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Conversation 高频单词 1作业 extra credit assignment/project/homework / assignment sheet presentation / thesis proposal 论文开题报告/essay /report / research / literature review读后感/ journal 学术杂志/ record / chart / info / senior researcher / fair share/ deadline/ drain排水 / junk mail / positive feedback 2 课程 • required course/curriculum课程表/lecture/class/ compulsory course, requirement必修的 • optional/elective/selective/unrequired course选修课 • introduction, introductory, intro初级 • mid, medium level, intermediate中级 • advanced高级 • preliminary预备级 • seminar / graduation form/ academic record/ field experience实习 /heavy schedule/ course load课业负担重/ hammer courses on your own 锤炼 • 3 图书馆 • library/study room→ learning (resource) center / video library / inter-library loan service 馆际借阅服务 • reference section/ reference stack参考书库 / electronic sources电子资源/ entertainment section • check out/ return/ fill out the form/a form to fill out / extended borrowing privileges 延长的借阅优先 • 4 论文 • Paper/ topic/ material /dissertation / a draft version/ first draft 第一稿 • bibliography 参考书目录/ citation 引用/ plagiarism 作弊 • display the abstract摘要 / summary总结/ narrow…down / access /electronic sources 电子资源 • published/ unpublished data / bulletin board 布告栏 • 5 考试 Exam/ mid-term exam /final exam / quiz /pop quiz /grade / score /pass /passing grade /failing grade /GPA / make up exam /cheat 语言标记 • Discourse Markers • Introducing • In my talk today • My topic today is • Today, we are going to discuss • Today, I’ll go over • The purpose of my talk today is • Today we are going to look at • Giving background Information • It is clear • It goes without saying • It is understood • As we know • As we have all read • Defining • X can be defined as • X is known as • X is a type of • X is actually • Just what is meant by • Listing • First • First and foremost • Next • Another • To begin with • Second • The next point I’d like to cover • finally • Showing a connection • Pertaining to in connection with • Classifying • There are X types/ categories/ varieties of • X can be divided into • Giving examples • For example • For instance • X is a case in point • Take X for instance • Take X, for example • The following are some common examples • Let me give you some specific examples • Emphasizing • The crucial point • I’d like to emphasize • We should bear in mind that • Fundamentally • I want to stress • Furthermore • What’s more • This goes to show that • In effect • Least we forget • It is worth mentioning that • It follows, then • Clarifying • In other words • That is to say • Basically • If we put it another way • i.e. • What I mean to say is • Let me put it anther way • Parenthetically speaking Shifting subtopics • Now • All right • OK • Let’s now look at it • Now, I’d like to turn to • The next point I’d like to focus on • Moving on • All that