直接引语变间接引语语法讲解及专项练习.doc

直接引语变间接引语语法讲解

一. 直接引语和间接引语的定义
一字不改的引用或复述别人的话，被引用或复述的部分被称为直接引语。直接引语一般置于引号之内（即前后加引号）其位置常在居委或句首，第一个单词首字母必修大写。
用自己的话转述别人的话，被转述的部分被称为间接引语。间接引语通常在句中以宾语从句的形式出现。
二. 直接引语变为间接引语的方法
人称
　　人称变化可以遵循如下顺口溜“一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新”。
　　“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化，如：
　　She said. “My brother wants to go with me.”
　　→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
　　“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称，或被第二人“你”所修饰，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语，也可以用第一人称，如：
　　He said to Kate，"How is your sister now?"
　　→He asked Kate how her sister was then.
　　“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化，如：
　　Mr. Smith said，“Jack is a good worker.”
　　→Mr. Smith said Jack was a good worker.
三、时态

直接引语在改为间接引语时，时态需要做相应的调整。其基本法则和宾语从句的时态变化一致，也就是说从句时态要和主句时态一致。如果从句是过去时，主句要向后退一格时态，变成一种过去时。
　　1. She said. “I have lost a pen.” →She said she had lost a pen.
　　　 （现在完成时—— 过去完成时）
　　2. She said. “We hope so.” →She said they hoped so.
　　　 (一般现在时 — 一般过去时)
　　3. She said,“He will go to see his friend。”
　　→She said he would go to see his friend. (一般将来时 → 过去将来时)
　　　 但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。
　　　 ①直接引语是客观真理。如：
　　　 “The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth”, the teacher told me.
　　　 → The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。
　　　 ②直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：
　　　 Jack said, “John, where were you going when I met you in the street?”
　　　 →Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street.
　　　 ③直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：
　　　 Xiao Wang said，“I was born on April 20, 1980.”
　　　 →Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980.
　　　 ④直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如：
　　　 He said, “I get up at six every morning.”
　　　 →He said he gets up at six every morning.
　　　 ⑤如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to，had better，used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如：
　　　 Peter said，“You had better come have today.”
　　　 →Peter said I had better go there that day.

三、其它
　　直接引语变间接引语，具有指代性的词也需要变化，一些具体变化如下：
　　指示代词 　　　this ---that 　　　these --- those
　　表示时间的词 　now --- then 　　　today --- that day
　　　　　　　　　 this week(month, etc.) --- that week (month, etc.)
　　　　　　　　　 yesterday --- the day before
yesterday afternoon---the afternoon before
　　　　　　　　　 last week(month) --- the week(month) before
　　　　　　　　　 three days(a year)ago --- three days(a year)before
　　　　　　　　　 tomorrow --- the next (following ) day
　　　　　　　　 　next week(month)---the next(following)week(month)
　　表地点的词 　　here --- there
　　动词 　　　　　bring --- take come --- go

四、句型：
　　①直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。句中常用say， tell 等
如：
　　　She said, “Our bus will arrive in five minutes.”
　　　→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.
　　②直接引语如果是反义疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if（是否）引导的宾 语.句中常用ask
　　　从句.如：
　　　He said, “Can you swim, John?” →He asked John if he could swim.
　　　“You have finished the homework, haven‘t you?” my mother asked.
　　　→ My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.
　　　“Do you go to school by bus or by bike?”
　　　→ He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.
　　③直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。句中常用ask
He said ,”where was she goging?” →he asked where she was going.
She asked me, “When do they have their dinner?”
　　　→ She asked me when they had their dinner.
　　④直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为“tell(ask, order, beg等)sb.(not) to do sth.”句型。
　　　如：
　　　“Don’t make any noise,” she said to the children.
　　　→ She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise.
　　　“Bring me a cup of tea, please,” said she.
　　　→ She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.
　　⑤直接引语如果是以“Let‘s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动名词（或从句）。”如：
　　　He said, “ Let’s go to the film.”
　　　→ He suggested going to the film.
　　　→ He suggested that they should go to see the film.

