初中英语语法-从句-讲解-练习.doc

宾语从句
一，引导词
A，由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如say， think， wish ， hope， see， believe， agree， expect， hear ， feel等动词后。连词that只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略，但在大多数情况下还是以不省为好，特别是在笔语中。
例：I told him that he was wrong.
l在think，believe， suppose， expect等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将think 等动词变为否定形式。
例：I don’t think you are right. (我认为你做的不对)
l在许多带有复合宾语的句子中，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面，而用it做形式宾语。
例：We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的)
B，由连词if、 whether 引导的表示是否的宾语从句。Whether，if 在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether和if 可以替换。
例：I don’t know if/whether he will come tomorrow.
The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment.
l在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导
例：Everything depends on whether we have enough money。
l宾语从句中有or not时不用if引导.
例：I don’t know whether the movie star will come or not.
l和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导.
例：Whether to go there or not hasn’t been decided.
C，由wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词who，whom，whose， what， which，和连接副词when， where， why， how 等连接的宾语从句，它们在句中即有连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句子的成分。
例：Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定语)
I don’t know where he lives. (where 做地点状语)
二，宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分
例：I believe that they will come soon.
He asked me whether I was a teacher.
They wanted to know what they can do for us.
三，宾语从句的时态。
宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，即：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。例:
1)She says that she is a student.
She said that she was a student.
2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week.
She said that she would fly to Japan in a week.
3)She says that she has finished her homework already.
She said that she had finished her homework already.
4)She says that she can sing a song in English.
She said that she could sing a song in English.
如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用一般现在时态。
例：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
He told me that Japan is an island country.
Could you tell me是用来征询对方的意见，语气委婉，并不表示过去。
例：Could you tell me when we will visit the History Museum?
注意事项：
由陈述句变成宾语从句时，要注意人称的变化。
例：She said: I have been to England before.
She said that she had been to England before.
She asked me: Do you like maths?
She asked me if I liked maths.
宾语从句与简单句的交换。
由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一个人时，可以用疑问词+不定式做宾语的简单句结构。
例：I don’t know what I should do next.
I con’t know what to do next.
He didn’t know where he would live.
He didn’t know where

中考英语定语从句考点扫描
在主从复合句中充当定语的句子是定语从句，它在句中修饰名词或代词。定语从句一般由关系代词that, which, who(m), whose和关系副词when, where, why等引导。被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词。定语从句通常放在先行词的后面作后置定语。在中考试题中，主要考查引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词。
一、一般情况下，当先行词指人时，用that, who或whom引导。如：
I know the young man that/who is reading under the tree. 我认识在树下读书的那个年轻人。
The girl whom you talked about a moment ago is my daughter. 你们刚才谈论的女孩是我的女儿。
【温馨提示】
当指人的先行词后有介词时，关系代词不用that, 而要用whom。如：
Jim is the person for whom you are looking. 吉姆是你在寻找的人。
二、当先行词指物时，用which或that引导。当关系代词在从句中作宾语时常可省略。如：
Give me the pen that/which is on the desk. 把桌子上的钢笔给我。
【温馨提示】
一) 当先行词指物时只能用that而不能用which的几种常见情况：
1. 先行词为all, anything, everything, nothing, much, none, little等不定代词时。如：
There is nothing that can stop him from doing it. 没有什么能阻止他做这件事。
2. 先行词前有last, next, only，very及序数词、最高级等修饰时。如：
This is the most interesting film that was shown last week. 这是上周所放映的影片中最有
趣的一部。
The only thing that they can do is to wait. 他们唯一能做的事就是等待。
3. 先行词前有序数词或最高级等修饰时。如：
This is the second computer that father has just bought. 这是爸爸刚刚买的第二台电脑。
This is the very pen (that) you bought yesterday. 这正是你昨天买的笔。
4. 当先行词既有人，又有物时。如：
Sally is talking about the writer and his book that interests her. 萨丽在谈论这位作家及能使
她感兴趣的这位作家的书。　
5. 当主语是who的疑问句。如：
Who is the boy that is playing computer games? 在玩电脑游戏的男孩是谁？
二) 当先行词指物时，只能用which而不能用that的场合
1. 关系代词前有介词时。如：
This is the house in which Tom once lived. 这是汤姆曾经住过的房子。
2. 在非限定性定语从句(即通常用逗号与主句隔开，如果去掉逗号，整个句子仍能表达完整的意义的定语从句)中。如：
They are talking about the TV play, which they saw last night. 他们正在谈论昨晚看的电视剧。
三、whose在定语从句中作定语，修饰它后面的名词。如：
Do you know the girl whose name is Lily? 你认识名叫莉莉的女孩吗？
四、当引导词在句中作状语时，应用适当的关系副词。表示时间用when，表示地点用where，表示原因用why。但这些关系副词通常可转换成“介词 + 关系代词”形式。如：
The hotel where/at which the visitors are staying is very expensive. 这些参观者呆的旅馆很贵。
2008年中考定语从句真题精选
1. Do you know the scientist _______ gave us a talk just now? (天津市)
A. who B. whom C. which D. whose
2. This is the dictionary _______ Mum gave me for my birthday. (河北省)
A. which B. what C. whose D. whom
3. Shaolin Temple _______ lies in the west of Zhengzhou welcomes the visitors both at home and abroad. (河南省)
A. where B. which C. who D. what
4. —Do you know the girl _______ is standing under the tree?
—She is my little sister. (福州市)
A. who B. whom C. whose D. which
5. This is the question _______ we are talking about now. (吉林省)
A. that B. who C. where D. when
6. —What are you looking for?
—I am looking for the book _______ I bought yesterday. (长沙市)
A. who B. which C. whose
7. Jack, there is someone in the office _______ would like to speak with you. (厦门市)
A. who B. which C. whom
8. If a bag is filled with books and pens, it must belong to someone _______ works hard. (临沂市)
A. which B. / C. whom D. who
9. Many young people prefer the songs _______ have great lyrics. (泰安市)
A. which B. who C. where D. whom
10. Even teachers can’t understand some expressions _______ their students use in daily life. (绍兴市)
A. whose B. who C. that D. whom
11. Beijing is the 29th city _______ holds the Olympic Games. (芜湖市)
A. where B. that C. which D. what
12. Have you read the book _______ I gave you yesterday? (茂名市)
A. that B. when C. where
13. The man _______ came to our party with a present is my old friend. (茂名市)
A. when B. which C. what
14. I like writers _______ write short stories. (襄樊市)
A. which B. what C. whom D. who
15. —There are many volunteers _______ are helping the children in Sichuan.
—And most of them are college students. (咸宁市)
A. which B. when C. whose D. who
16. We know Jackie Chan _______ movies are very popular with the young. (恩施自治州)
A. whose B. that C. who D. which
17. The boy _______ I talked with just now is my best friend. (南充市)
A. who B. which C. where
18. —What kind of music do you like?
—I like music _______ I can sing along with. (自贡市)
A. who B. that C. what
19. He is the only student _______ plays table tennis better than Jim. (南宁市)
A. why B. where C. who D. which
20. —The duty of Project Hope is to help poor children, isn’t it?
—Yes, it has built many schools _______ those children can study happily. (哈尔滨市)
A. where B. when C. which

附：2008年中考定语从句真题精选答案
1—5 AABAA 6—10 BADAC 11—15 BACDD 16—20 AABCA