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,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。谢谢。本资料仅供参考，不能作为科学依据。,四、动词（非谓语动词）,1/67,非谓语,不定式（to do),分词,动名词（-ing),过去分词(-ed),现在分词(-ing),-ing分词,-ed分词,2/67,动词不定式,1,不定式做主语,2不定式做表语,3不定式做宾语,4不定式做宾语补足语,5不定式做定语,6不定式做状语,7不定式使用方法注意事项,3/67,不定式做主语时，普通用it当形式主语，把作主语不定式短语后置。,比如：It took me only five minutes to finish the job.,完成那个任务花去了我五分钟。,比如：It took me two hours to write my homework.,我花了两个小时用来写作业。,不定式做主语也可用在以下结构There seems/used/happend to be+主语,比如：There used to be a lemon tree at the back of the yard.,院子后面以前有一棵柠檬树。,4/67,不定式做作主语时，能够用it做形式主语，将不定式后移，而采取“It is+形容词+不定式”结构,brave careless clever considerate difficult easy foolish good hard helpful impolite important kind naughty necessary nice polite possible right rude silly stupid thoughtful wise wrong,比如：It is very difficult for him to finish the paper in such a short time.,在如此短时间内完成试卷对他来说极难。,比如：It is hard to say who will langh in the end.,还极难说谁能笑到最终。,5/67,不定式作表语通常表示预定要发生动作，或表示未来可能性和假设。,比如：Alan was to have done it but he forgot.,阿伦原来打算做这件事但给忘了。（不定式动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，故用完成时）,比如：I think I am to faint.,我想我要晕倒了。,例外：作表语不定式也能够时说明或解释主语内容，此时不定式只作单纯表语，不含有未来含义。,6/67,假如主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。,比如：To do two things at a time is to do neither,一次做两件事等于未做。,比如：To see is to believe.,百闻不如一见。,7/67,假如主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心名词，或以what引导名词性从句，不定式作表语对主语起补充说明作用。,比如：His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future.,他希望是在不远未来买一辆豪华轿车。,比如：The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant.,最主要事情就是同他们谈判工厂未来。,8/67,常见只能用不定式作宾语动词（短语）。,afford（负担得起）agree（同意）aim（以.为目标）appear（似乎，显得）arrange（安排）ask（要求）aspire（渴望）attempt（企图）beg（哀求）believe（相信）bother（费神，劳驾）care（关心，喜欢）claim（声称）dare（勇于）decide（决定）demand（要求）desire（愿望）determine（决定）elect（作出选择，决定）enable（能够）engage（确保）expect（期望）fail（不能）guarantee（确保）happen（恰巧）hesitate（犹豫）hope（希望）intend（想要，打算）,9/67,learn（学习）long（渴望）manage（设法）neglect（忽略）offer（提供）plan（计划）prepare（准备）pretend（假装）promise（承诺，允许）refuse（拒绝）seek（企图，寻觅）tend（倾向）threaten（威胁）trouble（费神，劳驾）undertake（承接，担任）venture（勇于，斗胆）volunteer（志愿）want（想要）wish（希望）,比如：They begged to go with us.,他们哀求与我们同行。,比如：You neednt bother to come yourself.,无须劳驾你亲自过来。,比如：He elected to become a doctor.,他决定当医生。,10/67,有些动词能够要求其后不定式前面加一个连接副（代）词，一起充当宾语。what，when，where，which，how，whether等，但不能够是why。,advise ask consider decide discuss find out inquire know learn regard see settle show teach tell think understand wonder,11/67,比如：Could you tell me whether to got for a picnic?,你能告诉我是否会去野餐？,比如：My little sister is learning how to read and write.,比如：My mother showed me how to prepare meals.,比如：I wonder where to go.,我小妹妹正在学习怎样阅读和书写。,母亲向我演示了怎样做饭。,我不知道去哪儿。,12/67,当不定式为直接宾语，且带有宾语补足语时，应将不定式置于补足语后面，而用it代替不定式。,比如：I found it impossible to answer all the questions within the time given.,我发觉在要求时间内答完全部问题是不可能。（impossible为宾语补足语）,比如：Some who were famous in their own times would find it difficult to achieve success today.,一些过去著名人物在今天可能就难以成功。（difficult为宾语补足语）,13/67,常见可用不定式做宾语补足语动词（短语）,admit advise allow appoint arrange for ask assign beg believe bind（责备）call on care for cause charge(命令)choose command consider count on dare depend on direct drive elect empower enable encourage entitle expect forbid force get hate help impel inspire instruct intend invite judge like long for,14/67,oblige order permit persuade pray prefer press pretend prove recommend rely on remind report require reveal show stimulate suppose teach tell think train trust vote for wait for want warn wish,比如：He advised me not to buy it.,他劝我不要卖它。