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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本幻灯片资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，如有不当之处，请参考专业资料。,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本幻灯片资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据，如有不当之处，请参考专业资料。,Christen,Christianity:,the Orthodox(Eastern)Church,(Istanbul),正教,(1054),Roman Catholicism,(,Catholic,)(Rome),公教,天主教,Martin Luther,1517,the Reformation:,Protestantism,(,Protestant,),新教,Henry VIII,early 16,th,century,the Church of England,Archbishop Canterbury,第1页,Roman Catholicism,Roman Catholic Church is the largest single Christian body,composed of those Christians who acknowledge the supreme authority of the bishop of Rome,the pope,in matters of faith.,The word,catholic,(Greek,katholikos,)means universal and has been used to designate the church since its earliest period,when it was the only Christian church.,Roman Catholics may be simply defined as Christians in communion with the Pope.Roman Catholicism holds that the Pope and the Bishops have in varying degrees the spiritual authority Christ assigned to his apostles.The voice is regarded as infallible when speaking on matters of faith and morals.,第2页,2,Protestantism,Protestantism began as a movement to reform the Western Christian church in the 16th century,resulting in the Protestant Reformation,which,severed the,reformed churches from the Roman Catholic church.,The declared aim of the original reformers was to restore the Christian faith as it had been at its beginning,while keeping what they thought valuable from the Roman Catholic tradition that had developed during the intervening centuries.,The Protestant movement actually preceded the 16th-century Reformation.Several dissident movements in the late medieval church anticipated the Reformation by protesting the pervasive corruption in the church and by criticizing fundamental Catholic teachings.,第3页,3,Protestantism is a special development within Christianity.It is distinct from Roman Catholicism in that it breaks from papal obedience.Protestantism is widely practiced in most northwestern European countries except,southern Germany,Ireland,France,and Belgium,.,Protestantism,第4页,4,Protestant Church,第5页,Catholic Church,第6页,Jesus Christ,第7页,Saint Maria,第8页,Catholics and protestants worship in many different ways however many people say they are both Christians.Both religions follow the Bible but they just believe in different things.,Catholics believe that the virgin Mary was a virgin all her life and the appearance of Jesus Christ was a complete miracle.Protestants deny Marys virginity as they believe there was nothing miraculous about the birth of Jesus.,第9页,Catholics are huge followers of the church and have a lot more beliefs than protestants.They have very long ceremonies and they treat their churches as well as they treat their homes.Catholics tend to follow the church as they think this is where divine authority comes from.The catholic churches are far more decorated than the protestant churches.,Protestants just follow their church as they believe it comes from the Bible and dont feel the need to hold long ceremonies.Their churches are a lot less decorated than catholic churches.,第10页,the sufficiency and authority of,Scripture,Protestants believe that the Bible alone is the sole source of Gods special revelation to mankind,and as such it teaches us all that is necessary for our salvation from sin.Protestants view the Bible as the standard by which all Christian behavior must be measured.This belief is commonly referred to as“Sola Scriptura”and is one of the“Five Solas”(sola being Latin for“alone”)that came out of the Protestant Reformation as summaries of some of the important differences between Catholics and Protestants.,Catholics on the other hand reject the doctrine of“Sola Scriptura”and do not believe that the Bible alone is sufficient.They believe that both the Bible and sacred Roman Catholic tradition are equally binding upon the Christian.Many Roman Catholics doctrines,such as purgatory,praying to the saints,worship or veneration of Mary,etc.have little or no basis at all in Scripture,but are based solely on Roman Catholic traditions.Essentially the Roman Catholic Churchs denial of“Sola Scriptura”and their insistence that both the Bible and their“Sacred Tradition”are equal in authority undermines the sufficiency,authority and completeness of the Bible.,第11页,over the office and authority of,the Pope,According to Catholicism the Pope is the“Vicar of Christ”(a vicar is a substitute),and takes the place of Jesus as the visible head of the Church.As such he has the ability to speak“ex cathedra”(with authority on matters of faith and practice),and when he does so his teachings are considered infallible and binding upon all Christians.,Protestants believe that no human being is infallible,and that Christ alone is the head of the church.,Catholics rely on apostolic succession as a way of trying to establishing the Popes authority.,But Protestants believe that the