新托福强化听力讲义.doc

Conversation 高频单词1作业extra credit assignment/project/homework / assignment sheet presentation / thesis proposal 论文开题报告/essay /report / research / literature review读后感/ journal 学术杂志/ record / chart / info / senior researcher / fair share/ deadline/ drain排水 / junk mail / positive feedback2 课程 required course/curriculum课程表/lecture/class/ compulsory course, requirement必修的 optional/elective/selective/unrequired course选修课 introduction, introductory, intro初级 mid, medium level, intermediate中级 advanced高级 preliminary预备级 seminar / graduation form/ academic record/ field experience实习 /heavy schedule/ course load课业负担重/ hammer courses on your own 锤炼3图书馆 library/study room learning (resource) center / video library / inter-library loan service 馆际借阅服务 reference section/ reference stack参考书库 / electronic sources电子资源/ entertainment section check out/ return/ fill out the form/a form to fill out / extended borrowing privileges 延长的借阅优先4 论文 Paper/ topic/ material /dissertation / a draft version/ first draft 第一稿 bibliography 参考书目录/ citation 引用/ plagiarism 作弊 display the abstract摘要 / summary总结/ narrowdown / access /electronic sources 电子资源 published/ unpublished data / bulletin board 布告栏5 考试Exam/ mid-term exam /final exam / quiz /pop quiz /grade / score /pass /passing grade /failing grade /GPA / make up exam /cheat语言标记 Discourse Markers Introducing In my talk today My topic today is Today, we are going to discuss Today, Ill go over The purpose of my talk today is Today we are going to look at Giving background Information It is clear It goes without saying It is understood As we know As we have all read Defining X can be defined as X is known as X is a type of X is actually Just what is meant by Listing First First and foremost Next Another To begin with Second The next point Id like to cover finally Showing a connection Pertaining to in connection with Classifying There are X types/ categories/ varieties of X can be divided into Giving examples For example For instance X is a case in point Take X for instance Take X, for example The following are some common examples Let me give you some specific examples Emphasizing The crucial point Id like to emphasize We should bear in mind that Fundamentally I want to stress Furthermore Whats more This goes to show that In effect Least we forget It is worth mentioning that It follows, then Clarifying In other words That is to say Basically If we put it another way i.e. What I mean to say is Let me put it anther way Parenthetically speaking Shifting subtopics Now All right OK Lets now look at it Now, Id like to turn to The next point Id like to focus on Moving on All that aside In this respect Giving further information In addition Furthermore Another point Moreover Not onlybut also Also On top of that As well Giving contrast information Although However On the other hand Whereas Despite nevertheless Giving an opinion As far as Im concerned In my opinion If it were up to me According to If you ask me In my mind Setting parameters In terms of in the scope of Digressing By the way Before I forget Incidentally Concluding Weve seen that In conclusion, Id like to In short To sum up Let me end by saying Any question? All in all Commonly Used Expression A point of contention After all is said and done All the more And so on A cross purpose At the onset Back and forth Foot the bill Get a grasp of Get the