,比如：The news disposed me to believe that.,那条新闻使我相信了那件事。,比如：He forbids her daughter to stay out after midnight.,他禁止她女儿夜不归宿。,15/67,句子谓语动词是一些感官动词和使役动词时，作宾语补语不定式能够省去to。假如这些谓语动词为被动形式，则需要保留to。,比如：The mad woman is heard to scream.,比如：I heard him lock the door.,我听到他锁门了。,比如：What makes you think Im a farmer.,是什么让你认为我是一个农民？,比如：I didnt perceive anyone enter the building.,我没有觉察有任何人进入大楼。,比如：The boy was made to go to bed early.,那男孩早早就睡觉了。,听到那个疯女人在尖叫。,16/67,有些动词后面跟it作形式宾语，再接不定式作宾语补足语。,比如：The limited budget makes it difficultfor us to keep pace with the luxurious way of living.,有限预算使我们极难维持现有奢华生活。,17/67,不定式修饰名词前有only，last，next，not a，序数词或形容词最高级形容时，该不定式与其所修饰名词通常逻辑上是主谓关系。,比如：He was the last one to leave school yesterday.,昨天他是最终一个离开教室。,比如：Charles Lindbergh is the first man to fly the Atlantic alone.,查理林德伯格是第一个独自飞跃大西洋人。,18/67,不定式与所修饰名词逻辑上组成动宾关系时，该不定式后面不能再带宾语，假如不定式为不及物动词，则需保留介词。,比如：She has a lot of work to do in the morning.,早上他有很多工作要做。,比如：I need a pen to write with.,我需要一支笔写字。（介词with不能省略）,在正式文体中通常使用“介词+whom/which+不定式”结构来做定语。whom和which分别代要修饰人或物。,19/67,有些动词要求用不定式做宾语，有些形容词要求用不定式做补语，则它们对应名词普通也惯用不定式做定语。,ability ambition anxiety attempt claim curiosity decision desire determination eagerness failure hope impatience intention need order patience plan promise refusal resolution tendency wish,比如：Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us.,他们放弃这个试验决定使我们大吃一惊。,比如：Now the need to learn other peoples language is becoming greater and greater.,现在学习外语必要性越来越大。,20/67,不定式做定语时普通修饰将要去做事。即不定式所表示动作发生在谓语动词所表示动作之后。,比如：I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.,我几乎没有时间去赶上末班车。,比如：Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?,你要见那位将从北京请来医生吗？,21/67,有些不定式做定语时，是用来说明被修饰名词内容，相当于这个名词表语。,anxiety chance courage effort evidence flight means measures move movement opportunity plan position power reason right skill strength struggle,比如：Greater efforts to increase corn production must be made if bread shortage is to be avoided.,为了防止面包短缺现象，大量增加玉米生产努力必须被实施。,比如：You have no reason to enter that building after dark.,天黑后你没有理由进入那座大楼。,22/67,不定式能够用来做目标状语，相当于用in order to，so as to引导目标状语。,比如：Tim sat near the fire to get warm.,“为何召开这次尤其会议？”“为了选举新官员。”,蒂姆为了取暖坐在火炉旁边。,比如：“Why was the special meeting called?”“To elect the new officers.”,23/67,不定式能够用来做结果状语，惯用enough to，sufficient to，only to，never to，so+形容词/副词+as to引导。,比如：Would you be so kind as to step this way,please?,请您从这边走好吗？,我要开门，却发觉门被里面锁住了。,比如：I tried the door,only to find it locked inside.,24/67,不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语普通为句子主语。,比如：In order to be a good scientist,one must understand mathematics.,要成为一个出众科学家，必须懂数学。,例外：不定式逻辑主语若与主句不一样，通常由for引出。,比如：The coffee was too hot for him to drink.,咖啡太烫了，他没法喝。,25/67,“too.to”也可用来做结果状语，后面不定式常含有否定含义。但这个结构有不少变体则表示必定含义。,but too.to never too.to not too.to only too.to（非常）too apt to（易于）too eager to（渴望）too ready to（非常愿意）too.to（太.以至于不能）too.not to,比如：It is never too late to mend.,亡羊补牢，犹未为晚。,比如：Im only too glad to see you again.,非常高兴再次见到你。,比如：He is too careful not to have noticed it.,他那么细心，不会注意不到这一点。,26/67,不定式惯用于作表语形容词后面表示结果或原因。,able afraid apt careful certain clever difficult eager easy fit happy interesting likely lucky ready right sorry sure unable unwilling,比如：Be careful not to frighten the horse by whipping it.,不要鞭打马，小心惊吓到它。,比如：I have enjoyed my visit here.Ill be very sorry to leave.,我很高兴来这里访问，离开这里我感到极难过。,27/67,不定式能够用来做原因状语。,比如：I was delighted to meet him.,我很高兴碰到他。（相当于I was delighted because I meet him.）,比如：She smiled to see the students so happy.,看到学生们这么高兴她笑了。（相当于She smiled because she saw the students so happy.）,不定式能够用来做方式状语。