时态的变化。从句谓语动词时态变化如下表：
直接引语
间接引语
一般现在时
一般过去时
现在进行时
过去进行时
现在完成时
过去完成时
一般过去时
过去完成时
过去完成时
过去完成时（不变）
一般将来时
过去将来时
can
could
may
might
must
had to

直接引语变间接引语专项练习题
将所给直接引语变为间接引语，每空一词：
1. “I never eat meat.” he said.
He said that ______ never ______ meat.
2. “I’ve found my wallet.” he said to me.
He ______ me that he ______ ______ ______ wallet.
3. “I took it home with me.” she said.
She said that ______ ______ _______ it home with her.
4. The teacher said, “The sun rises in the east and goes down in the west.”
The teacher said that the sun ______ in the east and ______ down in the west.
5. “I met her yesterday.” he said to me.
He ______ me that he ______ met the day ______.
6. “You must come here before five.” he said.
He said that I ______ to go ______ before five.
7. “I bought the house 10 years ago.” he said.
He said that he _______ bought the house 10 years _______.
8. “Did you see her last week?” he said.
He ______ ______ I had seen her the week _______.
9. He said, “You can sit here, Jim.”
He ______ Jim that he ______ sit there
10. He asked, “How did you find it, mother?”
He asked her mother ______ ______ ______ found it.
11. “Where have you been these days?” he asked.
He asked me _______ _______ _______been _______ days.
12. “Do you know where she lives?” he asked.
He asked ______ ______ knew where she ______.
13. “Stop making so much noise, children.” he said.
He ______ the children ______ ______ making so much noise.
14. “Don’t tell him the news.” she said.
She told me _______ ______ ______ him the news.
15. “Are you intested in this?” he said.
He ______ ______ I was interestd in ______.
改写句子（1）。
1．He said: “I’ve left my book in my room.”

2．She said: “He will be busy.”

3．She said to Tom, “Can you help me?”

4．She asked, “Is this book yours or his?”

5．The teacher asked, “how did you repair it?”

6．The teacher said to the students, “Don’t waste your time.”

7．The mother said, “Tom, get up early, please.”

8．The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”

9．My father said, “Practice makes perfect.”

10．The boy said to us, “ I usually get up at six every day.”

11．He said, “We are still students.’

12．He said to me, “I was born in 1978.

13．The engineer said, “I was at college in 1967.”

14．He said, “I have studied English since I was a boy.”

15．She said, “I read the book while I was waiting for a bus.

16．Mr. Green said to them, “Joe told me all about his story when he asked for a job.”

17．He said, “We insisted that she start immediately.18．She said, “He demanded that the girl leave at once.”

19．I said to him, “I have finished it.”

20．She said to us,“ I’ll come here tomorrow.”

21．“Where does your chemistry teacher live, Karen?” the young man asked.

22．“I have gained the first place in the mathematics competition,” the little boy said happily.
23．“Light travels faster than sound,” the physics teacher said to the boys and girls.

24．“Will you go to the concert with me this evening?” Mary asked me.

25．“What did you do here yesterday?” the old man asked my brother.

巩固练习：
1. Our teacher asked us _____ our dictionaries to school.
A. bring                       B. brought                   C. bring                    D. to bring
2. The teacher told the boy students ______ football on the grass.
A. not play                   B. not to play                 C. played              D. playing
3. ____ Tom didn’t go to school?
A. Do you know how   B. Why do you know  
  C. How you know why        D. Do you know why
4. She looks sad. Could you please tell me _____ that prevents her from being as happy as before?
A. what it is                 B. it is what                 C. how it is                  D. it is how
5. Betty asked her sister ____ to the railway station to see her off.
A. not to come             B. not to go                  C. to not come            D. to not go
6. The pupil asked his teacher _____ round the earth.
A. weather the moon goes                                B. that the moon went
C. whether the moon goes                                D. whether the moon went
7. Mr. Li ____ Wang Ling ____ a taxi to the airport.
A. asked; take          B. asked; taking          C. told; take         D. told; to take
8. She asked him ____.
A. whose dictionary this is                                B. whose dictionary that was
C. whose dictionary is this                                D. whose dictionary that is
9. Mary’s mother asked her _____.
A. that whether she had finished her homework
B. if she has finished her homework
C. if she had finished her homework                 
D. that if she had finished her homework
10. Do you know ____?
A. what is he doing                                          B. what he doing
C. what he is doing                                          D. what does he do now
11. I don’t know ____ to learn English.
A. when did he begin    B. when he began   
C. he when began    D. when he begins
12. He asked me ____.
A. how would the weather be like tomorrow     
B. what the weather would be like the next day
C. how the weather would be like tomorrow     
D. what would the weather be like the next day
13. You can’t imagine ____ when they received these nice Spring Festival presents.
A. how excited they were                                 B. how excited were they
C. how they were excited                                 D. they were how excited
14. She told me that she ____ by her relatives at the bus stop.
A. had been seen off     B. have seen off      
C. have been seen off     D. had seen off
15. Do you remember how many times ____ to Australia?
A. had you been         B. did you go      C. have you been        D. you have been
16. Can you guess ____?
A. what is that man       B. who that man is      
 C. whom that man is     D. who is that man
17. More and more students and teachers have began to know ____.
A. how important the foreign language are        
B. how the foreign language is important
C. how important the foreign language is    
D. how important is the foreign language
18. The hostess said that it ___ time that they ___ supper.
A. was; had                 B. was; had had            C. is; have             D. is; have had
19. The boss asked his secretary ____ he had finished typing the report ____.
A. if; or not         B. if; not       C. whether; or not      D. whether; not
20. I wonder how much _____.
A. does he spend on his car                              B. did he spend on his car
C. he spent on his car                                      D. he spent in his car.
改写句子（2）。
1."My mother took me to an exhibition yesterday."she said.