ball rolling Subject of disagreement After all debate is finished Even more Etcetera In contradiction to each others intent At the beginning Going and returning Pay all To understand start Give rise to Hardly the case In a fix In a nutshell Instead of Its all or nothing Its all very well and good Miss the point No matter On the condition Owing to Part and parcel of Cause Not the situation at all In a bad or difficult situation Here is the basic point Rather than Completely or not at all There is nothing wrong with Not understand It really isnt important If/ depending on Due to A necessary and important element Poke holes in Practically speaking Slowly but surely Stem from Supposing that That isnt to say The upshot of Turning point When it comes down to it With the aim of Without regard to Wrap up Under no circumstances Find something wrong with Talking common sense Done carefully over time Come from What if It doesnt mean The consequence or result An important point of change in direction or meaning The truth is Having the goal of Ignoring Finishnot for any reasonIdioms Castles in the sky/ air 空中楼阁As clear as a bell 非常清楚Come to terms 清楚误会Shed crocodile tears 假慈悲Cut corners 走捷径Dos and donts 行为规范Face the music 面对现实First things first 先说重要的Forgive and forget 握手言和Get the ball rolling 使蓬勃发展A knockout 引人注目A rainy day 不如意的日子All thumbs 笨手笨脚的 一窍不通的Ants in ones pants (skirts) 坐立不安At ones fingers tips 了如指掌Backseat driver 指手画脚的人Blow ones top 怒发冲冠Break the ice 打破僵局、沉默Bring down the house 掌声雷动的Buy your story 相信你的话Call it a day 今天到此为止Daylight robbery 价钱贵的离谱Dirty dog 卑鄙小人Flat tire 没精打采From A to Z 从头到尾God knows 天晓得Gone with the wind 随风而逝Good for nothing 毫无用处的Happy go luck 乐天派Have a big mouth 话多的人Have it both ways 权衡两方面Have time off 休假Hit of the show 表演中最精彩的一幕Hit the high spots 达到高水准Hold ones tongue 保持沉默In hot water 遇到麻烦In the hole 遇到经济困难In the long run 从长远看In the soap 遇到麻烦Keep punching 继续努力Kick off 开始干某事Kill two birds with one stone 一石二鸟Knock it off 别再讲下去了Let nature take its course 顺其自然Like a cat on hot bricks 热锅上的蚂蚁Like a turtle in its back 对事情束手无策Lousy clich 陈词滥调Master key 万能钥匙 关键No sweat 没问题 不用冒汗No money, no honey 没钱就没爱情Odds and ends 零碎的工作Off color 身体不爽On pins and needles 如坐针毡的Once in a blue moon 机会难得的 绝无仅有Pain in the neck 极讨厌的人或物Pipe course 容易的课程或工作Pull a long face 拉长脸不悦Put sb.in the ring 和某人赛一场Rain or shine 不论晴雨Row in one boat 从事相同事业 相同命运Royal road 容易取得成功的捷径Run of the town 轰动一时的人Salt of the earth/ world 社会中坚Second sight 超人的预见力Side money 外快Slowly but surely 稳扎稳打Speak the same language 志同道合Spill the beans 露马脚Stand on ones own feet 独立自主Stay out of other peoples business 置身事外Step on ones toes 触怒某人Sugar report 情书Sunday dress 最好的衣服Take it or leave it 别讨价还价Take things as they come 既来之则安之Talk big 讲大话Talk of the town 非常流行的东西 Talk through ones nose 骄傲自大Tall story 难以置信的故事Be the spirit 真有道理Throw cold water on 泼冷水Turn the tables 翻盘 扭转局势Under the sun 世界任何地方Walking dictionary 知识渊博的人Welcome to the party 现在你总算懂了Whats the catch? 