初一上学期语法知识汇总.doc

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虚词：冠词（不定冠词、定冠词）介词、连词、感叹词
人称
物主
自身
相互
疑问
指示
不定

词类

基数词
序数词
分数词

)
实词：名词（数、格）代词（ ））数词（

种类
行为（及物，不及物）
连系
情态
助
谓语形式
时态 （7种）
语态 （主动、被动）
语气 （陈述、祈使、虚拟）
语气

)
动词（
非谓语形式
不定式（to + 动词原形）
动名词 （动词+ing）
分词 （现在分词、过去分词）达意

状语（一般由副词担当）
（修饰动词、形容词、副词 整句）

形容词（比较级）、副词（比较级）
句子成分：主语 + 谓语

谓语（不及物动词）

谓语（及物动词）

谓语（连系动词）
宾语
双宾语
宾语+宾语补足语（复合宾语）
主语+
+

主语+

+

表语
主语+
定语（一般由形容词担当）
（修饰名词或代词）

时态：一般现在时，现在进行时，一般将来时（包括be going to）,一般过去时，过去进行时，现在完成时，过去完成时
语态：（主动、被动）
语气：（陈述、祈使、虚拟）

简单句 主语从句
句子种类 并列句 名词性从句 宾语从句
复合句 （从句 定语从句 表语从句）
状语从句

陈述句 一般
疑问句 特殊
祈使句 选择
感叹句 反意

句子种类

自然
语序
倒装

《初一上学期语法知识汇总》目录

1、 hard/hardly
2、 与weekend有关的几个短语
3、 act家族
4、 health家族
5、 由un-构成的反意词
6、 be the same as/be different from
7、 how系列疑问词
8、 情态动词
9、 a piece of advice
10、 与way有关的几个短语
11、 与few, little有关的四个短语
12、 until的用法
13、 sometimes系列词
14、 may be/maybe
15、 Teachers’ Day
16、 用现在进行时表示打算要做的事
17、 leave的用法
18、 every day/everyday
19、 What do you think of …/How do you like …
20、 双宾语
21、 介词at, in, on表示时间时的用法
22、 介词后面用动词的动名词形式
23、 -ing与-ed系列形容词
24、 spend/pay/cost/take
25、 forget to do sth/forget doing sth
26、 finish, enjoy, mind, practice, can’t help后面的宾语
27、 get to…/reach…/arrive (in/at)
28、 It takes sb. some time to do sth.句型
29、 一日三餐前用或不用冠词的区别
30、 leave的用法
31、 by+交通工具
32、 worry about/be worried about
33、 could/would表示更委婉的请求
34、 too many/too much/much too
35、 other系列词。
36、 come over to…
37、 have to/must
38、 表示建议的几种句型
39、 与nothing, anything, somebody等不定代词有关的问题
40、 Lucy和Lily共有的房间
41、 look after/look for/look like
42、 感叹句
43、 or用法
44、 宾语补足语
45、 need/must的用法
46、 some/any
47、 “动词+副词”短语
48、 反意疑问句
49、 一般过去时
50、 一般将来时及be going to结构
51、 there be/have
52、 形容词，副词与表语、定语、宾语补足语及状语
53、 would like/want
54、 冠词
55、 名词的数
56、 介词
57、 bring/take
58、 It’s time结构
59、 Messy/mess
60、 修饰语加“-”
61、 what表示职业
62、 ago的用法
63、 名词的格
64、 teach的用法
65、 speak/say/talk/tell
1、区别hard (adj.) 难的；硬的 (adv.) 努力地/hardly (adv.) 几乎不
2、区别on weekends在周末 /over the weekend整个周末/on weekdays在工作日
3、指出这一单词家庭的不同角色：act (v.) 扮演；行动/active (adj.) 活跃的/actively (adv.) 活跃地/action (n.) 行动/actor (n.) 演员/actress (n.) 女演员。
4、区别health (n.)健康/healthy (adj.) 健康的 /healthily (adv.) 健康地
5、翻译healthy健康的/unhealthy不健康的, happy高兴的/ unhappy不高兴的, kind和蔼的/unkind不友好的, usual平常的/unusual不寻常的
6、be the same as与……相同/be different from 与……不同
7、how often多久一次, how far多远距离, how soon多久以后, how long多长时间, how much多少（修饰不可数名词），多少钱, how many多少个（修饰可数名词）/how many times多少次 如：
(1) – How often do you go to the movies?
--I go to the movies once a week.
(2) –She has five books.
-- How many books does she have?
(3) – How much rice is there in the bag?
--There is a lot of rice in the bag.
(4) -- How soon will he come back?
-- In a month.
(5) -- How long is the Changjiang River?
--It’s about 6,300 kilometres long.
(6) -- How far is it from your home to school? --It’s about 15 minutes’ walk.
(7) – How soon can you be ready?
--In five minutes.
(8) -- How many times did you go to Beijing?
--Oh, several times.
用how many, how much填空：
(9) How much bread do you eat for breakfast?
(10) How many tomatoes are there on the plate?
(11) How many onions do you need?
(12) – How much is this bottle of sauce（酱油）? – Two dollars（美元）a bottle.
8、我们所学的情态动词有can, may, must, need, should等。情态动词后面跟动词原形。
9、advice 是不可数名词，用英语说“一条建议”是 a piece of advice
10、区别in this way以这种方式/in the way挡路/by the way顺便说（问）一下/in the way (that)…以……的方式/on one’s way (to …)在（去……的）路上
11、区别a few（表示肯定，修饰可数名词）几个，一些/few（表示否定，修饰可数名词）几乎没有，很少/a little（表示肯定，修饰不可数名词）一点/little（表法否定，修饰不可数名词）几乎没有。
12、until的用法：
(1)“直到”until（只能和延续性动词连用）: He waited until his mother came back.他一直等到他妈妈回来.
(2)“直到…才not …until: He didn’t leave until the rain stopped.直到雨停他才离开.
13、区别sometimes有时/ some times几次/ sometime（将来）某时/ some time一段时间。如：
(1) I will be a scientist sometime in the future. 我将来有一天会成为科学家的。
(2) Sometimes he is late for school. 他有时上学迟到。
(3) Let’s wait for him for some time . 咱们等他等一段时间。
(4) Please read the word some times . 请读几遍这个单词。
14、may be是两个单词，maybe是一个单词。如：
(1) Maybe she is ill. (2)She may be ill.
（2）There may be 550 students in Grade 7 in our school.
= Maybe there are 550 students in Grade 7 in our school.
15、正确翻译“教师节”应该是 Teachers’ Day。