aside • In this respect • Giving further information • In addition • Furthermore • Another point • Moreover • Not only…but also • Also • On top of that • As well • Giving contrast information • Although • However • On the other hand • Whereas • Despite • nevertheless • Giving an opinion • As far as I’m concerned • In my opinion • If it were up to me • According to • If you ask me • In my mind • Setting parameters • In terms of in the scope of • Digressing • By the way • Before I forget • Incidentally • Concluding • We’ve seen that • In conclusion, I’d like to • In short • To sum up • Let me end by saying • Any question? • All in all • Commonly Used Expression • A point of contention • After all is said and done • All the more • And so on • A cross purpose • At the onset • Back and forth • Foot the bill • Get a grasp of • Get the ball rolling • Subject of disagreement • After all debate is finished • Even more • Etcetera • In contradiction to each other’s intent • At the beginning • Going and returning • Pay all • To understand • start • Give rise to • Hardly the case • In a fix • In a nutshell • Instead of • It’s all or nothing • It’s all very well and good • Miss the point • No matter • On the condition • Owing to • Part and parcel of • Cause • Not the situation at all • In a bad or difficult situation • Here is the basic point • Rather than • Completely or not at all • There is nothing wrong with • Not understand • It really isn’t important • If/ depending on • Due to • A necessary and important element • Poke holes in • Practically speaking • Slowly but surely • Stem from • Supposing that • That isn’t to say • The upshot of • Turning point • When it comes down to it • With the aim of • Without regard to • Wrap up • Under no circumstances • Find something wrong with • Talking common sense • Done carefully over time • Come from • What if • It doesn’t mean • The consequence or result • An important point of change in direction or meaning • The truth is • Having the goal of • Ignoring • Finish not for any reason Idioms Castles in the sky/ air 空中楼阁 As clear as a bell 非常清楚 Come to terms 清楚误会 Shed crocodile tears 假慈悲 Cut corners 走捷径 Do’s and don’t’s 行为规范 Face the music 面对现实 First things first 先说重要的 Forgive and forget 握手言和 Get the ball rolling 使蓬勃发展 A knockout 引人注目 A rainy day 不如意的日子 All thumbs 笨手笨脚的 一窍不通的 Ants in one’s pants (skirts) 坐立不安 At one’s finger’s tips 了如指掌 Backseat driver 指手画脚的人 Blow one’s top 怒发冲冠 Break the ice 打破僵局、沉默 Bring down the house 掌声雷动的 Buy your story 相信你的话 Call it a day 今天到此为止 Daylight robbery 价钱贵的离谱 Dirty dog 卑鄙小人 Flat tire 没精打采 From A to Z 从头到尾 God knows 天晓得 Gone with the wind 随风而逝 Good for nothing 毫无用处的 Happy go luck 乐天派 Have a big mouth 话多的人 Have it both ways 权衡两方面 Have time off 休假 Hit of the show 表演中最精彩的一幕 Hit the high spots 达到高水准 Hold one’s tongue 保持沉默 In hot water 遇到麻烦 In the hole 遇到经济困难 In the long run 