你这是什么意思When in Rome do as the Romans do入乡随俗White lie 善意的谎言With open arms 热烈欢迎Without fail 一定Got me there 难住我了Stick with sb 紧跟着某人Take a rain check改天吧Lost count弄不清楚Be in another world 精神恍惚Save your breath 别白费口舌了Make sense 有意义 理解Burn a hole in ones pocket 很快花光File ones shoes 很好的顶替Is ice cold 理所当然的Look for a needle in a hay stack 大海捞针Meet each other half way 相互妥协 让步On the dot 准时 正点Once and for all 最后一次 干脆Play by ear 随机应变Ring a bell 令人想起某事 听起来耳熟Share a common outlook 有共同观点Six of one and half-a-dozen of the other半斤八两Stick around 在附近逗留或等待Stick with 继续做 坚持Straighten out 扯平 结清Turn ones back 别人困难时不愿帮助Under the weather 身体不适 生病Bite off more than one can chew 不自量力Break new ground 创新Do the trick 做成功 达到理想效果Draw the line 拒绝 拒不容忍Feel down in the dumps 心情不好 情绪低落Keep between the two of us 保密Know a thing or two about 略知一二Leave no stone unturned 不遗余力On cloud nine 非常幸福On the tip of ones tongue 就在嘴边Reach the bottom of the barrel 弹尽粮绝Up in the air 尚未决定 悬而未决Wear and tear 磨损 消耗With flying colors 大获全胜Get off on the wrong foot 开始就不顺利Get on someones nerves 使人不安Give someone a break 不要去管 饶了某人Head and shoulders above 某方面强于某人In the red 赤字In the dark 一无所知A breath of fresh air Be all ears 洗耳恭听Be all eyes 目不转睛Sell like hot cakes 畅销Get butterflies in ones stomach 紧张不安Two thumbs up 双手赞成Pull ones leg 开某人玩笑Break ones back 辛勤工作Twenty-four seven 永远 一直Bucket down 瓢泼大雨Backroom boys 幕后英雄Beyond compare 绝佳的 最棒的Break even 不赔不赚By the book 照章办事Cast a cloud over 泼冷水 蒙上阴影Put oneself together 加把劲Suit me fine 太适合我了Time will tell 时间会证明一切Same old story 又是那一套Boys will be boys 本性难移Be Greek to sb. 某人完全不懂Couch potato 整天呆在沙发上看电视Wait on hand and foot 招待的无微不至Waste ones breath 白费口舌Weigh ones word 斟字酌句Wheels within wheels 错综复杂之理由Win a name 出名Wishful thinking 如意算盘Ups and downs 有喜有悲Under ones breath 轻声细语Under ones thumb 在某人支配下Turn the clock back 时光倒转Turn a deaf ear 不加理睬Thats that 就此而已Shoulder to shoulder 齐心协力See the world 见多识广Second to none 最佳的Second thoughts 从新考虑Read between the lines 明白言外之意Over and down with到此结束Grain ground 有进展Break a leg 大获全胜火山(volcano)1、分类 周期 eruption cycle：active volcano / extinct(ive) volcano/ dormant volcano 强度 eruption intensity: shield volcano 盾状火山 周期短，强度小/composite volcano 复式火山 周期长，强度大2、灾害earthquake 地震 landslide 滑坡 mudslide 泥石流 avalanche 雪崩(e.g. Cascade Mountain 终年低温，常年积雪) kill creatures ash steam/ash cloud/volcanic ashpollution山 形成方式 plates crushing/collision tectonic plate volcanic activity/Ring of Fire 年龄以及分布 地理位置记字头 Alps, Rockies, Andes, Cascades, St. Helens, Appalachians湖咸淡对比 表格Freshwater lake=Sweetwater lake 淡水湖 Saltwater lake 咸水湖E.g. Great Lakes (Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, Ontario) Great Salt Lake对比：1、地理位置 2、density 密度 3、contraction 盐度 4、为什么咸水湖咸，什么导致的，以前也这么咸么？ Saltwater lakeevolution 5、evaporation/no outlet 6、ecology (wetland)7、climate 8、environment海(ocean) oceanic current 洋流 (ocean) volcanic island erode侵蚀 lagoon泻湖 coral reef/atoll 珊瑚礁/环礁矿（石、洞）Chemical elements 元素oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, silicon, iron, calcium, sodium, carbon, potassiummagnesium, oxide, titanium, methane, monoxide, dioxide, trioxide, peroxide, sulfur, amino, choleric, aluminumrock igneous rock 火山岩，岩浆岩 成因：lava/magmacool down sedimentary rock 沉积岩，水成岩 成因：eroded by water/ocean metamorphic rock 变质岩 成因：heat + tension cave solution cave 酸溶洞 formed by mild/weak acid lava cave 熔岩洞during/after volcanic eruption sea cave 海蚀洞eroded by sea water冰川(glacier)1、structure 构造特点ice sheet/layer 冰层 ice cap 冰盖 ice bottom 冰底2、formation 形成formation condition 形成条件precipitate/rainfall/rain 下雨turn in to ice accumulatedconserved ice/ice fern 积雪=cumulative snow3、movement 运动velocity 运动速度comparison XX和XX比较location 在哪运动（ocean）regular 规律4、process 形成过程 表格题5、climate/environment/ecology地球构造crust 地壳 mantle 地幔 core地核 tectonic plate 板块 magma 岩浆（高温）1、the definition2、example 记住主题，位置，目的3、expert4、the relationcontinental drift 大陆漂移5、process 考表格 板块collisionridge seduction zonemagna circle地质学（geology）是托福听力考试中的常见话题，是关于地球的物质组成、内部构造、外部特征、各层圈之间的相互作用和演变历史的知识体系，是研究地球本身的学科。