资源描述
Conversation 高频单词
1作业
extra credit assignment/project/homework / assignment sheet
presentation / thesis proposal 论文开题报告/essay /report / research / literature review读后感/ journal 学术杂志/ record / chart / info / senior researcher /
fair share/ deadline/ drain排水 / junk mail / positive feedback
2 课程
• required course/curriculum课程表/lecture/class/ compulsory course, requirement必修的
• optional/elective/selective/unrequired course选修课
• introduction, introductory, intro初级
• mid, medium level, intermediate中级
• advanced高级
• preliminary预备级
• seminar / graduation form/ academic record/ field experience实习 /heavy schedule/ course load课业负担重/ hammer courses on your own 锤炼
•
3 图书馆
• library/study room→ learning (resource) center / video library / inter-library loan service 馆际借阅服务
• reference section/ reference stack参考书库 / electronic sources电子资源/ entertainment section
• check out/ return/ fill out the form/a form to fill out / extended borrowing privileges 延长的借阅优先
•
4 论文
• Paper/ topic/ material /dissertation / a draft version/ first draft 第一稿
• bibliography 参考书目录/ citation 引用/ plagiarism 作弊
• display the abstract摘要 / summary总结/ narrow…down / access /electronic sources 电子资源
• published/ unpublished data / bulletin board 布告栏
•
5 考试
Exam/ mid-term exam /final exam / quiz /pop quiz /grade / score /pass /passing grade /failing grade /GPA / make up exam /cheat
语言标记
• Discourse Markers
• Introducing
• In my talk today
• My topic today is
• Today, we are going to discuss
• Today, I’ll go over
• The purpose of my talk today is
• Today we are going to look at
• Giving background Information
• It is clear
• It goes without saying
• It is understood
• As we know
• As we have all read
• Defining
• X can be defined as
• X is known as
• X is a type of
• X is actually
• Just what is meant by
• Listing
• First
• First and foremost
• Next
• Another
• To begin with
• Second
• The next point I’d like to cover
• finally
• Showing a connection
• Pertaining to in connection with
• Classifying
• There are X types/ categories/ varieties of
• X can be divided into
• Giving examples
• For example
• For instance
• X is a case in point
• Take X for instance
• Take X, for example
• The following are some common examples
• Let me give you some specific examples
• Emphasizing
• The crucial point
• I’d like to emphasize
• We should bear in mind that
• Fundamentally
• I want to stress
• Furthermore
• What’s more
• This goes to show that
• In effect
• Least we forget
• It is worth mentioning that
• It follows, then
• Clarifying
• In other words
• That is to say
• Basically
• If we put it another way
• i.e.
• What I mean to say is
• Let me put it anther way
• Parenthetically speaking Shifting subtopics
• Now
• All right
• OK
• Let’s now look at it
• Now, I’d like to turn to
• The next point I’d like to focus on
• Moving on
• All that aside
• In this respect
• Giving further information
• In addition
• Furthermore
• Another point
• Moreover
• Not only…but also
• Also
• On top of that
• As well
• Giving contrast information
• Although
• However
• On the other hand
• Whereas
• Despite
• nevertheless
• Giving an opinion
• As far as I’m concerned
• In my opinion
• If it were up to me
• According to
• If you ask me
• In my mind
• Setting parameters
• In terms of in the scope of
• Digressing
• By the way
• Before I forget
• Incidentally
• Concluding
• We’ve seen that
• In conclusion, I’d like to
• In short
• To sum up
• Let me end by saying
• Any question?
