资源描述
被动语态
教学内容
一、 知识结构
A man is known by his friends.什么人交什么朋友。
A word spoken is past recalling.一言既出，驷马难追。
Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today.今日事，今日毕。
在上面的三句名言中，我们能看出它们的动词分别为：known,spoken,done，根据之前的学习我们知道这三个词分别是know,speak,do的过去分词形式，那么在英语中，什么情况下我们要使用动词的过去分词呢？这就是我们这节课所学——被动语态。
二、典例精讲
（一）Passive Voice基本概念
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。
例如：Many people speak English.
谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。
例如：English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。
例如：He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句)
The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句)
（二）基本分类
被动语态的构成
被动语态由“be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。不及物动词本身没有被动语态。
及物动词vt--本身意义不完整，后必须带宾语，有些还可以带双宾。
不及物动词vi---本身意义完整，不需要带宾语，如带宾语必须通过介词。
人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以eat为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。
（三）用法详解
1.一般现在时： am/is/are+过去分词
肯定句：Bikes are sold in that shop.
否定句：Bikes are not sold in that shop.
疑问句：Are bikes sold in that shop? Yes,they are./No,they aren't.
2.一般过去时： was/were+过去分词
肯定句：China was liberated in 1949.
否定句：China was not liberated in 1949.
疑问句：Was China liberated in 1949? Yes,it was./No,it wasn't.
3.一般将来时： shall/will/be going to+be+过去分词
肯定句：An English class will be given by Jack tomorrow.
否定句：An English class will not be given by Jack tomorrow.
疑问句：Will an English class be given by Jack tomorrow?
Yes,it will./No.it won't.
4.过去将来时： would/was going to+be+过去分词
肯定句：An English class would be given by Jack the next week.
否定句：An English class would not be given by Jack the next week.
疑问句：Would an English class be given by Jack the next week?
Yes,it would./No.it wouldn't.
5.现在进行时：am/is/are+being+过去分词
肯定句：A car is being driven now.
否定句：A car is not being driven now.
疑问句：Is a car being driven now? Yes,it is./No,it isn't.
6.过去进行时: was/were +being +过去分词
肯定句：A car was being driven at this time yesterday..
否定句：A car was not being driven at this time yesterday..
疑问句：Was a car being driven at this time yesterday? Yes,it was./No,it wasn't.
7..现在完成时： have/has+been+过去分词
肯定句：A road has been built by the government.
否定句：A road hasn't been built by the government.
疑问句：Has a road been built by the government?
Yes,it has./ No,it hasn't.
8.过去完成时： had+been+过去分词
肯定句：A road had been built by the end of last month.
否定句：A road hadn't been built by the end of last month.
疑问句：Had a road been built by the end of lat month.
Yes,it had./ No,it hadn't.
9.情态动词： 情态动词+be+过去分词
1.This clock can be repaired here.
2.The trees may be planted at other times of the year.
3.The composition must be handed in after class.
4.The young trees should be planted in spring.
三、巩固训练
把下列句子变成被动语态
1. We found some jewels in a box.
________________________________________________
2. The teacher is keeping the pupils at school for a revision.
________________________________________________
3. James has left a parcel for you.
________________________________________________
4. You must finish the article before Friday.
________________________________________________
5. They will paint the house again next year.
________________________________________________
6. I have told the children many times not to skate on the pond.
________________________________________________
7. They showed me the room where they lived.
________________________________________________
答案：
1. Some jewels were found in a box.
2. The pupils are being kept at school for a revision.
3. A parcel has been left by Jim for you.
4. The article must be finished by you before Friday.
5. The house will be painted by them again next year.
6. The children have been told many times not to skate on the pond by me.
7. I was shown the room where they lived by them.
四、小结回顾
主动和被动的对比
主动语态
被动语态
一般现在时
①is/am/are②do/does(V./V.s)
am/is/are+done
一般过去时
will/be going to/be(about)to+do(V.)
will+be+done(V.+p.p)
一般将来时
①was/were②did(V.-ed)
was/were+done(V.p.p)
现在进行时
am/is/are+doing(V.ing)
am/is/are+doing+done(V.p.p)
过去进行时
was/were+doing(V.-ing)
was/were+doing+done(V.p.p)
现在完成时
have/has+done(V.p.p)
have/has+been+done(V.p.p)
过去完成时
had+done(V.p.p)
had+been+done(V.p.p)
过去将来时
would/should+V.
would/should be+done(V.p.p)
情态动词
情态动词+V.
情态动词+be+done(V.p.p)
一、专题知识梳理
之前我们已经学过了被动语态的知识了，对于各种时态的被动语态你还记得多少？请根据老师的思路，一起来复习一下吧！
二、专题精讲
（一）含双宾语的主动结构变被动结构：
可以将一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动
当直接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语前加to或for
1. My mother gave me a pencil.
---I was given a pencil by my mother.
