn’t see the film, either .昨天我没有看电视，也没有看电影。

§5　 another/ the other/ other/ others/ the others
Ⅰ. another 指不定数目中的“另一个、又一个” （三个以上）用来代替或修饰可数名词。如：I don’t think the coat is good enough. Can you show me another?
Ⅱ. other 泛指“另外的”修饰复数名词。如：
We study Chinese, maths, English and other subjects.
Ⅲ. others 泛指“另外的人或物”， 但不指其余的人或物的全部。如：
Some like swimming, others like boating.
Ⅳ. the other 指两个中的“另一个”如：
He has two sons, one is in Shanghai, the other is in Beijing.
Ⅴ. the others 特指某一范围内的“其余全部的人或物”如：
There are thirty books on the bookshelf. Five are mine, the others are my father’s.

§6　 any/ some
Ⅰ.any “一些、一点、（有时不宜译出）” 一般用于疑问句、否定句。 如：
① Have you any new books? 你有（什么）新书吗？No, I have not any new books. 我没什么新书。
② Have you any money with you? 你身边带了一些钱吗？
Ⅱ.some “一些、一点” 一般用于肯定句。如：
① I have some new books. 我有一些新书。
[注]：① any用于肯定句中时，表“任何……、随便……”等意思。 如You may come at any time. 你随便什么时候来都可以。
②some 用于疑问句时，表“期望得到肯定的回答”或“邀请”或“请求”等意思。通常用在带情态动词的问句是。如：
1. Aren’t there some envelops in that drawer? 那个抽屉不是有些信封吗？
2. Would you have some tea?您喝点茶吗？

§7　 arrive/ reach/ get to
Ⅰ. arrive, reach, get to 均有“到达”之意，意义基本相同，但arrive(in)/(at) 与reach, 是正式用语，get to 是通俗用词，常用于口语。
Ⅱ. arrive 是不及物动词，表到达什么地点时，后面应接前置词in或at, 一般说，到达一个大地方常用in, 到达较小的地方常用at, 但这不绝对的。（与地点副词连用时当然不用任何前置词）如：
① He arrived in Beijing yesterday.
② When he arrived at the stop, the bus had left.
Ⅲ. reach 是及物动词，后面直接跟表地点的名词。如：
When does the train reach London?
Ⅳ. get to 只是较口语化。接地点副词时不用to. 如：
① He got to the shop at 5:00 o’clock this afternoon.
② When I got there, the film had been on for 5 minutes.

§8　 ask/ ask for
Ⅰ. ask vt “问”后接一个宾语或双宾语。如：
① Don’t ask me, I don’t know.别问我，我不知道。
② Ｔhen ask your friend the same questions.然后问你的朋友同样的问题。
Ⅱ. ask vi “要求”“邀请”。后接不定式或复合句宾语。如：
① He asked to join the PLA. 他要求参加人民解放军。
② The villagers always ask them to stay for lunch. 乡亲们总是请他们留下来吃午饭。
Ⅲ. ask for “要求找到某人或某物”在不同情况下有不同的译法。如：
① He sat down and asked for a cup of tea. 他坐下来要了一杯茶。
② Last time Mum asked for some glasses in a shop. 上次妈妈在一家商店里要买几只玻璃杯。
Ⅴ. ask sb for sth “向某人要某物”如：
① Now ask your partner for the answers.向你的搭档要答案去。
② He came and asked me for his bike.他来向我要他的自行车。

§9　 at/ to
Ⅰ. at多表目的或目标，而to 则仅表方向。如：
① He threw the ball at me. 他对准我扔球。
② He threw the ball to me. 他朝着我这个方向扔球。
③ My father shouted at me.我父亲对我吼叫。
④ My father shouted to me. 我父亲朝着我喊叫。

§10　 because/ because of
Ⅰ. because 是连词，后接句子， 是主句的直接原因，常用来回答由why 引导的特殊疑问句。如：
① Because he is ill, he is not here today. 因为他病了，所以今天没来。
② --Why are you in a hurry?
--Because I want to catch the first bus.
Ⅱ.because of 是复合介词，后接名词或代词，相当于名词词组。如：
He can’t come because of illness. 他生病了，所以没来。