• All in all
• Commonly Used Expression
• A point of contention
• After all is said and done
• All the more
• And so on
• A cross purpose
• At the onset
• Back and forth
• Foot the bill
• Get a grasp of
• Get the ball rolling
• Subject of disagreement
• After all debate is finished
• Even more
• Etcetera
• In contradiction to each other’s intent
• At the beginning
• Going and returning
• Pay all
• To understand
• start
• Give rise to
• Hardly the case
• In a fix
• In a nutshell
• Instead of
• It’s all or nothing
• It’s all very well and good
• Miss the point
• No matter
• On the condition
• Owing to
• Part and parcel of
• Cause
• Not the situation at all
• In a bad or difficult situation
• Here is the basic point
• Rather than
• Completely or not at all
• There is nothing wrong with
• Not understand
• It really isn’t important
• If/ depending on
• Due to
• A necessary and important element
• Poke holes in
• Practically speaking
• Slowly but surely
• Stem from
• Supposing that
• That isn’t to say
• The upshot of
• Turning point
• When it comes down to it
• With the aim of
• Without regard to
• Wrap up
• Under no circumstances
• Find something wrong with
• Talking common sense
• Done carefully over time
• Come from
• What if
• It doesn’t mean
• The consequence or result
• An important point of change in direction or meaning
• The truth is
• Having the goal of
• Ignoring
• Finish
not for any reason
Idioms
Castles in the sky/ air 空中楼阁
As clear as a bell 非常清楚
Come to terms 清楚误会
Shed crocodile tears 假慈悲
Cut corners 走捷径
Do’s and don’t’s 行为规范
Face the music 面对现实
First things first 先说重要的
Forgive and forget 握手言和
Get the ball rolling 使蓬勃发展
A knockout 引人注目
A rainy day 不如意的日子
All thumbs 笨手笨脚的 一窍不通的
Ants in one’s pants (skirts) 坐立不安
At one’s finger’s tips 了如指掌
Backseat driver 指手画脚的人
Blow one’s top 怒发冲冠
Break the ice 打破僵局、沉默
Bring down the house 掌声雷动的
Buy your story 相信你的话
Call it a day 今天到此为止
Daylight robbery 价钱贵的离谱
Dirty dog 卑鄙小人
Flat tire 没精打采
From A to Z 从头到尾
God knows 天晓得
Gone with the wind 随风而逝
Good for nothing 毫无用处的
Happy go luck 乐天派
Have a big mouth 话多的人
Have it both ways 权衡两方面
Have time off 休假
Hit of the show 表演中最精彩的一幕
Hit the high spots 达到高水准
Hold one’s tongue 保持沉默
In hot water 遇到麻烦
In the hole 遇到经济困难
In the long run 从长远看
In the soap 遇到麻烦
Keep punching 继续努力
Kick off 开始干某事
Kill two birds with one stone 一石二鸟
Knock it off 别再讲下去了
Let nature take its course 顺其自然
Like a cat on hot bricks 热锅上的蚂蚁
Like a turtle in its back 对事情束手无策
Lousy cliché 陈词滥调
Master key 万能钥匙 关键
No sweat 没问题 不用冒汗
No money, no honey 没钱就没爱情
Odds and ends 零碎的工作
Off color 身体不爽
On pins and needles 如坐针毡的
Once in a blue moon 机会难得的 绝无仅有
Pain in the neck 极讨厌的人或物
Pipe course 容易的课程或工作
Pull a long face 拉长脸不悦
Put sb.in the ring 和某人赛一场