churchs authority does not come from apostolic succession,but instead is derived from the Word of God.Spiritual power and authority does not rest in the hands of a mere man,but in the very Word of God recorded in Scripture.,While Catholicism teaches that only the Catholic Church can properly and correctly interpret the Bible,Protestants believe that the Bible teaches that God sent the Holy Spirit to indwell all born again believers,enabling all believers to understand the message of the Bible.,第12页,how one is saved,Another of the“Five Solas”of the reformation was“Sola Fide”(faith alone),which affirms the biblical doctrine of justification by grace alone through faith alone because of Christ alone,according to Roman Catholicism,man cannot be saved by faith alone in Christ alone.They teach that the Christian must rely on faith plus“meritorious works”in order to be saved.Essential to the Roman Catholic doctrine of salvation are the Seven Sacraments,which are:baptism,confirmation,the Eucharist,Penance,anointing of the sick,Holy Orders,and matrimony.,Protestants believe that on the basis of faith in Christ alone,believers are justified by God as all their sins are paid for by Christ on the cross and His righteousness is imputed to them.,Catholics on the other hand believe that Christs righteousness is imparted to the believer by“grace through faith,”but in itself is not sufficient to justify the believer.The believer must“supplement”the righteousness of Christ imparted to him with meritorious works.,第13页,Catholics,have,seven,sacraments:,圣礼,baptism,holy communion,圣餐,first confession,marriage,holy orders,授予圣职,anointing of the sick,病人傅油礼,confirmation,坚信礼,Protestants,only have,two,sacraments,baptism,Eucharist,圣餐礼,第14页,14,1.Catholics kneel in church;,Protestants do not kneel because they have bad knees.,2.Catholics like to light as many candles as possible;,Protestants are a bit more conscious of fire-safety.,3.Catholics attend church every Sunday;,Protestants take off Sundays during the football season.,4.Catholic priests dress up in costumes;,Protestant ministers are more fashion-sensitive.,5.Catholics promote chastity before marriage;,Protestants promote the hush-hush policy on sex.,第15页,15,6.Catholics seek aid from the Saints;,Protestants are stuck with each other.,7.Catholics are artistic innovators;,Protestants are culinary experts.,8.Catholics receive Communion;,Protestants are on a diet.,9.Catholics laugh at themselves;,Protestants laugh at Catholics.,10.Catholics will go to heaven;,Protestants will go to Disney World.,第16页,16,Unit 7,Beauty,by Susan Sontag,第17页,17,Susan Sontag,1933-,One of Americas most influential intellectuals,internationally renowned for the passionate engagement and breadth of her,critical intelligence,and her ardent activism in,the cause of human rights,died in New York City on December 28,.,第18页,18,Susan Sontag,The author of 17 books translated into 32 languages,she has written novels,stories,essays,and plays;written and directed films;and worked as a theater director in the United States and Europe.,Honors,the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade,the Prince of Asturias Prize,the Jerusalem Prize,the National Book Award for,In America,(),the National Book Critics Circle Award for,On Photography,(1978),第19页,19,Susan Sontag,Susan Sontag is a powerful thinker,as smart as shes supposed to be,and a better writer,sentence for sentence,than anyone who now wears the tag“intellectual”.-,New York Observer,We wouldnt recognize our postwar intellectual history without Susan Sontag.-,Talk Magazine,第20页,20,Susan Sontag,苏珊,桑塔格（,Susan Sontag,1933,年,1,月,16,日,年,12,月,28,日）生卒于纽约，是美国著名作家和评论家，著名女权主义者，她被认为是近代西方最引人注目，最有争议性女作家及评论家。,她写作领域广泛，以其才华、敏锐洞察力和广博知识著称。著作主要有,反对阐释,（,Against Interpretation,），,激进意志格调,（,Styles of Radical Will,），,论摄影,（,On Photography,），,艾滋病及其隐喻,（,AIDS and Its Metaphors,）和小说,火山情人,（,The Volcano Lover,）。,年，她历史小说,在美国,取得了美国图书奖（,National Book Awards,）。她还是一位社会评论家和文学评论家，她对时代以及文化批评包含摄影、艺术、文学等，被誉为“美国公众良心”。另外，她也是一位反战人士，,1960,年代反对越南战争，也写文章批评过伊拉克战争。,第21页,21,Discussion,Who(a woman)do you think is truly beautiful?,Who(a man)do you think is truly handsome?,Why?,第22页,22,Beauty,List as many words as you can to describe what you think an ideal female/male should be like.,Do you think“being beautiful”is the most desirable quality in women?Are women concerned about their outward appearance only?,Why and how do women make themselves beautiful?Are there any criteria?,What social discrimination is implied in the old Chinese saying,男才女貌？,第23页,23,韩国小姐选美,20,佳丽全撞脸,第24页,24,What is beauty,美,善,美，甘也，从羊从大，羊在六畜主给膳也，羊大则美。,善，从羊从二言，表示众口夸赞意思，由膳食之美引申为美好之义。因为羊性情温和驯顺，所以“善”又有善良、慈善之义。