§11　forget to do / forget doing
Ⅰ. forget
如：
① I forgot to tell him about it.我忘了把事告诉他。
② I forgot telling him about it. 我忘了，我曾把这事告诉过他。
[注意]：类似的还有：
① try 如：
1． Let’s try knocking at the back door..让我们敲敲后门试试看。
2． We will try to go home tomorrow. 明天我们争取回家。
② remember regret doing sth/to do sth 与此亦同。
③ go on
④ need

Ⅰ.cost 指某东西“值……钱”； “需
§12　 cost/ spend/ pay/ take要花费……钱/ 精力”等，它的主语一般为表示东西的名词，不能为表示人的名词，作及物动词和名词。可接双宾语，无被动语态。如：
① I’ll bet that dress cost a thousand dollars.我敢说那件衣服得花1000美元。
② The chair cost me thirty yuan.这把椅子花了我30元。
③ The building of the dam cost many lives. 修建这个水坝使许多人丧生。（使花（某种代价）；使损失）
④ Bad driving may cost you your life.开车技术不行可能使你丢掉性命。
⑤ 作名词时意为“花费；成本”→The cost of the house was too high for me.这房子的价钱太高，我买不起。
[常用搭配]：
① at all costs 不惜一切代价，—→The officer told the soldiers that they must defend the town at all costs. 军官对士兵们说要不惜一切代价保卫这座城市。
② at the cost of 以……为代价。
→1). He finished the work at the cost of his health. 他完成了这项工作，但失去了健康。
→2). She saved him from fire, but at the cost of her own life. 她从火中把他救出，但她自己却牺牲了。
③ cost of living 生活费用。
—→As the cost of living goes up my standard of living goes down. 生活费用越上涨，我的生活水准越降低。
Ⅱ.spend 的主语经常是人 ， 用来表示人花钱买东西或花时间做某事，
常用的句型有： 如：
① I spend 5 yuan on the book.我买这书花五元钱。
② The boy spent 10 minutes drawing a dog.那个男孩花了10分钟画一只狗。
Ⅲ.pay “支付，花费”，主语只能是人 且只用于花费金钱，其结构是: pay + sb + some money + for sth. “为……付给某人多少钱” 其中的人、钱、事，可以根据具体情况取舍。如：
① I paid (him)5 yuan. 我付（给他）5元钱。
② I paid him 5 yuan for the book. 我买那本书付给了他五元钱。
③ I paid him for the book. 我买那本书付给了他钱。
④ I paid for the book. 我付了那本书的钱。
Ⅳ.take 也可表“花费时间”，
其常用结构为：It +take(各种时态)+time+to do sth. 如
It took me three hours to finish the work.

§13　 die/ dead/ death
Ⅰ.die 是不及物动词，一般指因生病，负伤等原因而死。且是非延续性动词（瞬间动词），不能和表示一段时间的状语（for+段时间短语；或since……）连用。如：
① He was born in 1847 and died in 1913. 他生于1847年，死于1913年。
② His grandfather has been dead for two years. = His grandfather died two years ago. 他爷爷去世两年了。
③ He died ten years ago.他是10年前死的。（不可说：He has died for ten years. 或应说：It is 10 years since he died）
Ⅱ.dead 是形容词，表状态，可在句中作表语和定语。但不可作谓语。如：
① He is dead, but his name sill live for ever in our hearts.他虽然死了但他的名字将永远活在我们心中。
② It doesn’t look like a dead fox.看来不像一只死狐狸。
Ⅲ.death是抽象名词，只能在句中作主语或宾语。如：
① The murderer was sentenced to death. 杀人犯被宣判死刑。
② I heard of his death when I got to his house. 我一到他家就得知他已经去世了。
[注]：①die /dye 此两词本来意义是完全不同的（die “死” dye “染，染上”）,只时二者的现在分词形式常易混淆。die—→dying dye—→dyeing