从长远看 In the soap 遇到麻烦 Keep punching 继续努力 Kick off 开始干某事 Kill two birds with one stone 一石二鸟 Knock it off 别再讲下去了 Let nature take its course 顺其自然 Like a cat on hot bricks 热锅上的蚂蚁 Like a turtle in its back 对事情束手无策 Lousy cliché 陈词滥调 Master key 万能钥匙 关键 No sweat 没问题 不用冒汗 No money, no honey 没钱就没爱情 Odds and ends 零碎的工作 Off color 身体不爽 On pins and needles 如坐针毡的 Once in a blue moon 机会难得的 绝无仅有 Pain in the neck 极讨厌的人或物 Pipe course 容易的课程或工作 Pull a long face 拉长脸不悦 Put sb.in the ring 和某人赛一场 Rain or shine 不论晴雨 Row in one boat 从事相同事业 相同命运 Royal road 容易取得成功的捷径 Run of the town 轰动一时的人 Salt of the earth/ world 社会中坚 Second sight 超人的预见力 Side money 外快 Slowly but surely 稳扎稳打 Speak the same language 志同道合 Spill the beans 露马脚 Stand on one’s own feet 独立自主 Stay out of other people’s business 置身事外 Step on one’s toes 触怒某人 Sugar report 情书 Sunday dress 最好的衣服 Take it or leave it 别讨价还价 Take things as they come 既来之则安之 Talk big 讲大话 Talk of the town 非常流行的东西 Talk through one’s nose 骄傲自大 Tall story 难以置信的故事 Be the spirit 真有道理 Throw cold water on 泼冷水 Turn the tables 翻盘 扭转局势 Under the sun 世界任何地方 Walking dictionary 知识渊博的人 Welcome to the party 现在你总算懂了 What’s the catch? 你这是什么意思 When in Rome do as the Romans do入乡随俗 White lie 善意的谎言 With open arms 热烈欢迎 Without fail 一定 Got me there 难住我了 Stick with sb 紧跟着某人 Take a rain check 改天吧 Lost count 弄不清楚 Be in another world 精神恍惚 Save your breath 别白费口舌了 Make sense 有意义 理解 Burn a hole in one’s pocket 很快花光 File one’s shoes 很好的顶替 Is ice cold 理所当然的 Look for a needle in a hay stack 大海捞针 Meet each other half way 相互妥协 让步 On the dot 准时 正点 Once and for all 最后一次 干脆 Play by ear 随机应变 Ring a bell 令人想起某事 听起来耳熟 Share a common outlook 有共同观点 Six of one and half-a-dozen of the other半斤八两 Stick around 在附近逗留或等待 Stick with 继续做 坚持 Straighten out 扯平 结清 Turn one’s back 别人困难时不愿帮助 Under the weather 身体不适 生病 Bite off more than one can chew 不自量力 Break new ground 创新 Do the trick 做成功 达到理想效果 Draw the line 拒绝 拒不容忍 Feel down in the dumps 心情不好 情绪低落 Keep between the two of us 保密 Know a thing or two about 略知一二 Leave no stone unturned 不遗余力 On cloud nine 非常幸福 On the tip of one’s tongue 就在嘴边 Reach the bottom of the barrel 弹尽粮绝 Up in the air 尚未决定 悬而未决 Wear and tear 磨损 消耗 With flying colors 大获全胜 Get off on the wrong foot 开始就不顺利 Get on someone’s nerves 使人不安 Give someone a break 不要去管 饶了某人 Head and shoulders above 某方面强于某人 In the red 赤字 In the dark 一无所知 A breath of fresh air Be all ears 洗耳恭听 Be all eyes 目不转睛 Sell like hot cakes 畅销 Get butterflies in one’s stomach 紧张不安 Two thumbs up 双手赞成 Pull one’s leg 开某人玩笑 Break one’s back 辛勤工作 Twenty-four seven 永远 一直 Bucket down 瓢泼大雨 Backroom boys 幕后英雄 Beyond compare 绝佳的 最棒的 Break even 不赔不赚 By the book 照章办事 Cast a cloud over 泼冷水 蒙上阴影 Put oneself together 加把劲 Suit me fine 太适合我了 Time will tell 时间会证明一切 Same old story 又是那一套 Boys will be boys 本性难移 Be Greek to sb. 