,第25页,25,What is beauty,Living well and beautifully and justly are all one thing.,-Socrates,苏格拉底,(470?BC-399?,BC,Greek philosopher),第26页,26,What is beauty,The good is the beautiful.,-Plato,柏拉图,(428?BC-347?BC,Greek philosopher),第27页,27,What is beauty,I say:the beautiful is the symbol of the morally good.,-“Critique of Judgment”,Immanuel Kant,康德,(1724-1804,German philosopher),第28页,28,What is beauty,Beauty is truth,truth beauty,that is all,Ye know on earth,and all ye need to know.,-“Ode on a Grecian Urn”,John Keats,济慈,(1795-1821,British poet.),第29页,29,Today,第30页,30,Today,第31页,31,The Beauty Myth,美貌神话,by Naomi Wolf(1992),The pressure to be beautiful has become contemporary cultures most effective form of control over women.,Women flood the workforce,thereby posing an economic threat to men.Societys expectation that women cultivate personal beauty served as the latest weapon against women.,As women are compelled by the society to spend so much time,money,and emotional effort trying to be beautiful that they were left with no energy to compete economically.,第32页,32,Structure,I.(P1-3)the ancient and modern ideas of beauty,II.(P4-7)How women and men are treated differently:the oppression of women,III.(P8-9)the adverse effect of the gender stereotype on the development of women,IV.(P10)calling on women and society to get out of the trap,第33页,33,Part I,I.(P1-3)the ancient and modern ideas of beauty,P1 Greek definition of“beauty”,P2 modern concept of“beauty,P3 influences contributing to the degradation of the,word“beauty”,第34页,34,Part I,Degradation of the notion of“beauty”,Ancient Greece,Christianity,Modern days,overall excellence,physical and moral,outside and inside,male and female,superficial enchantment,physical,outside,male and female,female good looks only,female,physical,outside,第35页,35,Part I,virtue:(Latin word)valor,worth,moral perfection,lame,:unable to walk;(excuse,argument,remark)weak,poor,牵强、勉强、站不住脚,e.g,.(I didnt hand in the assignment)My lame excuse was that I had too much else to do.,(He didnt say“hello”to me the other day we met.)“I didnt recognize you,”he said lamely.,第36页,36,Part I,paradoxical:self-contradictory,puzzling,pedagogical:teaching,pedagogy,教学法，教育学,One of Socrates main pedagogical acts was to be ugly and teach how full of paradoxes life really was.,Socrates used the contrast between his inner strengths and outward ugliness to tell his nave and handsome followers that there were many such strong contrasts in the real world.,第37页,37,Part I,the trio of ancient Greek philosophers,Socrates,(469-399BC),Greek philosopher who initiated a question-and-answer method of teaching as a means of achieving self-knowledge,Socrates was tried for corrupting the minds of Athenian youth and subsequently put to death.,His theories of virtue and justice have survived through the writings of Plato,his most important pupil.,第38页,38,Part I,the trio of ancient Greek philosophers,Plato,(427-347BC),A follower of Socrates,He founded the Academy(386),where he taught and wrote for much of the rest of his life.,Plato presented his ideas in the form of dramatic dialogues,as in The Republic.,第39页,39,Part I,the trio of ancient Greek philosophers,Aristotle,(384-322 BC),A pupil of Plato,the tutor of Alexander the Great,and the author of works on logic,metaphysics,ethics,natural sciences,politics,and poetics,he profoundly influenced Western thought.,In his philosophical system theory follows empirical(,以观察或试验为依据,)observation and logic,based on the syllogism(,三段论法,),is the essential method of rational inquiry.,第40页,40,Part I,be wary of/about,:be cautious about possible danger or problem.,e.g.,People are understandably wary of the new government.,Having been taken in several times by street peddlers,he is now very wary of them.,Im very wary about believing these stories.,第41页,41,Part I,What does the sentence“We do not”mean?,How do you interpret“we are more wary of the enchantments of beauty”?,What point is the author trying to state here?,Now we do not believe that inside beauty and outside beauty can harmoniously coexist in one person as ancient Greeks held.,第42页,42,Part I,We not only split off is also intelligent,talented,good.,We not only separate the“inside”from the“outside”most easily,not believing that inside beauty(character,intellect)can coexist with outside beauty(looks)in one person,and are in fact shocked to meet one who is beautiful both inside and outside.,第43页,43,Part I,set adrift:to leave(someone or a boat)to float on the water without direction,(here)separate the word“beauty”from its original meaning,alienated:separated,疏离,arbitrary:,随意,superficial:,浅薄,第44页,44,Part I,lose prestige:lose significance,lose prominence,失去威信,(be,act,stand)on the defensive,:expecting or resisting conflict or attack,处于防御姿态，进行辩解,put sb.on the defensive,e.g.,He was on the defensive all the time I was criticizing him.,第45页,45,Part I,Associating beauty with women has put beauty even further on the defensive,morally.,Since beauty is used to refer to female superficial enchantment,it is more likely for people to feel doubtful about the moral adequacy of a physically beautiful woman.,第46页,46,Part II,II.(P4-7)How women and men are treated differently:the oppression of women,P4 “Beautiful”and“handsome”are not equivalents.,P5 social stereotypes for women and men,P6 conventional ideas concerning what women,should do or should be like,P7 conventional ideas concerning what men s
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