Rain or shine 不论晴雨
Row in one boat 从事相同事业 相同命运
Royal road 容易取得成功的捷径
Run of the town 轰动一时的人
Salt of the earth/ world 社会中坚
Second sight 超人的预见力
Side money 外快
Slowly but surely 稳扎稳打
Speak the same language 志同道合
Spill the beans 露马脚
Stand on one’s own feet 独立自主
Stay out of other people’s business 置身事外
Step on one’s toes 触怒某人
Sugar report 情书
Sunday dress 最好的衣服
Take it or leave it 别讨价还价
Take things as they come 既来之则安之
Talk big 讲大话
Talk of the town 非常流行的东西
Talk through one’s nose 骄傲自大
Tall story 难以置信的故事
Be the spirit 真有道理
Throw cold water on 泼冷水
Turn the tables 翻盘 扭转局势
Under the sun 世界任何地方
Walking dictionary 知识渊博的人
Welcome to the party 现在你总算懂了
What’s the catch? 你这是什么意思
When in Rome do as the Romans do入乡随俗
White lie 善意的谎言
With open arms 热烈欢迎
Without fail 一定
Got me there 难住我了
Stick with sb 紧跟着某人
Take a rain check 改天吧
Lost count 弄不清楚
Be in another world 精神恍惚
Save your breath 别白费口舌了
Make sense 有意义 理解
Burn a hole in one’s pocket 很快花光
File one’s shoes 很好的顶替
Is ice cold 理所当然的
Look for a needle in a hay stack 大海捞针
Meet each other half way 相互妥协 让步
On the dot 准时 正点
Once and for all 最后一次 干脆
Play by ear 随机应变
Ring a bell 令人想起某事 听起来耳熟
Share a common outlook 有共同观点
Six of one and half-a-dozen of the other半斤八两
Stick around 在附近逗留或等待
Stick with 继续做 坚持
Straighten out 扯平 结清
Turn one’s back 别人困难时不愿帮助
Under the weather 身体不适 生病
Bite off more than one can chew 不自量力
Break new ground 创新
Do the trick 做成功 达到理想效果
Draw the line 拒绝 拒不容忍
Feel down in the dumps 心情不好 情绪低落
Keep between the two of us 保密
Know a thing or two about 略知一二
Leave no stone unturned 不遗余力
On cloud nine 非常幸福
On the tip of one’s tongue 就在嘴边
Reach the bottom of the barrel 弹尽粮绝
Up in the air 尚未决定 悬而未决
Wear and tear 磨损 消耗
With flying colors 大获全胜
Get off on the wrong foot 开始就不顺利
Get on someone’s nerves 使人不安
Give someone a break 不要去管 饶了某人
Head and shoulders above 某方面强于某人
In the red 赤字
In the dark 一无所知
A breath of fresh air
Be all ears 洗耳恭听
Be all eyes 目不转睛
Sell like hot cakes 畅销
Get butterflies in one’s stomach 紧张不安
Two thumbs up 双手赞成
Pull one’s leg 开某人玩笑
Break one’s back 辛勤工作
Twenty-four seven 永远 一直
Bucket down 瓢泼大雨
Backroom boys 幕后英雄
Beyond compare 绝佳的 最棒的
Break even 不赔不赚
By the book 照章办事
Cast a cloud over 泼冷水 蒙上阴影
Put oneself together 加把劲
Suit me fine 太适合我了
Time will tell 时间会证明一切
Same old story 又是那一套
Boys will be boys 本性难移
Be Greek to sb. 某人完全不懂
Couch potato 整天呆在沙发上看电视
Wait on hand and foot 招待的无微不至
Waste one’s breath 白费口舌
Weigh one’s word 斟字酌句
Wheels within wheels 错综复杂之理由
Win a name 出名
Wishful thinking 如意算盘
Ups and downs 有喜有悲
Under one’s breath 轻声细语
Under one’s thumb 在某人支配下
Turn the clock back 时光倒转
Turn a deaf ear 不加理睬
That’s that 就此而已
Shoulder to shoulder 齐心协力
See the world 见多识广
Second to none 最佳的
Second thoughts 从新考虑
Read between the lines 明白言外之意
Over and down with到此结束
