which的用法.doc

which的用法

1、在后置的非限制性定语从句中代替上文出现的事物或情况（单数或复数）。

2、在问句中作为疑问代词，在名词从句中作为连接代词用，其含义为“哪个、哪些”。

3、如果非限制性定语从句的先行词不是指主句内容，而是指具体的人、时间、地点，则不用which。

[解题过程]
这里主要讲解一下在定语从句中的用法：
一、关系代词that和which在定语从句中作主语和宾语，放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用。指物时，一般情况下可互换。如：
　Here is the pen that/which you lost yesterday.(that/which指物作宾语)
　A plane is a machine that/which can fly.(that/which指物，作主语)
　He is the most careful boy that I know.(that指人,作宾语)
　The man that works in this room is a chemist.(that指人,作主语)

二、that,which在从句中作主语时，不能省略。作宾语时在口语中和非正式问题中经常省略。如上例1和中的that,which都可省略。

三、 关系代词在主语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数须和先行词一致。
Wheat is a plant that/which is grown in the north of China.

四、在定语从句中，关系代词that和which指物时，一般没有区别，但下列几种情况中不能互换：
1 只能用that的情况：
a)先行词为all,everything,nothing,anything,little等不定代词时（something后也可用which）：
Is there anything (that) I can do for you in town?
That’s all (that) I know.
b)先行词被序数词所修饰时：
The first thing (that) we should do is to work out a plan.
c) 先行词被形容词最高级所修饰时：
This is one of the most exciting football games (that) I have ever seen.
The nanjing yangtse river bridge is the longest bridge (that) they have ever seen.
d)先行词 被only,very,no,any,same,little,one of等词所修饰时：
This is the only thing (that) we can do now.
He gave me the same pen (that) he borrowed from me.
Do you have any books that were written by Lu Xun?
This is the very book (that) I want to read.
e)当先行词中既有人又有物时：
The man and the car (that) you want to see are all here.你相见的人和车都在这里。
f) that可指人，which则不能：
Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there?
g) 在“the time when”等结构和某些时间状语中，when常被that代替，而且that往往省略：
I may leave here any time I want to.
During the time I was there I visited him twice.
h)way后面可根由that引导的定语从句，但that一般都省略：
That was the way she looked after us.

2 在下列情况中，只能用which:
a)　放在介词后面做介词宾语时：
This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.
但是，如把介词放在从句的后部，这时which就可换为that并常省略。如上例可改为：
This is the question (that) we’ve had so much discussion about.
b) 在非限制性定语从句，无论指物指人，都不能用that。指物时，只能用which和其他关系代词。如：
All the books there,which have beautiful pictures in them,were written by him.

1.The work is going to be finished in two days. (对划线in to days 提问)
How_______ _______ the work going to be finished ?
2. The children will sing an English song. (改为被动语态)
An English song ______ ______ _______ by the children.
3. You needn't do it now. (改为被动语态)
It ______ ________ ________ by you now.
4. People use metal for making machines. (改为被动语态)
Metal ________ _________ _______making machines.
5. He made me do that for him. (改为被动语态)
I ______ ________ ________ ______ that for him.
6.They are watching the football match.
The football match _______ _______ _______ by them.
7.Did they build a bridge here a year ago? (改为被动语态)
__________ a bridge ____________ here by them a year ago?
8.They have sold out the light green dresses. (改为被动语态)
The light green dresses ________ _________ ___________ out.
9.We call the game “Lianliankan”. (改为被动语态)
The game _______ ________ “Lianliankan” by us.
1.The work is going to be finished in two days. (对划线in two days 提问)
How soon is the work going to be finished ?
2. The children will sing an English song. (改为被动语态)
An English song will be sung by the children.
3. You needn't do it now. (改为被动语态)
It needn't be done by you now.
4. People use metal for making machines. (改为被动语态)
Metal is used for making machines.
5. He made me do that for him. (改为被动语态)
I was made to do that for him.
6.They are watching the football match.
The football match is being watched by them.
7.Did they build a bridge here a year ago? (改为被动语态)
Was a bridge built here by them a year ago?
8.They have sold out the light green dresses. (改为被动语态)
The light green dresses have been sold out.
9.We call the game “Lianliankan”. (改为被动语态)
The game is called“Lianliankan” by us.
公式：be+动词的过去分词
应用范围：表示被动的情况，一般是及物动词有被动语态，切记不及物动词与一些固定词组是没有被动语态的。例如：happen, take place

英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。

主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。

例如：Many people speak English.

谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。

被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。例如：English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。

主动态和被动态指的是动词形式，是词法概念；而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构，从而是句法概念。所谓主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子，而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子。

例如：He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句)

歌诀：谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没有必要；
主动语态变被动语态的方法

(1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。

(2)把谓语变成被动结构(be＋过去分词)

(根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。

(3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如：

All the people laughed at him.

He was laughed at by all people.

They make the bikes in the factory.

The bikes are madeby themin the factory.

歌诀是：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。

谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。

The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句)

二、被动语态的构成

被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。
被动语态的用法

(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。

例如：

Some new computers were stolen last night.

一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的)

This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于1981年。

(2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。

例如：the window was broken by Mike.窗户是迈克打破的。

This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。

Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。

英语中及物动词有两种语态，即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be有人称、时态和数的变化。

　　一、被动语态的用法：

　　1.一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词

　　Our classroom is cleaned everyday.

　　I am asked to study hard.

　　Knives are used for cutting things.

　　2.一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词

　　A new shop was built last year.

　　Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.

　　3.现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词

　　This book has been translated into many languages.

　　Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.

　　4.一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词

　　A new hospital will be built in our city.

　　Many more trees will be planted next year.

　　5.含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词

　　Young trees must be watered often.

　　Your mistakes should be corrected right now.

　　The door may be locked inside.

　　Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.

　　6.现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词

　　Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→

　　My bike is being repaired by Tom now.

　　They are planting trees over there. →

　　Trees are being planted over there by them.

　　7.不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词

　　There are two books to be read. →

　　There are twenty more trees to be planted.

　　二、怎样把主动语态改成被动语态?

　　把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤：

　　1.先找出谓语动词；

　　2.再找出谓语动词后的宾语；

　　3.把宾语用作被动语态中的主语；

　　4.注意人称、时态和数的变化。

　　例：1.　Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week.

　　2.　Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.

　　3.He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far.

　　4.They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.

　　5.Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now.

　　6.You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave.

　　三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：

　　1.不及物动词无被动语态。

　　What will happen in 100 years.

　　The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.

　　2.有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。

　　This pen writes well.

　　This new book sells well.

　　3.感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。

　　例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something

　　see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something

　　A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.

　　The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.

　　4.如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。

　　He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.

　　He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.

　　My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.

　　5.一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。
　We can’t laugh him. →He can’t be laugh by us.

　　He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.

　　The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.

一、如何变人称;
下面有一句顺口溜“一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：
She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：
He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?"→He asked Kate how her sister was then。
“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：
Mr Smith said。 "Jack is a good worker。"→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。
二、如何变时态：
直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。
现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如：
1)She said. "I have lost a pen."→She said she had lost a pen
2)She said. "We hope so."→She said they hoped so.
3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"→She said he would go to see his friend。
但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。
①直接引语是客观真理。
"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. → The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。
②直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：
Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street?"→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。
③直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：
Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。" →Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。
④直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如：
He said, "I get up at six every morning。" →He said he gets up at six every morning。
⑤如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如：
Peter said. "You had better come have today。" →Peter said I had better go there that day。
三、如何变状语：
直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规津，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then, yesterday。变为 the day before）地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改为that),如：
He said, "These books are mine." →He said those books were his.
四、如何变句型：
①直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：She said, "Our bus will arrive in five minutes."→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.
②直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如：He said, "Can you swim, John?" →He asked John if he could swim.
"You have finished the homework, haven‘t you?" my mother asked. →My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.
"Do you go to school by bus or by bike?" →He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.
③直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。
She asked me, "When do they have their dinner?"→ She asked me when they had their dinner.
④直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth."句型。如：
"Don’t make any noise," she said to the children. →She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. "Bring me a cup of tea, please," said she.→She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.
⑤直接引语如果是以“Let‘s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动句词（或从句）。”如：
He said, "Let’s go to the film." →He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.
引述别人的话有两种方式：一是使用引号引出人家的原话，这叫做直接引语；一是用自己的话把人家的话转述出来，这叫做间接引语。例如：
John said, "I’m going to London with my father."
约翰说："我要和父亲到伦敦去。"（引号内是直接引语）
John said that he was going to London with his father.
约翰说，他要和他父亲去伦敦。（宾语从句是间接引语）