---A pencil was given to me by my mother.
2. Father bought me a new coat.
---I was bought a new coat .
---A new coat was bought for me.
口诀：如遇双宾语，最好变间宾。如若变直宾，be done后加to(或for)
（二） 固定短语的被动不要丢掉后面的介词或副词。
Children should _________.
A. take good care of B. be taken good care C. be taken good care of
（三）感官动词及使役动词在接省to不定式的句子中，若要变成被动语态，to要还原。
主动形式
被动形式
see/hear sb. do sth.
be seen/heard to do sth.
see/hear sb. doing sth.
be seen/heard doing sth.
make sb. do sth.
be made to do sth.
1、 He makes the girl stay at home.（改为被动结构）
→The girl is made to stay at home.
2、 Last Sunday we heard them sing Peking Opera in the theater.（改为被动语态）
→They were heard to sing Peking Opera in that theater last Sunday.
（四） 下列动词没有被动语态(用主动词语态表被动意思）：
1. be worth＋doing值得做…… 例如：
The novel is worth reading again.
The film is worth seeing.
2. need（want / require）+ doing等于need（want / require）+to be done 需要做……例如：
My watch needs repairing（＝to be repaired）.
The house wants painting（＝to be pained）.
3. 某些与can’t, won’t等连用的不及物动词，如move, lock, shut, open等，常用主动结构表被动含义, 例如：
It can’t move.
The door won’t shut.
The window won’t open.
4.某些可以和well, easily, smoothly等副词连用的不及物动词如read, write, wash, clean, draw, burn, cook, sell, lock, open, shut等，且主语是非生命的名词或代词，用主动结构表被动含义。 例如：
This kind of book sells well.
The pen writes smoothly.
The cloth washes well.
The poem reads smoothly.
The table doesn’t clean easily.
This kind of rice cooks more easily than that kind.
That door shuts well.
5. 主语＋be＋adj.＋to do的结构中，动词不定式常用主动结构表被动含义，这些表语形容词有hard, difficult, easy, fit, necessary, dangerous, comfortable, heavy等。例：
The problem is hard to solve.
The chair is comfortable to sit on.
I find the water in the well fit to drink.
6. 有些系动词，如: taste, sound, prove, feel, look, smell, remain, appear等，常用主动结构表示被动含义。例如：
The flower looks ugly.
What you said sounds reasonable.
The dish smells delicious.
The food tastes good.
The story proved quite false.
She remains silent.
This material feels soft.
7.有些不定式，如：to let, to blame, to rent, remain to do等常用主动结构表示被动含义。 例如：
The taxi is to rent.
Much remains to find.
Who is to blame for starting the fire?
The house is to let.
8. “主语+have / has + 名词+ to do”结构，也用主动结构表被动含义，此时主语与to do 存在逻辑上的主谓关系，to do 与宾语存在逻辑上的动宾关系。例如：
He has many problems to solve.
Mr. White has lots of things to do.
I have a room to live in.
9.介词 on, under等+名词构成介词短语表示被动意义。例如：
① under＋n.结构，表示某事在进行中。 如：under control, under repair, under discussion等。例如：
The fire was under control at last.
②on +名词结构，表示“在从事……中”。如：on sale, on show等。例如：
Many new types of cars are on show in Beijing.
10.在too…to…和enough to do 结构中，不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。例如：
The box is too heavy to carry.
The room is not big enough to have a meeting in.
三、专题过关
1 A story _____ by Granny yesterday.
A. was told us B. was told to us C. is told us D .told us
2. Something must about these problems. The air and the rivers must be cleaned.
A. do B. be done C. be doing D. is done
3. -----How can you start playing games so soon, Tom?
-----I _______ my homework, Mom.
A. have finished B. will finish C. am finishing D. finish
4. A large number of questions _______in the meeting last week.
A. is discussing B. discussed C. were discussed D. have been discussed
5. —_______you ______your painting?
—Not yet. It will be done in an hour.
A. Will; finish B. Did; finish C. Have; finished D. Do; finish
6. —Have you finished your homework?
—Not yet. But I _______it in half an hour.
