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Realistic Period 现实主义时期
时间： 1865-1914
1. background: the Civil War affected both the social and the value system
(1)transformed from an agricultural one to an industrialized and commercialized one
(2)stimulated technological development
(3)stepped up urbanization
(4)people became dubious about the human nature and the charity of God
The Gilded Age
2. American Realistic Period and English Realistic Period(Victorian Period)
common ground
(1)a great interest in the realities of life, aim at the interpretation of the actualities of any
aspect of life
(2)what was brutal or filthy, the open portrayal of class struggle
(3)common people mostly depicted
differences(America)
(1)native trends in the realistic portrayal of the landscape and social surfaces
(2)perfect the dialect style
(3)concern about "local colorism", a unique variation of American literary realism
3. American Naturalism: influenced by Darwin's evolutionary theory
(1)accept the more negative implications of it and use it to explain the behavior of those
characters in literary works
(2)inherited qualities, and habits confined by social forces are depicted
(3)theme: human "bestiality", especially the sexual desire
(4)unpolished language
(5)philosophically, the truth is always partially hidden from the eyes of the individual, or beyond
his control
(6)material source from the lower ranks of society portray misery and poverty
(7)naturalism is evolved from realism. Author's tone in writing is less serious and sympathetic,
more ironic and pessimistic
This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life.
由于对现实生活产生了浓厚的兴趣，产生了新的创作灵感。
The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry
James.
这一时期的三个代表作家是豪威尔斯，亨利.詹姆斯和马克.吐温。
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In short, they set the example and charted the future course for the subjects, themes,
techniques and styles of fiction we still call modern.
总之，他们为后来的现实文学在题材，技巧和风格上都树立了典范。
Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain
preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories.豪威尔斯讨论上升的
中产阶级及其生活方式，而马克.吐温则喜欢把他自己家乡的人放在故事的最前沿。
In a word, naturalism is evolved from realism when the author's tone in writing becomes less
serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic.总之，自然主义产生现实主
义，只是在创作上更富讽刺，更加悲观。自然主义只有另一种哲学途径的现实主义。
本章应用：
名词解释：现实主义、达尔文主义、自然主义、地方色彩主义
现实主义文学和自然主义倾向在美国 19 世纪小说中的反映
《哈克贝里• 恩》第三十一章：主题结构、人物刻画、语言特色 费
哈克的性格分析及其社会意义
《黛西• 米勒》第一章：主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格
《黛西• 米勒》的主题和人物分析
狄金森诗歌第 441、465．585 和 712 首的结构、主题、语言特色
达尔文主义与德莱塞作品中的自然主义倾向
《嘉丽妹妹》的最后一章节选：主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格
Mark Twain 马克.吐温
Mark Twain - the true father of American literature
Local colorist, vernacular, simple sentence, 'the damned human race' The Gilded Age
3 boyhood books Life on the Mississippi, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn,Huck's inner conflict about whether or not he should write a letter to tell Miss Watson where Jim is.
特色&影响：
1. "The true father of our national literature"; "damned human race"
2. features:
(1)paid more attention to the "life" of the Americans
(2)preferred to have his own region and people in his stories, i.e. "local colorism"
(3)concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region and the lower-class people
(4)nostalgic 怀旧的 in a vanishing way of life and recorders of a present that faded before their
eyes
(5)skillfully used the colloquialism 口语, the language is simple, direct ,faithful. protagnists
spoke in vernacular, both realistically and symbolically
(6)his humor is remarkable, his humor is not only funny elements making people laugh, but a
kind of artistic style to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism.
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Mark Twain is considered as "the true father of American national literature." .吐温被认为 马克
是" 我们真正的民族文学之父" 。
Two of the best books during this period are The adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn. The former is usually regarded as a classic book written for boys about their
particular horrors and joys, while the latter, being a boy's book specially written for the adults, is Twain's most representative work, describing a journey down the Mississippi undertaken by
two fugitives, Huck and Jim.这一期间他最伟大的作品是《汤姆.索亚历险记》和《哈克贝里.芬
历险记》。前者是就儿童的恐惧和高兴的事儿写的一部儿童经典。而后者虽然是儿童故事，却为 大人而写。这是马克.吐温最有代表性的小说，描写两个流浪儿童哈克和吉姆沿密西西比河而下
历险的旅程。
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and, especially, its sequence Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
proved themselves to be the mile stone in American literature.
《汤姆.索亚历险记》，尤其是《哈克贝里.芬历险记》是美国文学的里程碑。
The childhood of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn in the Mississippi is a record of a vanished way of
life in the pre-Civil War Mississippi valley and it has moved millions of people of different ages
and conditions all over the world; and the books are noted for their unpretentious, colloquial
yet poetic style, their wide-ranging humor, and their universally shared dream of perfect
innocence and freedom. 汤姆.索亚和哈克.芬在密西西比河上度过的童年是内战前该条河谷生
活方式的实录，感动了数以万计的各种年龄的人。书中的率直，口语化而又不失诗意的语言风格，
广泛的幽默，天真和自由的梦想都是令人难忘的。
Twain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of
local characters of his regions, including people living in that area, the landscape, and other peculiarities like the customs, dialects, costumes and so on.
马克.吐温善于描绘地方风物，包括地方任务，风光，风俗，方言和服饰等等。
Another fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular.
His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simple,
even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken language.马克.吐温独特的另一个方面是他
乡土气息的语言风格。他的用词口语化，具体可感，直率有力。句子结构简单，不合语法。
Mark Twain's humor is remarkable. .吐温的幽默是突出的。 马克
Twain's works, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks, etc., and some of
them are actually tall tales.
他的作品生动有趣，充盈着实用的笑话，喜剧情节，智慧的语言以及动听的故事。
His humor is a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed
romanticism.
他的幽默是对社会不公正和沦丧的浪漫主义的讽刺和批判。
选读作品：
The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn
哈克贝利.费恩历险记
(The Adventure of Tom Sawyar)
with the eventual victory of his moral conscience over his social awareness, Huck grows
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