§14　 each/ every “每个”
Ⅰ. each 和every 常可通用，后跟单数名词。但也有一些区别：1）着重强调个体，而every 着重强调整体。如：
① Each student has got a new dictionary. 每个学生各有一本字典。
② Every student has got a new dictionary. 每个学生都有一本字典。（every student = all the students）
Ⅱ. each 用于指两个或两 个以上的人或事物， 而every 则用于指三个或三个以上的人或事物。 如：
① There are some ads on each side of the road. 公路的每一侧都有一些广告。（each side – both sides.这个句子中的each 不能用every 代替。）
② You look more beautiful each / every time I see you. 每次见到你，你都看起来更漂亮。
Ⅲ. each 可用作代词，后跟“of+复数名词 / 代词”。动词仍然用单数，every 则不能这样用，因every是形容词。如：
① Each of students has got a new book. = Every one of the students has got a new book. = The students each have got a new book.(The students have got a new book each.)每个学生各有一本新书。
② Each of them likes light music. = Every one of them likes light music. = They each like light music. (They like light music each.) 他们人人都喜欢轻音乐。

§15　 else/ other“别的、其它的”
Ⅰ. else adj.& adv 作形容词时，主要用在 who, whose , what , 等疑问代词，或，nobody, nothing, somebody, something, anybody, anything, 等不定代词之后作宾语；作副词用时，用在where,when等词后作状语。如：
① He said what else you would like? 他问你还想要什么？
② Where else are you going to stay? 你们还要在别的什么地停留？
Ⅱ. else 可带’s。读作：[′elsiz] . 如：
I took someone else’s book by mistake. 我错拿了别人的书
Ⅲ. other 是形容词，有来修饰名词时，须放在名词之前。如：
Where are the other boys? 其它的男孩在哪里？
Ⅳ. 还可以修饰代词one, 或ones. 如：
This story is more interesting than the other one. 这个故事比那个故事更有趣。

§16 every day/ everyday
Ⅰ.every day连写和分开，不但在句中的作用不同，意义也不同。 every day是副词词组，意为“每天、天天”，在句中作状语。如：
We go to school every day.
Ⅱ.everyday是形容词，意为“日常的、普通的”，在句中作定语。如：
I study everyday English every day.

§17　 exciting/ excited
Ⅰ. exciting 与excited 都含有“激动”的意思，在句中可作定语或表语。
exciting 指某事物“令人兴奋、激动”，主语常是物。如：
① Skiing is more exditing than skating. 滑雪比滑冰更令人兴奋。
② It was an exciting match. 那是一场激动人心的比赛。
Ⅱ. excited 表示某人对某事物“感到兴奋、激动”，主语常是人。如：
① The boys were excited when they saw their team was winning 男孩们看到自己的球队要赢了，都十分激动。
② The excited children were opening their Christmas presents.兴奋的孩子们正在打开各自的圣诞礼物。
[注意]英语中与它有类似用法的词常见的还有：
interested 感兴趣的 interesting 令人感兴趣的
worried 感到着急的 worrying 令人着急的
tired 感到疲倦 tiring 令人疲倦的
bored 觉得厌烦的 boring 令人厌烦的
frightened 感到害怕的 frightening 令人害怕的

§18　 family/ home/ house
这三个词都可以作“家”讲。
Ⅰ.house指供一家人住的房子，侧重于具体的建筑物。如：
There are four rooms in the house.
Ⅱ.family指由父母、子女所组成的家庭，是集体名词，既可把它看成单数（指整体概念），以可视为复数名词（指家庭成员）。如：
① His family is a large one. 他的家是一个大家庭。
② My family are all watching TV. 我们家的人在看电视。
Ⅲ.home指一个人出生或居住的地方，具有抽象的含义。如：
Hise is home near the station. 他的家在火车站附近。
另外，home还可作副词。如：Let’s go home.

§19　 fill/ full
Ⅰ.fill为及物动词，表“使……满”，常与介词with搭配，表达“被……充满”时用be filled with结构。如：
① The bottle is filled with water. 这只瓶子装满了水。
② He was filled with joy at the news. 听到这个消息，他内心充满了喜悦。
Ⅱ.full是形容词，多作表语，表示主语所处的状态，常见于be full of 结构中。如：
① The schoolbag is full of books. 书包里装满了书。
② He drew in an old badsket full of sand. 他捞上来一个灌满泥沙的旧蓝子。
[注]：be filled with = be full of .可以互换。但介词with与of 不能混淆。如：
The room is full of people. = The room is filled with people.