2."Wwe are going to study in Australia next month."they said.

3."I'm checking your homework now."his mother said.

4."Can you tell me how to get to the nearest restaurant?"the man asked the policeman

5."Is your son going to Shanghai today or tomorrow?"he asked.

6."Do you remember what your aunt told you last night?"Li ping's father asked him.

7."Where shall i get off to change to a No.3 bus?"he asked the conductor.
8."How many car factories have been built in your country?"he asked me.

9."What did Edison do to help the doctor operate on his mother ?"the teacher asked.

10." Go to the front at once!"the officer said to the soldiers.

将所给直接引语变为间接引语，每空一词(2).
1. “I am having supper,” he said.
He said that _______ _______ having supper.
2. “I’ve seen the film,” Gina said to me.
Gina _______ me that she _______ _______ the film.
3. “I went home with my sister,” she said.
She said that _______ _______ _______ home with her sister.
4. The teacher said, “The sun is bigger than the moon.”
The teacher said that the sun _______ bigger than the moon.
5. “I met her yesterday,” he said to me.
He told me that he _______ met her the day _______.
6. “You must come here before five,” he said.
He said that I _______ to go _______ before five.
7. “I bought the computer two weeks ago,” she said.
She said that she _______ bought the computer two weeks _______.
8. “Did you read the book last week?” he said.
He _______ _______ I had read the book the week _______.
9. He said, “You can sit here, Jim.”
He _______ Jim that he _______ sit there
10. He asked, “How did you find it, mother?”
He asked her mother _______ _______ _______ found it.
11. “Where have you been these days?” he asked.
He asked me _______ _______ _______ been _______ days.
12 “Do you know where she lives?” he asked.
He asked _______ _______ knew where she _______.
13. “Keep quiet, children.” he said.
He _______ the children _______ _______ quiet.
14. “Don’t look out of the window,” she said.
She told me _______ _______ _______ out of the window.
15. “Are you interested in this?” he said.
He _______ _______ I was interested in _______.

【参考答案】将所给直接引语变为间接引语，每空一词：
1. he, ate                                          2. told, had, found, his 
3. she, had, taken                              4. rise, goes 
5. told, had, before                            6. had, there 
7. had, before                                   8. asked, if [whether], before 
9. told, could                                    10. how, she, had 
11. where, I, had, those                     12. if [whether], I, lived  
13. told, to, stop                               14. not, to, tell 
15. asked, if [whether], that 
附答案：改写句子（1）。
1． He told me that he had left his book in his room.
2． She said that he would be busy.
3． She asked Tom if /whether he could help her.
4． She asked me whether that book was mine or his.
5． The teacher asked me how I had repaired it.
6． The teacher told the students not to waste their time.
7． The mother asked Tom to get up early.
8． The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
9． My father said practice makes perfect.
10． The boy told us he usually gets up at six every day.
11． He said they are still students.
12． He told me that he was born in 1978.
13． The engineer said he was at college in 1967.
14． He said he had studied English since he was a boy.
15． She said she had read the book while she was waiting for a bus.
16． Mr. Green told them Joe had told him all about his story when he asked for a job.
17． He said they (had) insisted that she start immediately.
18． She said he demanded that the girl leave at once.
19． I told him I had finished it.
20． She told us she would come here tomorrow
21． The young man asked Karen where her chemistry teacher lived.
22． The little boy said happily that he had gained the first place in the mathematics competition.

23． The physics teacher told the boys and girls that light travels faster than sound.
24． Mary asked me if / whether I would go to the concert with her that evening.
25． The old man asked my brother what he had done there the day before.
巩固练习答案：
1—5DBDAB;  6—10CDBCC；11—15BBAAD；16—20BCA