由直接引语变为间接引语，分以下情况：
1． 直接引语是陈述句时
间接引语为that引导的宾语从句（口语中that可以省略），主句的引述动词主要有say ,tell, repeat, explain, think等。
He said , "You are younger than I."-’He said (that ) I was younger than him.
2.直接引语是疑问句时
间接引语为陈述语序：主句的谓语动词say 改为ask,或改为wonder, do not know, want to know, be not sure, be puzzled等。
（1） 一般疑问句或反意疑问句变为if (whether)引导的宾语从句。
She said, "Do you often come here to read newspapers?"
→She asked me if (或whether)I often went there to read newspapers.
She asked me , "You have seen the film, haven’t you?"
→She asked me whether(或if )I had seen the film.
（2） 选择疑问句变为whether….or 宾语从句。
I asked him, "Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?"
→I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.
(3)特殊疑问句变为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。
He asked , "Where do you live?"
→He asked me where I lived.
3.直接引语是祈使句时
间接引语为不定式，作ask , tell, beg, order, warn, advise等动词的宾语补足语（don’t 变为not ）.
The teacher said to the boy, "Open the window."→The teacher told the boy to open the window.
His father said to him , "Don’t leave the door open."→His father told him not to leave the door open.
[注意]
（1） 有些表示建议、提议、劝告或要求的祈使句，可以用suggest ,insist等动词 加以转述。例如：
He said, "Let’s go to the theatre."
→He suggested (our )going to the theatre.或He suggested that we(should) go to the theatre.
(2) "Would you mind opening the window?" he asked.
→He asked me to open the window.
"Why don’t you take a walk after supper?" he asked .
→he advised me to take a walk after supper.
"Shall we listen to the music?" he asked.
→He suggested listening to the music.
4.直接引语是感叹句时
间接引语为what 或how 引导，也可以用that 引导。
She said, "What a lovely day it is !"
→She said what a lovely day it was .或She said that it was a lovely day.
5．如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化：
（1） 一般现在时变为一般过去时
（2） 现在进行时变为过去进行时
（3） 一般将来时变为过去将来时
（4） 现在完成时变为过去完成时
（5） 一般过去时变为过去完成时
（6） 过去完成时不变，仍为过去完成时
[注意]
（1） 如果直接引语是表示客观真理时，变为间接引语，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：
The teacher said "The earth goes round the sun."
→The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
（2） 如果直接引语中有明确表示过时间的状语，变为间接引语时，一般过去时不改为过去完成时。如：
He said to me, "I was born in 1973."
→He told me that he was born in 1973.
(3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效，变为间接宾语时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：
He said, "I’m a boy, not a girl."
→He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.
(4)如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作，在变为间接引时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：
The girl said, "I get up at six every morning."
→The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.
(5)如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如：
He said to me, "I have taught English since he came here ."
→He told me that he had taught English since he came here.
(6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词 must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,在变为间接引语时，这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如：
The teacher said to me . "You must pay more attention to your pronunciation."
→The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.
He said , "I could swim when I was only six ."
→He said that he could swim when he was only six.
6.代词等一般地应作用相应的变化。
指示代词 this ---that
these--- those
表示时间的词 now --- then
today--- that day
this week(month ,etc) ----that week (month ,etc)
yesterday ----the day before
last week(month) --- the week(month) before
three days(a year)ago---three days(a year)before
tomorrow ----the next (following ) day
next week(month)--the next(following)week(month)
表地点的词 here --there
动词 b