A. finished B. have finished C. will finish D. finish
7. When I got home, Mum fish for dinner. She knows I don’t like fish, but she thinks it is good for her son!
A. cooked B. cooks C. is cooking D. was cooking
8. Great changes _____in the city, and a lot of tall buildings _____.
A. have been taken place, have been set up B. have taken place, have been set up
C. have taken place, have set up D. were taken place, were set up
9. I’ll talk to him when he ______.
A. come B. will come C. comes D. came
10. He can’t go to the cinema with me because he ____ a meeting.
A. was having B. would have C. is having D. had
11. At the age of eleven, my grandfather _____ to work in a factory.
A. began B. has begun C. will begin D. begins
12. One day while I ____ along the street, I ____ someone calling.
A. walked…was hearing B. was walking…has heard
C. was walking…had heard D. was walking…heard
Keys：1-6 BBACCC 7-12 DBCCAD
四、小结回顾
主动表被动都有哪几种情况？请举例说明。
1. be worth＋doing值得做……
2. need（want / require）+ doing等于need（want / require）+to be done 需要做……
3. 某些与can’t, won’t等连用的不及物动词，如move, lock, shut, open等，常用主动结构表被动含义,
4.某些可以和well, easily, smoothly等副词连用的不及物动词如read, write, wash, clean, draw, burn, cook, sell, lock, open, shut等，且主语是非生命的名词或代词，用主动结构表被动含义。.
5. 主语＋be＋adj.＋to do的结构中，动词不定式常用主动结构表被动含义，这些表语形容词有hard, difficult, easy, fit, necessary, dangerous, comfortable, heavy等。
6. 有些系动词，如: taste, sound, prove, feel, look, smell, remain, appear等，常用主动结构表示被动含义。
7.有些不定式，如：to let, to blame, to rent, remain to do等常用主动结构表示被动含义。
8. “主语+have / has + 名词+ to do”结构，也用主动结构表被动含义，此时主语与to do 存在逻辑上的主谓关系，to do 与宾语存在逻辑上的动宾关系。
9.介词 on, under等+名词构成介词短语表示被动意义。
10.在too…to…和enough to do 结构中，不定式用主动形式表示被动含义。
一、专题知识梳理
就像人一样，身体的各个部位都有着不同的作用，这些部分各司其职，有着不同的能力，那么一句完整的英语句子，每个词都扮演着什么角色呢？这节课我们来学习一下——句子成分。
二、专题精讲
（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
顺序一般是主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语，而表语，定语，状语，同位语的位置要根据情况而定。
（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）
We often speak English in class.（代词）
One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）
The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）
It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
（三）谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：
He practices running every morning.
2、复合谓语
（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold.
（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.
（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：
Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
Is it yours?（代词）
The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
The speech is exciting.（分词）
Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）
His job is to teach English.（不定式）
His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）
The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）
Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
（五）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：
They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）
I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary; please.
（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.
>>>特殊的同源宾语现象: fight a fight , dream a dream , etc.
直接宾语和间接宾语：
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。
一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：Give me a cup of tea, please.
强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。如：Show this house to Mr. Smith.
若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me, please.
复合宾语：
位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。 实质上就是宾语补足语。
名词/代词宾格 + 名词
The war made him a soldier. 战争使他成为一名战士.
名词/代词宾格 + 形容词
New methods make the job easy. 新方法使这项工作变得轻松.
名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语
I often find him at work. 我经常发现他在工作.
名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式
The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户.
名词/代词宾格 + 分词
I saw a cat running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.
（六）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：
His father named him Dongming.（名词）
They painted their boat white.（形容词）
Let the fresh air in.（副词）
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）
We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）
We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）
We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
（七）主语补足语：
主语补足语，通常位于主语之前或谓语动词之后，当然放在谓语动词被动语态的过去分词之后.
①主语补语位于主语之前，后有逗号。例：Tired and sleepy, I went to bed
②有时位于主语之后，前后皆有逗号。例：Chen, only 1.30 metres tall, won the first prize.
③位于谓语动词之后。例：He died young. He was found dead.
除形容词外，名词、数词、不定式，分词，介词短语，从句也可作主语补足语。
例：He came home quite changed，过去分词短语作主语补足语。
（八）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：
定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。
定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some, any, every, no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）；或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时，则定语通常置后。副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
形容词作定语：
The little boy needs a blue pen. (little修饰名词boy；blue修饰名词pen.）小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。
Tom is a handsome boy. Tom是个英俊的男孩。
There is a good boy. 有个乖男孩。
数词作定语相当于形容词：Two boys need two pens. 两个男孩需要两支钢笔。
The two boys are students. 这两个男孩是学生。
There are two boys in the room. 房间里有两个男孩。
代词或名词所有格作定语：
His boy needs Tom's pen. 他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。
His name is Tom. 他的名字是汤姆。
There are two boys of Toms there. 那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。
介词短语作定语：
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours. 教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。
The boy in blue is Tom. 穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10. 有两个9岁的，三个10岁的男孩。
名词作定语：
The boy needs a ball pen. 男孩需要一支圆珠笔。
It is a ball pen. 这是一支圆珠笔。
There is only one ball pen in the pencil box. 这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。
副词作定语：
The boy there needs a pen. 那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The best boy here is Tom. 这里最棒的男孩是Tom。
不定式作定语：
The boy to write this letter needs a pen. 写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The boy to write this letter is Tom. 将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。
There is nothing to do today. 今天无事要做。
分词（短语）
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