某人完全不懂 Couch potato 整天呆在沙发上看电视 Wait on hand and foot 招待的无微不至 Waste one’s breath 白费口舌 Weigh one’s word 斟字酌句 Wheels within wheels 错综复杂之理由 Win a name 出名 Wishful thinking 如意算盘 Ups and downs 有喜有悲 Under one’s breath 轻声细语 Under one’s thumb 在某人支配下 Turn the clock back 时光倒转 Turn a deaf ear 不加理睬 That’s that 就此而已 Shoulder to shoulder 齐心协力 See the world 见多识广 Second to none 最佳的 Second thoughts 从新考虑 Read between the lines 明白言外之意 Over and down with到此结束 Grain ground 有进展 Break a leg 大获全胜 火山(volcano) 1、分类 周期 eruption cycle:active volcano / extinct(ive) volcano/ dormant volcano 强度 eruption intensity: shield volcano 盾状火山 周期短,强度小/composite volcano 复式火山 周期长,强度大 2、灾害 earthquake 地震 landslide 滑坡 mudslide 泥石流 avalanche 雪崩(e.g. Cascade Mountain 终年低温,常年积雪) kill creatures ash steam/ash cloud/volcanic ash→pollution 山 形成方式 plates crushing/collision tectonic plate volcanic activity/Ring of Fire 年龄以及分布 地理位置记字头 Alps, Rockies, Andes, Cascades, St. Helens, Appalachians 湖 咸淡对比 表格 Freshwater lake=Sweetwater lake 淡水湖 Saltwater lake 咸水湖 E.g. Great Lakes (Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, Ontario) Great Salt Lake 对比: 1、地理位置 2、density 密度 3、contraction 盐度 4、为什么咸水湖咸,什么导致的,以前也这么咸么? Saltwater lake→evolution 5、evaporation/no outlet 6、ecology (wetland) 7、climate 8、environment 海(ocean) oceanic current 洋流 (ocean) volcanic island erode侵蚀 lagoon泻湖 coral reef/atoll 珊瑚礁/环礁 矿(石、洞) Chemical elements 元素 oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, silicon, iron, calcium, sodium, carbon, potassium magnesium, oxide, titanium, methane, monoxide, dioxide, trioxide, peroxide, sulfur, amino, choleric, aluminum rock igneous rock 火山岩,岩浆岩 成因:lava/magma→cool down sedimentary rock 沉积岩,水成岩 成因:eroded by water/ocean metamorphic rock 变质岩 成因:heat + tension cave solution cave 酸溶洞 formed by mild/weak acid lava cave 熔岩洞during/after volcanic eruption sea cave 海蚀洞eroded by sea water 冰川(glacier) 1、structure 构造特点 ice sheet/layer 冰层 ice cap 冰盖 ice bottom 冰底 2、formation 形成 formation condition 形成条件 ①precipitate/rainfall/rain 下雨 ②turn in to ice accumulated ③conserved ice/ice fern 积雪=cumulative snow 3、movement 运动 ①velocity 运动速度 comparison XX和XX比较 ②location 在哪运动(ocean) ③regular 规律 4、process 形成过程 表格题 5、climate/environment/ecology 地球构造 crust 地壳 mantle 地幔 core地核 ↓ ↓ tectonic plate 板块 magma 岩浆(高温) 1、the definition 2、example 记住主题,位置,目的 3、expert 4、the relation——continental drift 大陆漂移 5、process 考表格 板块collision→ridge seduction zone——magna circle 地质学(geology)是托福听力考试中的常见话题,是关于地球的物质组成、内部构造、外部特征、各层圈之间的相互作用和演变历史的知识体系,是研究地球本身的学科。需要与之区分的是地理学(geography),是一门描述地球表面的科学。地理学描述和分析发生在地球表面上的自然、生物和人文现象的空间变化,探讨它们之间的相互关系及其重要的区域类型。 地球的内部结构是一个同心状圈层构造,由地心至地表依次分化为地核(core)、地幔(mantle)、地壳(crust)。地球地核、地幔和地壳的分界面,主要依据地震波(seismic/earthquake wave)传播速度的急剧变化推测确定。如果把地球内部结构做个形象的比喻,它就像一个鸡蛋,地核就相当于蛋黄,地幔就相当于蛋白,地壳就相当于蛋壳。从地球的外部结构来看,则可以分成大气圈(atmosphere)、水圈(hydrosphere)、生物圈(biosphere)和岩石圈(lithosphere),岩石圈包括地壳和地幔上部。地球上有七大洲和五大洋,分别是亚洲(Asia),欧洲(Europe),北美洲(North America),南美洲(South America),非洲(Africa),大洋洲(Oceania)和南极洲(Antarctica);太平洋(Pacific Ocean),大西洋(Atlantic Ocean),印度洋(Indian Ocean),北冰洋(Arctic Ocean)和南冰洋(Antarctic Ocean)。 