16、举出“用现在进行时表示打算要做的事”的例子如：He’s leaving the first week in June and staying until September.
17、leave的用法：区别leave…离开某地/leave… for…离开某地到另一地方/leave for去某地。
如：(1) He is in Shenzhen now and tomorrow he is leaving for Beijing.
(2) Tomorrow he is leaving Shenzhen for Beijing.
18、区别every day每天/everyday (adj.) 日常的
19、What do you think of …? = How do you like …? 表示“你觉得……怎么样？”，如：
What do you think of the weather here? = How do you like the weather here?
20、仔细阅读语法知识树，了解什么是双宾语。注意如果是“为…..”就用for sb，如果是“对……”就用to sb，选择to/for填空：
(1) give … to … (2)show … to …. (3)buy … for…. (4)tell … to …
21、介词at, in, on表示时间时的用法，
at: 表示具体时间，几点几刻，如：at half past eight 在八点半 at that time在那时
at the moment = now 此刻 at that moment 在那一刻
in: 表示(1)在一段时间里，如：in the morning/evening, in October, in 2005
(2)从现在算起一段时间后，如：He will come back in three days.他三天后将回来。
on: 表示在具体到某天或某天的上午、下午、晚上等。如：on Wednesday 在星期三
on Tuesday morning 在星期二早上 on December 8, 2005
on the evening of December 8, 2005, on a rainy day
另外还要注意几个固定搭配：at Christmas, at noon/night/midday/midnight。
22、只要介词后面就跟动词的动名词形式，如（下划线的为介词）：think about doing sth; think of doing sth; what about doing sth; Thank you for helping me. What do you think of going to Guilin? After working for a whole week, I often feel tired.
(1)I’m thinking of going (go) to his birthday party tonight.
(2) He is good at swimming (swim).
(3)I don’t feel like eating (eat) anything.
(4)Are you interested in going (go) to the show?
(5)What can you learn by watching (watch) the movies?
(6) I’m sorry for being (be) late.
23、区别exciting令人激动的/excited激动的, surprising令人吃惊的/surprised吃惊的, frightening令人害怕的/frightened害怕的, interesting令人感兴趣的，有意思的/interested感兴趣的, boring令人厌烦的，枯燥的/bored厌烦的, disappointing令人失望的/ disappointed失望的，如：
(1) Everyone was surprised when we heard(听到) the surprising news.
(2) The book Harry Porter is very interesting and we are all interested in it.
(3)Maths(数学) is boring . I am bored with it.
(4) His exciting words (话) make us very excited .
(5)My parents never feel disappointed with me because my grades are never disappointing .
(6)I am frightened to see the frightening film.
24、选择spend/pay/cost/take的适当形式填空：
(1) I will spend $4 on the book.
(2) I spend half an hour (in) finishing my homework every day.
(3) It takes me half an hour to finish my homework every day.
(4) The book cost me $4. (5) I will pay $4 for the book.
25、区别forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事/forget doing sth忘记做过某事，如：
(1) Don’t forget to lock (lock) the door before you leave. 走之前别忘锁门。
(2) I forgot posting (post) your letter last Sunday. 我忘了上星期天已经寄过你的信了。
26、动词finish(完成), enjoy（喜欢）, mind（介意）, practice （练习）can’t help（禁不住）等后面用动名词形式或名词作宾语。如：
(1) He enjoys listening (listen) to music.
(2) How soon will you finish writing (write) the letter?
(3) ---How can I improve my spoken English?
---You have to practice speaking as much as you can.
A. speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak
(4)I couldn’t help laughing when I saw his haircut(发式).
A. laugh B. to laugh C. laughing D. laughed
27、表示“到达某地”时，注意get to … =reach … =arrive in或at。另外arrive还可单独用，不跟地点，如：At last, the bus arrived. 如：
(1) He got to London at 3 pm. (2) He arrived in London at 3 pm.
(3) He reached London at 3 pm.
28、It takes sb some time to do sth. 做某事花费某人多长时间。
29、一日三餐前一般不加冠词，但如果前面有修饰语时，可以加冠词。如：
(1) I usually have supper at 7 p.m. (2) I want a nice lunch.
30、仔细阅读《同步学案》Unit 4课文详解7，这里指出leave 的三种意思：（1）(v.)离开。（2）(v.) 把某物忘（落）在…… He left his English book in the classroom. 他把英语书落在 教室里了。 （3）（n.）假期。 I ask for three days’ leave. 我请三天假。
31、“by +交通工具”表示乘坐某种交通工具时，交通工具前不能加任何修饰语；而用其它介词时，要加冠词、物主代词等修饰语。 on foot 属于固定短语。如：
(1) He goes to work on the train. = He goes to work by train.
=He takes the train to work.
(2) I go to school on foot. = I walk to school.
32、worry about = be worried about，如：
He worries about his English. = He is worried about his English.
33、在Could/Would you come to my party?这句话中，could和would都不表示过去，只是表示语气与更加委婉客气。用could翻这句话：我能用你的自行车吗？Could I use your bike?
34、区别too many太多（修饰可数名词）/too much太多（修饰不可数名词）/much too实在太（修饰形容词或副词）。如：(1) too many people (2) too much water (3) much too tired
35、仔细阅读下表，分清它们的区别:

单数
复数

泛指

another（另外一个）
作定语
作主语宾语
other (people)
others
特指
the other (另外那个)
the other (people)
the others
选择它们填空:
(1) Mary is here. Where are all the others ?
(2)John has two brothers. One is a teacher, the other is a worker.
(3) Other people may think so.
(4) Others may think so.
(5)Would you like another apple?
(6) In another two weeks, we will be on holiday.
36、come over to表示“顺便来访……”。
37、区别have to 不得不，必须/must应该，必须。前者强调客观，后者强调主观。如：
(1)I stay here for two hours. It’s late. I must go now.
(2)We must be strict with ourselves（严格要求自己）.
(3)My brother has to work long hours every day in order to(为了) give me enough money
for school.
(4)I’m afraid I can’t go there with you. I have to babysit my sister at home.
(5)We must obey all the rules at school.
38、在表示建议时，有以下表达方法：
Why not + 动词原形？= What about + 动名词？= How about + 动名词？
= Let’s + 动词原形. = Let’s + 动词原形，shall we? = Shall we + 动词原形？ 如：
Why not go (go) to Xiaomeisha? = What about going to Xiaomeisha?
=Shall we go to Xiaomeisha?
39、注意nothing = not anything ,还要注意修饰不定代词nothing, anything, something等的定语，必须放在nothing, anything, something等的后面。如：
(1) I can do nothing for him. = I can not do anything for him.
(2) I have something important to tell you.
A. something interesting B. interesting something
40、翻译：Lucy和Lily共有的房间 Lucy and Lily’s room
41、区别look after 照顾/ look at看…… / look for……找 / look like看上去像……
42、感叹句专题讲解练习（一）：
感叹句通常由what或how引导，由这两个词引导的感叹句结构是不一样的。请你记住这些结构：
由what引导的结构是：
① what + a/an + 形容词 + 单数名词 （+ 主语 + 谓语）！
例：What a beautiful flower (it is)! 多漂亮的一朵花啊！
有的时候会出现what + a + 单数名词！这种结构，比如What a day!这种情况要根据具体上下文来翻译。
② what + 形容词 + 复数名词/不可数名词 （+ 主语 + 谓语）！
例：What beautiful flowers (they are)! 多漂亮的花啊！
What bad weather it is! 多坏的天气啊！
由how引导的结构是：
① how + 形容词 + a/an + 单数名词 （+ 主语 + 谓语）！
例：How beautiful a flower (it is)! 多漂亮的一朵花啊！
② how + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语！
例：How beautiful the flower is！ 这朵花多漂亮啊！
主语
谓语