需要与之区分的是地理学（geography），是一门描述地球表面的科学。地理学描述和分析发生在地球表面上的自然、生物和人文现象的空间变化，探讨它们之间的相互关系及其重要的区域类型。地球的内部结构是一个同心状圈层构造，由地心至地表依次分化为地核（core）、地幔（mantle）、地壳（crust）。地球地核、地幔和地壳的分界面，主要依据地震波（seismic/earthquake wave）传播速度的急剧变化推测确定。如果把地球内部结构做个形象的比喻，它就像一个鸡蛋，地核就相当于蛋黄，地幔就相当于蛋白，地壳就相当于蛋壳。从地球的外部结构来看，则可以分成大气圈（atmosphere）、水圈（hydrosphere）、生物圈（biosphere）和岩石圈（lithosphere），岩石圈包括地壳和地幔上部。地球上有七大洲和五大洋，分别是亚洲（Asia），欧洲（Europe），北美洲（North America），南美洲（South America），非洲（Africa），大洋洲（Oceania）和南极洲（Antarctica）；太平洋（Pacific Ocean），大西洋（Atlantic Ocean），印度洋（Indian Ocean），北冰洋（Arctic Ocean）和南冰洋（Antarctic Ocean）。大陆漂移学说（Continental Drift） 大陆漂移学说是有关于地球大陆之间关系的一种假说（hypothesis）。早在1596年，亚伯拉罕奥特柳思（Abraham Ortelius）首次提出了这个观点，而对于这个观点我们比较熟悉的则是阿尔弗雷德魏格纳（Alfred Wegener），他于1912年相对完整地提出了这套假说。到了二十世纪六十年代，随着板块构造学说（Plate Tectonics）的发展，大陆漂移学说得到了更多的支持。如果仔细观察一下世界地图，我们会发现非洲和南美洲的海岸线似乎能像拼图一样吻合在一起，早期的科学家们正是发现了这一点，才最终提出了大陆漂移学说。魏格纳提出在中生代(Mesozoic)地球表面存在一个泛大陆（Pangea），这个超级大陆经过了分裂和两亿多年的漂移形成了现在的海洋和陆地。除了非洲和南美洲海岸线的“锯齿状吻合”，还有很多其他的证据能支持大陆漂移这个观点。魏格纳在研究古代气候的时候发现，各个大陆上存在某一个地质时期形成岩石类型出现在现代条件下不该出现的地区。例如，在南极洲地区出现古珊瑚礁（coral reef）和热带植物（tropical plants）化石（fossil）；在赤道（equator）地区发现有古代冰层。魏格纳还认为，大陆漂移对现代由海洋分隔的各大陆上动物和植物的显著相似性提供了最好的解释。例如中龙（mesosaurus）这种淡水爬行类动物（reptile），在南美和非洲都能找到；存在于南极洲三叠纪（Triassic period）有许多陆生爬行动物的化石在其他大陆同样存在。板块构造学（Plate Tectonics）板块构造学说以大陆漂移学说为基础，主要描述了地球岩石圈（lithosphere）的大范围运动。在二十世纪五十年代末六十年代初，海底扩张学说（Seafloor Spreading）发展起来了，大陆漂移学说也因此变得更为可信。1968年法国地质学家勒皮雄和麦肯锡、摩根等人提出了板块构造学说，作为一种新的大陆漂移学说，它是海底扩张说的具体延伸。所谓板块，指的是岩石圈板块，包括了地壳和软流层（asthenosphere）以上的地幔顶部。板块构造学说认为，不论大洋壳（oceanic crust）还是大陆壳（continental crust）都曾发生并且还在继续发生大规模水平运动，岩石圈板块在整个地幔软流层上像传送带般移动着。1968年勒皮雄将地球的板块分为太平洋板块（Pacific Ocean tectonic plate）、亚欧板块（Eurasian tectonic plate）、非洲板块（African tectonic plate）、美洲板块（American tectonic plate）、印度洋板块（Indian Ocean tectonic plate）（包括澳洲）和南极洲板块（Antarctica tectonic plate）这六大板块，以及一些其他的小板块。这些板块在运动中相互影响，板块交界的地方即板块边界（plate boundaries）可以根据板块边缘的构造、活动性和板块内部整体性分为三种类型：离散型（divergent boundaries）、聚敛型（convergent/collisional boundaries）和剪切型(conservative transform boundaries)。板块边界是地壳上极不稳定的地带，几乎所有的地震（earthquake）都分布在此，火山(volcano)也大多数在边界附近，山脉的形成（mountain building）和海沟（oceanic trench）的出现也都沿着边界进行。生命科学：动物1、amphibian 两栖动物e.g. frog, toad, salamander(蝾螈/娃娃鱼), crocodile, alligator(短吻鳄)transformation growth 变态发育 e.g. frog larvaadultbreath gilllungcold-blooded/vertebrate 冷血动物/脊椎动物2、mousefearful genetic 恐惧基因 experimentAfrican grass mouse 非洲草鼠 来自African，吃grass，habitat 栖息地，black/dark skin是由于shine，adaption：diet, habitat3、flycompound eyes 复眼 ommatidium 晶体小眼儿structure构造：成千上万的晶体小眼儿构成复眼，并且附着在复眼上eyesight 时好时坏 弱点：一定视觉范围内，对于静态事物高度近视，动态事物高度敏感optical sense 光敏：复眼只能分辨单一物体，不能分辨组合图形和立体事物4、butterflypollination 传粉 nectar 花粉是pollinator传粉者。产生比较comparison，不同动物传粉方式不同different flowers/objectse.g. Monarch butterfly 黑脉金班蝶（endangered pollinator）有个性：1、美洲体积较大的一种蝴蝶，喜欢沿笔直物体飞行，擅长长距离飞行撞死（高速公路）2、caterpillar吃毛毛虫（生活在美洲的，身体color, horizontal-strip的毛毛虫）饿死3、传粉效率惊人的高（只盯着一朵花采，直到采死为止）被农民用pesticide毒死4、复眼，自我防御系统5、birdbird migration（详见加试）eagle：falcon猎鹰（peregrine falcon游隼，外带猎鹰） 特点：猎鹰是TOFEL中飞的最快的鸟predator驱鸟性（放在机场中使用）过去用过pesticide杀虫剂（毒死鸟）destroy the eco-system, disrupt the food chain不好 使用猎鹰是bio-solution, environmental friendly环保驱鸟法 易训性6、batpollinator: long-nose batecholocation回声定位系统mammalauricle外耳birdsauditory canal听管考察comparison不同动物的对应关系7、defense systeme.g