大陆漂移学说(Continental Drift) 大陆漂移学说是有关于地球大陆之间关系的一种假说(hypothesis)。早在1596年,亚伯拉罕·奥特柳思(Abraham Ortelius)首次提出了这个观点,而对于这个观点我们比较熟悉的则是阿尔弗雷德·魏格纳(Alfred Wegener),他于1912年相对完整地提出了这套假说。到了二十世纪六十年代,随着板块构造学说(Plate Tectonics)的发展,大陆漂移学说得到了更多的支持。 如果仔细观察一下世界地图,我们会发现非洲和南美洲的海岸线似乎能像拼图一样吻合在一起,早期的科学家们正是发现了这一点,才最终提出了大陆漂移学说。魏格纳提出在中生代(Mesozoic)地球表面存在一个泛大陆(Pangea),这个超级大陆经过了分裂和两亿多年的漂移形成了现在的海洋和陆地。 除了非洲和南美洲海岸线的“锯齿状吻合”,还有很多其他的证据能支持大陆漂移这个观点。魏格纳在研究古代气候的时候发现,各个大陆上存在某一个地质时期形成岩石类型出现在现代条件下不该出现的地区。例如,在南极洲地区出现古珊瑚礁(coral reef)和热带植物(tropical plants)化石(fossil);在赤道(equator)地区发现有古代冰层。魏格纳还认为,大陆漂移对现代由海洋分隔的各大陆上动物和植物的显著相似性提供了最好的解释。例如中龙(mesosaurus)这种淡水爬行类动物(reptile),在南美和非洲都能找到;存在于南极洲三叠纪(Triassic period)有许多陆生爬行动物的化石在其他大陆同样存在。 板块构造学(Plate Tectonics) 板块构造学说以大陆漂移学说为基础,主要描述了地球岩石圈(lithosphere)的大范围运动。在二十世纪五十年代末六十年代初,海底扩张学说(Seafloor Spreading)发展起来了,大陆漂移学说也因此变得更为可信。1968年法国地质学家勒皮雄和麦肯锡、摩根等人提出了板块构造学说,作为一种新的大陆漂移学说,它是海底扩张说的具体延伸。所谓板块,指的是岩石圈板块,包括了地壳和软流层(asthenosphere)以上的地幔顶部。板块构造学说认为,不论大洋壳(oceanic crust)还是大陆壳(continental crust)都曾发生并且还在继续发生大规模水平运动,岩石圈板块在整个地幔软流层上像传送带般移动着。 1968年勒皮雄将地球的板块分为太平洋板块(Pacific Ocean tectonic plate)、亚欧板块(Eurasian tectonic plate)、非洲板块(African tectonic plate)、美洲板块(American tectonic plate)、印度洋板块(Indian Ocean tectonic plate)(包括澳洲)和南极洲板块(Antarctica tectonic plate)这六大板块,以及一些其他的小板块。这些板块在运动中相互影响,板块交界的地方即板块边界(plate boundaries)可以根据板块边缘的构造、活动性和板块内部整体性分为三种类型:离散型(divergent boundaries)、聚敛型(convergent/collisional boundaries)和剪切型(conservative transform boundaries)。板块边界是地壳上极不稳定的地带,几乎所有的地震(earthquake)都分布在此,火山(volcano)也大多数在边界附近,山脉的形成(mountain building)和海沟(oceanic trench)的出现也都沿着边界进行。 生命科学:动物 1、amphibian 两栖动物 e.g. frog, toad, salamander(蝾螈/娃娃鱼), crocodile, alligator(短吻鳄) ①transformation growth 变态发育 e.g. frog larva→adult ②breath gill→lung ③cold-blooded/vertebrate 冷血动物/脊椎动物 2、mouse ①fearful genetic 恐惧基因 experiment ②African grass mouse 非洲草鼠 来自African,吃grass,habitat 栖息地,black/dark skin是由于shine,adaption:diet, habitat 3、fly ①compound eyes 复眼 ommatidium 晶体小眼儿 structure构造:成千上万的晶体小眼儿构成复眼,并且附着在复眼上 ②eyesight 时好时坏 弱点:一定视觉范围内,对于静态事物高度近视,动态事物高度敏感 ③optical sense 光敏:复眼只能分辨单一物体,不能分辨组合图形和立体事物 4、butterfly pollination 传粉 nectar 花粉 是pollinator传粉者。产生比较comparison,不同动物传粉方式不同→different flowers/objects e.g. Monarch butterfly 黑脉金班蝶(endangered pollinator) 有个性: 1、美洲体积较大的一种蝴蝶,喜欢沿笔直物体飞行,擅长长距离飞行→撞死(高速公路) 2、caterpillar吃毛毛虫(生活在美洲的,身体color, horizontal-strip的毛毛虫)→饿死 3、传粉效率惊人的高(只盯着一朵花采,直到采死为止)→被农民用pesticide毒死 4、复眼,自我防御系统 5、bird ①bird migration(详见加试) ②eagle:falcon猎鹰(peregrine falcon游隼,外带猎鹰) 特点:❶猎鹰是TOFEL中飞的最快的鸟 ❷predator驱鸟性(放在机场中使用)过去用过pesticide杀虫剂(毒死鸟) destroy the eco-system, disrupt the food chain——不好 使用猎鹰是bio-solution, environmental friendly环保驱鸟法 ❸易训性 6、bat pollinator: long-nose bat echolocation回声定位系统 mammal——auricle外耳 birds——auditory canal听管 考察comparison不同动物的对应关系 7、defense system ①e.g
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