Grain ground 有进展
Break a leg 大获全胜
火山(volcano)
1、分类 周期 eruption cycle:active volcano / extinct(ive) volcano/ dormant volcano
强度 eruption intensity: shield volcano 盾状火山 周期短,强度小/composite volcano 复式火山 周期长,强度大
2、灾害
earthquake 地震 landslide 滑坡 mudslide 泥石流 avalanche 雪崩(e.g. Cascade Mountain 终年低温,常年积雪) kill creatures ash steam/ash cloud/volcanic ash→pollution
山 形成方式 plates crushing/collision
tectonic plate
volcanic activity/Ring of Fire
年龄以及分布 地理位置记字头
Alps, Rockies, Andes, Cascades, St. Helens, Appalachians
湖
咸淡对比 表格
Freshwater lake=Sweetwater lake 淡水湖
Saltwater lake 咸水湖
E.g. Great Lakes (Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, Ontario) Great Salt Lake
对比:
1、地理位置 2、density 密度 3、contraction 盐度 4、为什么咸水湖咸,什么导致的,以前也这么咸么? Saltwater lake→evolution 5、evaporation/no outlet 6、ecology (wetland)
7、climate 8、environment
海(ocean) oceanic current 洋流
(ocean) volcanic island erode侵蚀 lagoon泻湖 coral reef/atoll 珊瑚礁/环礁
矿(石、洞)
Chemical elements 元素
oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, silicon, iron, calcium, sodium, carbon, potassium
magnesium, oxide, titanium, methane, monoxide, dioxide, trioxide, peroxide,
sulfur, amino, choleric, aluminum
rock igneous rock 火山岩,岩浆岩 成因:lava/magma→cool down
sedimentary rock 沉积岩,水成岩 成因:eroded by water/ocean
metamorphic rock 变质岩 成因:heat + tension
cave solution cave 酸溶洞 formed by mild/weak acid
lava cave 熔岩洞during/after volcanic eruption
sea cave 海蚀洞eroded by sea water
冰川(glacier)
1、structure 构造特点
ice sheet/layer 冰层 ice cap 冰盖 ice bottom 冰底
2、formation 形成
formation condition 形成条件
①precipitate/rainfall/rain 下雨
②turn in to ice accumulated
③conserved ice/ice fern 积雪=cumulative snow
3、movement 运动
①velocity 运动速度
comparison XX和XX比较
②location 在哪运动(ocean)
③regular 规律
4、process 形成过程 表格题
5、climate/environment/ecology
地球构造
crust 地壳 mantle 地幔 core地核
↓ ↓
tectonic plate 板块 magma 岩浆(高温)
1、the definition
2、example 记住主题,位置,目的
3、expert
4、the relation——continental drift 大陆漂移
5、process 考表格 板块collision→ridge seduction zone——magna circle
地质学(geology)是托福听力考试中的常见话题,是关于地球的物质组成、内部构造、外部特征、各层圈之间的相互作用和演变历史的知识体系,是研究地球本身的学科。需要与之区分的是地理学(geography),是一门描述地球表面的科学。地理学描述和分析发生在地球表面上的自然、生物和人文现象的空间变化,探讨它们之间的相互关系及其重要的区域类型。
地球的内部结构是一个同心状圈层构造,由地心至地表依次分化为地核(core)、地幔(mantle)、地壳(crust)。地球地核、地幔和地壳的分界面,主要依据地震波(seismic/earthquake wave)传播速度的急剧变化推测确定。如果把地球内部结构做个形象的比喻,它就像一个鸡蛋,地核就相当于蛋黄,地幔就相当于蛋白,地壳就相当于蛋壳。从地球的外部结构来看,则可以分成大气圈(atmosphere)、水圈(hydrosphere)、生物圈(biosphere)和岩石圈(lithosphere),岩石圈包括地壳和地幔上部。地球上有七大洲和五大洋,分别是亚洲(Asia),欧洲(Europe),北美洲(North America),南美洲(South America),非洲(Africa),大洋洲(Oceania)和南极洲(Antarctica);太平洋(Pacific Ocean),大西洋(Atlantic Ocean),印度洋(Indian Ocean),北冰洋(Arctic Ocean)和南冰洋(Antarctic Ocean)。