How carefully he is working! 他干得多仔细啊！
主语
谓语

③ how + 主语 + 谓语！
例： How I love the dog! 我多么喜欢这只狗啊！
做关于感叹句的题目时，关键是先找出主语和谓语，接下来再看结构就容易了。同时要注意weather, fun, news, advice, work等都是不可数名词。下面做几道题目练习一下：
(1) Those Chinese students are smart children. (改为感叹句)
How smart those Chinese students are!
(2) Sally is a lovely girl. (改为感叹句) What a lovely girl Sally is!
(3) It’s terrible weather. (改为感叹句) What terrible weather it is!
(4) It’s great here. (改为感叹句) How great it is here!
(5)______ piece of important information we have got!
A. What a B. What C. What an D. How
(6)______ is running!
A. How fast a boy B. How fast boy C. What fast the boy D. How fast the boy
(7)______ they are playing in the playground!
A. How happily B. How happy C. What happy D. What happy children
(8)______ great day August 23, 2008 will be! A. How a B. What a C. How D. What
(9)_______ honest Angela is! A. How a B. What an C. What a D. How
(10)______ useful work she has done! A. What B. How C. What a D. What an
(11)______ beautiful flowers! Where did you buy them?
A. How B. What C. What a D. How a
43、Or用法讲解专练：
① 在否定句中，连接并列成分一定要用or,不能用and。
例：He isn’t an Englishman or an American.
② 在选择疑问句中，连接并列成分时用or。
例：Is your best friend a boy or a girl?
③ 在表示比较对象的选择时，用or连接。
例：Who is better at English, Liu Li or Liu Ying?
④ 连接两句话，表示“否则”。
例： Hurry up, or you’ll miss (错过) the train. 赶快一点，否则你会误火车的。
注意如果意思上前后两句话是顺着的，就用and。如：
Hurry up, and you’ll catch the train. 赶快一点，你会赶上火车的。
⑤ 用于either…or…这个短语中，这个短语意思是“或者……或者……”。
例：You can either stay here or go with us. 如：
(1)I don’t have pens _______ pencils with me. A. and B. or C. so D. but
(2)Call a taxi, _______ you will miss the train. A. because B. and C. though D. or
(3)Mr. Smith comes from Australia, but he has worked in China for five years. So you can talk with him _______.
A. either in English or in Chinese B. just in English not in Chinese
C. neither in Chinese nor in English D. not in Chinese but in English
(4)Work hard, ______ you will pass the driving test. A. because B. or C. but D. and
(5) Do you want to stay at home ______ go shopping with us? A. but B. and C. or D. so
(6)Who is the oldest, Tom, John ______ Mary? A. but B. and C. or D. so
44、宾语补足语专题讲解练习（一）：
首先在语法知识结构树上找到宾语补足语。宾语补足语是跟在宾语后面，表示宾语所做的动作或者说明宾语的状态、特征、身份等。下面句子中划线部分是宾语补足语，请你把这些句子翻译成汉语，并指出它们都分别由什么词或形式担当宾语补足语的，体会什么是宾语补足语：
(1)The teacher made Xiao Ming monitor（班长）. 老师让小明当班长。
(2)We call him Xiao Wang. 我们叫他小王。
(3)We must keep it clean. 我们保持它干净。
(4)I find the book very interesting. 我发现这本书很有意思。
(5)He wants you to call him back at 11. 他想让你在11点给他打回电话。
(6)My English teacher always tells us to do our homework carefully. 我的英语老师总是告诉我认真做作业。
(7)She asks me to go with her. 她要我跟她一起去。
(8)I often hear him sing this song. 我经常听见他唱这首歌。
(9)He keeps them working all day. 他让我整天工作。
请你理解并记住下面这句话：在let, make, have, hear, listen to, watch, see, feel, notice等动词的宾语补足语，如果是动词不定式担当，那么这个动词不定式就不能带to。在help后面，不定式则可以带to,也可以不带to。
例如：I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from her.
Do you hear/see anyone come in?
I’ll watch you do it.
在hear, listen to, watch, see, feel, notice这些动词后也可以跟现在分词，表示“听见/听/观看/ 看见……某某正在做某事”。注意和上面跟动词不定式不同，跟动词不定式表示“听见/听/观看/看见……某某做了某事”。例如：
I see them working hard in the farm. 我看见他们正在农场上干得正起劲。 如：
(1)---When can I go out to play football, Mum?
---Finish your homework first, or I won’t let you _____.
A. going out B. go out C. will go out D. to go out
(2)Peter is very strong. Let him ______