§20 famous as / famous for
Ⅰ. (be) famous as “以（某种身份）……出名（著名）”as后跟人宾语往往与主语同位。如：
① She is famous as a poet. 他以一名诗人而著名。
② The town is famous as a car-making place. 该城镇以制造汽车而闻名。
Ⅱ. (be) famouse for “困……而闻名（驰名）”表示由于某种特征而出名，for后的宾语一般为主语人从属内容。如：
① China has been famous for its silk. 中国素以丝绸闻名。
This city is famous for its big gambling resort. 该市因其大赌场而驰名

§21　 good/ fine/ nice/ well
Ⅰ. good 是含义最广的形容词，表“好的质量”，“好的品质”。等意思。如：
① Lucy is a good girl.
② These eggs are good ( 指鲜人品质)。
Ⅱ. fine 侧重于“质量的精细”， “身体健康”，还可以表示“天气晴朗”等。如：
① This is a fine house.
② How are you? I’m fine, thank you.
③ It’s a fine day for walk. 这是一个散步的好天气。
Ⅲ. nice 指从外表上的“好看、漂亮”。取悦于人的感觉。也可指“（对人）友好和蔼”如：
① It’s a nice watch, but it’s not a good/fine one. 这块表看上去不错，但却不是一块好表。
② It’s very nice of you. 你真太好了。
③ They are nice mooncakes. 这都是美味的月饼。
Ⅳ. well 是副词。表干/做得“好”，修饰动词。也可作表语，指身体好。如：
① Well done! 干得好！
② I’m well. 我好了。

§22　 have to / must
Ⅰ. have to “必须”往往着重于客观的需要，含有不得不的意味。如：
① Do you have to see a doctor today? 你今天要去看医生吗？
② It was late and we have to stay at home. 时间已晚，我们只得呆在家里。
Ⅱ. must “必须 ”往往着重于主观上认为有义务，有必要。如：
① We must work hard. 我们必须努力工作。
② We must go. 我必须去。

§23　 hear/ hear of/ hear from
Ⅰ. hear “听见”指听力，强调听的结果。如：
① I often hear Lucy sing in the next room.
Ⅱ. hear of “听说”强调间接听到有关某人的情况或得到消息。有时可用about 代替of，意义无多大的区别。如：
① We are all glad to hear of your success. 听到你成功的消息，我们都很高兴。
② Have you heard of her lately? 你最近听到她什么情况吗？
Ⅲ. hear from “接到……的来信（电话等）”如：
① Hope to hear from you soon. 希望你早点来信。
② We have not heard from him since he left. 自从他离开后，我们一直没有收到他的来信。

§24　 hear/ listen
Ⅰ. hear “听到”强调听的结果。不一定是有意识的。如：
① Can you hear me? 你能听见我说话吗？
② I heard her voice but I didn’t bother to listen to what he was saying. 我听到了她的声音，但并不用心去听她说的是什么。
Ⅱ. listen “听”强调倾听的动作，当然未必能听到什么。是不及物动词，接宾语时常与介词to连用。如：
① Listen! What do you hear what she is saying? 听！你听见她在说些什么？
We listened attentively for a long time but heard nothing. 我们仔细地听了半天，但什么也没听到

§25　 in / after/ later
都有“在……之后”的意思，区别在于：
Ⅰ.in是介词，用来表示从现在算起的“过一段时间以后”，常于将来时态的肯定句中，一般与go, come, start, arrive, return ( be back), finish等表示瞬间动作的终止性动词连用。如：I’ll come and see you in two days. 两天之后我再来看你。
Ⅱ.after是介词，用来表示在某一具体时间或某一具体事件以后，谓语动词可用于过去时，也可用将来时。如：
① He will arrive after four o’clock. 他将在四点以后到达。
② She said she would be back after five o’clock.
[注] 此情况下时间名词应为点时间。
after 还可以表示从过去某时起若干时间之后，谓语动词用过去时，不能用将来时。如：Lucy started after two days. [注] 此时应为段时间名词。
Ⅲ.later是副词，不能用于从讲话时刻算起的若干时间之后，要根据上下文推断从何时起至何时之后。如：
① I shall call on Mr Li之后laterys.ed woiyou lled and thirty on May 1st and shall call again about a week later. 五月一日我将拜访李先生，大约一星期之后我再来拜访。
② I shall call again later.
[注] later只能放在段时间名词之后。