大陆漂移学说(Continental Drift) 大陆漂移学说是有关于地球大陆之间关系的一种假说(hypothesis)。早在1596年,亚伯拉罕·奥特柳思(Abraham Ortelius)首次提出了这个观点,而对于这个观点我们比较熟悉的则是阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳(Alfred Wegener),他于1912年相对完整地提出了这套假说。到了二十世纪六十年代,随着板块构造学说(Plate Tectonics)的发展,大陆漂移学说得到了更多的支持。
如果仔细观察一下世界地图,我们会发现非洲和南美洲的海岸线似乎能像拼图一样吻合在一起,早期的科学家们正是发现了这一点,才最终提出了大陆漂移学说。魏格纳提出在中生代(Mesozoic)地球表面存在一个泛大陆(Pangea),这个超级大陆经过了分裂和两亿多年的漂移形成了现在的海洋和陆地。
除了非洲和南美洲海岸线的“锯齿状吻合”,还有很多其他的证据能支持大陆漂移这个观点。魏格纳在研究古代气候的时候发现,各个大陆上存在某一个地质时期形成岩石类型出现在现代条件下不该出现的地区。例如,在南极洲地区出现古珊瑚礁(coral reef)和热带植物(tropical plants)化石(fossil);在赤道(equator)地区发现有古代冰层。魏格纳还认为,大陆漂移对现代由海洋分隔的各大陆上动物和植物的显著相似性提供了最好的解释。例如中龙(mesosaurus)这种淡水爬行类动物(reptile),在南美和非洲都能找到;存在于南极洲三叠纪(Triassic period)有许多陆生爬行动物的化石在其他大陆同样存在。
板块构造学(Plate Tectonics)
板块构造学说以大陆漂移学说为基础,主要描述了地球岩石圈(lithosphere)的大范围运动。在二十世纪五十年代末六十年代初,海底扩张学说(Seafloor Spreading)发展起来了,大陆漂移学说也因此变得更为可信。1968年法国地质学家勒皮雄和麦肯锡、摩根等人提出了板块构造学说,作为一种新的大陆漂移学说,它是海底扩张说的具体延伸。所谓板块,指的是岩石圈板块,包括了地壳和软流层(asthenosphere)以上的地幔顶部。板块构造学说认为,不论大洋壳(oceanic crust)还是大陆壳(continental crust)都曾发生并且还在继续发生大规模水平运动,岩石圈板块在整个地幔软流层上像传送带般移动着。
1968年勒皮雄将地球的板块分为太平洋板块(Pacific Ocean tectonic plate)、亚欧板块(Eurasian tectonic plate)、非洲板块(African tectonic plate)、美洲板块(American tectonic plate)、印度洋板块(Indian Ocean tectonic plate)(包括澳洲)和南极洲板块(Antarctica tectonic plate)这六大板块,以及一些其他的小板块。这些板块在运动中相互影响,板块交界的地方即板块边界(plate boundaries)可以根据板块边缘的构造、活动性和板块内部整体性分为三种类型:离散型(divergent boundaries)、聚敛型(convergent/collisional boundaries)和剪切型(conservative transform boundaries)。板块边界是地壳上极不稳定的地带,几乎所有的地震(earthquake)都分布在此,火山(volcano)也大多数在边界附近,山脉的形成(mountain building)和海沟(oceanic trench)的出现也都沿着边界进行。
生命科学:动物
1、amphibian 两栖动物
e.g. frog, toad, salamander(蝾螈/娃娃鱼), crocodile, alligator(短吻鳄)
①transformation growth 变态发育 e.g. frog larva→adult
②breath gill→lung
③cold-blooded/vertebrate 冷血动物/脊椎动物
2、mouse
①fearful genetic 恐惧基因 experiment
②African grass mouse 非洲草鼠 来自African,吃grass,habitat 栖息地,black/dark skin是由于shine,adaption:diet, habitat
3、fly
①compound eyes 复眼 ommatidium 晶体小眼儿
structure构造:成千上万的晶体小眼儿构成复眼,并且附着在复眼上
②eyesight 时好时坏 弱点:一定视觉范围内,对于静态事物高度近视,动态事物高度敏感
③optical sense 光敏:复眼只能分辨单一物体,不能分辨组合图形和立体事物
4、butterfly
pollination 传粉 nectar 花粉
是pollinator传粉者。产生比较comparison,不同动物传粉方式不同→different flowers/objects
e.g. Monarch butterfly 黑脉金班蝶(endangered pollinator)
有个性:
1、美洲体积较大的一种蝴蝶,喜欢沿笔直物体飞行,擅长长距离飞行→撞死(高速公路)
2、caterpillar吃毛毛虫(生活在美洲的,身体color, horizontal-strip的毛毛虫)→饿死
3、传粉效率惊人的高(只盯着一朵花采,直到采死为止)→被农民用pesticide毒死
4、复眼,自我防御系统
5、bird
①bird migration(详见加试)
②eagle:falcon猎鹰(peregrine falcon游隼,外带猎鹰)
特点:❶猎鹰是TOFEL中飞的最快的鸟
❷predator驱鸟性(放在机场中使用)过去用过pesticide杀虫剂(毒死鸟)
destroy the eco-system, disrupt the food chain——不好
使用猎鹰是bio-solution, environmental friendly环保驱鸟法
❸易训性
6、bat
pollinator: long-nose bat
echolocation回声定位系统
mammal——auricle外耳
birds——auditory canal听管
考察comparison不同动物的对应关系
7、defense system
①e.g
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