§26 in time/on time
Ⅰ.in time“及时”，指的是不迟到或在提前的时间之前做某事，后面可接不定式或for短语。
Ⅱ.on time“准时”，指按规定的时间或指定的时间做某事，后面不可以跟不定式或for短语。如：
① Joe was just in time for the bud. Joe正好赶上那班汽车。
② They got there on time to see the exhibition. 他们准时到那儿，去看了那个展览。
③ Can you get there in time? 你能及时感到那儿吗？
④ You must always return your library book on time. 你必须总是按时归还从图书馆借的书。

§27　 interest/ interesting/ interested
Ⅰ.interest. n. “兴趣；趣味”v. “使（人）产生兴趣”
① What you said interests me. 你的话引起了我的兴趣。
② He shows an interest in music.他对音乐感兴趣。
Ⅱ.interesting. adj. “有趣的；引起兴趣的”可作表语或定语，指物或人本身能引起兴趣。如：
③ The film is very interesting. 电影非常有趣。
④ He is an interesting man. 他是一个有趣的人。
Ⅲ.interested是动词interest 加ed 构成的形容词，意为“感兴趣的”，其主语一般指人。
常构成短语：interested in , 如：
⑤ When he was only a child, he got interested in science. 当他仅是一个孩子时，他就对科学产生了兴趣。

§28　 job/ work
两者均表示“工作”，后者(work)含义更广，为不可数名词。也可作不及物动词；前者(job)强调工作的性质或工种，为可数名词。如：
① I like the job/work. 我喜欢这份工作。
② The work is easy to do. 这份活很易做。名词ot my fault. gdao this summer.
he north of the Huai

§29　 join / join in / take part in
Ⅰ. join 可用来表示加入某个政党、团体、组织等， 指成为其中的成员。如：
① My uncle joined the Party in 1989.
② We are going for a swim .Will you come and join us. 我们要去游泳，你和我们一起去好吗？
Ⅱ. join in 表“加入、参与”某种活动，后接名词或动词的ing 形式，表“参加某人的活动”可以说：join sb. in (doing) sth. 如：
① He joined them in the work.他同他们一起工作。
② Will you join us in playing basketball? 你跟我们一起打篮球好吗？
Ⅲ. take part in 指“参加”会议、考试、竞赛或群众性活动，重在说明句子主语参加该项活动并在其中发挥作用。如：
① The teacher took part in our discussion yesterday. 昨天老师参加了我们的讨论。
② When will you take part in the meeting? 你将在什么时候参加会议？
[注意]：join in 后面可以不跟宾语。而take part in 后面必须跟宾语。如：
Let me join in. 让我参加吧。

§30　 learn/ study
Ⅰ. 这两个动词都作“学习”讲，有时可以互换使用。
① He is learning / studying English now. 现在他在学习英语。
Ⅱ. learn 往往通过学习、练习或由别人教授以获得某种知识或技能，侧重学习的成果，有“学会、学到”的意思。study 通常指比较深入地学习，含有努力去学的意味，它侧重学习的过程，有“研究、钻研”的意思。如：
① He studied hard and finally learned the language. 他努力学习，终于学会了这种语言。
② He studies in a school near here. 他在附近的一所学校读书。
③ But I am learning to skate. 但我在学习滑冰。

§31　 leave sw/ leave for sw
Ⅰ. Leave的意思是“离开”，既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。
① He left Rome. 他离开了罗马。
② It’s time for us to leave. 我们该走了。
Ⅱ. Leave for 的意思是“前往”，指离开某地去另一地，for 后面跟表示目的地的地点名词。
① He left for Rome. 他动身去了罗马。
② The delegation left for Guangzhou by plane. 代表团乘飞机前往广州。

§32　 leave/ forget
Ⅰ. 这二个词都有“忘记”的意思。但leave 表示“忘了带……”； “把……落在某个地方了”，后面有地点状语。
forget + 如：
①