,比如：He opened his mouth wide as if to speak.,他张开嘴像是要说些什么。（相当于He opened his mouth wide as if he would speak.）,28/67,常见后面只接省略to不定式结构。,cannot but（只好）cannot help but（不得不，只好）had better（最好还是）had rather（宁愿）may(just)as well（还是.好）must(just)as well（幸好）rather than（而不是）why not（为何不）would rather（宁愿）would sooner（宁愿）would you please（请您.）,比如：He couldnt but accept the terms.,他只好接收这个条款。,没什么事可做，我还是上床睡觉好了。,比如：There is nothing to do,so I may as well go to bed.,29/67,do nothing/anything/everything.but/except结构中要跟不带to不定式。,比如：Last night I did nothing but watch TV.,昨天晚上，我除了看电视别什么也没有干。,比如：I have done nothing except do what I should.,我只能做我应该做事。,比如：There is nothing to do except wait until the rain stops,除了静候雨停之外别无方法。,30/67,例外：假如谓语动词不是“do nothing/anything/everything”，那么but(except)所跟不定式则仍须带to。,比如：The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking.,医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。,比如：There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent.,除了保持缄默以外，他们没有别有别方法。,31/67,不定式进行式表示其动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，它只有主动形式“to be doing”，没有被动形式。,比如：When the boss came in,Pauline happened to be calling her boyfriend.,老板进来时候，波林正在和男友打电话。,比如：They seems to be discussing your problem.,他们好像正在讨论你问题。,32/67,不定式完成式表示其动作发生在谓语动词之前，其主动形式为“to have done”，被动形式为“to have been done”。,比如：I am glad to have received your letter.,收到你来信我很高兴。（to have received发生在am glad之前）,比如：He was said to have gone back.,听说他已经回去了。（to have received发生于am glad之前）,33/67,在have no choice but后要跟带to不定式，解释为“别无选择，只好做.”,在一些动词如protend，intend，mean，plan等后面使用不定式完成式能够表示过去想做而未做成事。,牛顿原计划处理那个问题，却未能做到。,比如：Newton planned to have solved the problem,but failed to do so.,34/67,-ing分词,1-ing分词做主语,2-ing分词做表语,3-ing分词做宾语,4-ing分词做宾语补足语,5-ing分词做定语,6-ing分词做状语,7-ing分词使用方法注意事项,35/67,-ing分词作主语时也惯用于there be no+-ing分词结构中，相当于It is impossible to do sth，意思为“做.是不可能”。,36/67,-ing分词做表语含有主动概念，普通用来描述某人或某事物性质，解释为“令人.”。,convincing（令人信服）delighting（令人高兴）disappointing（令人失望）embarrassing（令人窘迫）encouraging（令人鼓舞）exciting（令人激动）interesting（令人有趣）moving（令人感动）puzzling（令人费解）refreshing（令人提神）satisfying（令人满意）surprising（令人惊异）worrying（令人担心）,比如：The argument is very convincing.,比如：It feels quite refreshing to take a bathafter work.,工作之后洗个澡让人以为非常清新。,37/67,-ing分词做表语能够用来说明或解释主语，这时-ing分词相当与动名词。,比如：Perseverance is failing nineteen times and succeeding the twentieth.,毅力就是失败了十九次以后第二十次胜利。,38/67,常见只能接-ing分词作宾语动词（短语）,accede to（答应）adapt to（适应）acknowledge（承认，自认）admit(to)（承认）advise（建议）advocate（提倡，主张）agree to（同意）allow amount to（意味着，实际上是）apply to（适用于）anticipate appreciate（感激，欣赏）approve of（同意）avoid bar（禁止）be accustomed to（习惯于）be afraid of（害怕）be fond of（喜欢）be good at（擅长）be intent on（专心于）be interested in（感兴趣）be opposed to（反对）,39/67,be similar to（相同）be sick of（厌恶）be successful in（成功）be tired of（厌倦）be worried about（不开心）bring to（清醒）cant help（禁不住）cant resist（禁不住）cant stick（难以忍受）confess to（认可）consider（考虑）contribute to（有利于）count on（依靠）delay（延迟）deny（否定）depend on（决定于）doubt（怀疑）endure（忍受）enjoy（享受，喜爱）escape（逃跑，逃避）excuse（原谅）fall to（开始）fancy（幻想，兴趣）favor（造成，偏爱）feel like（想要）finish（完成）forbid（禁止）get round to（腾出时间来做）get to（抵达）give up（放弃）,40/67,have difficulty(in)（在某方面有困难）have trouble(in)（在.有困难）hold off（拖延）imagine（构想）include insist on（坚持）involve（卷入，包含）justify keep（继续不停）leave off（停顿）look forward to（期望）mention（说到，讲到）mind（介意）miss（错过，逃过）necessitate（使必要）object to（反对）overlook（忽略）own to（认可）permit（允许）postpone（延迟）practise（实施，实践）presist in（坚持）prevent（阻止）prohibit（禁止）put off（推迟）quit（放弃，停顿）recall（回想）recollect（回想）recommend（提议）rely on（依靠）report（报道）resent（怨恨）,41/67,resist（抵抗，阻止）,resort to（求援）respond to（回复）resume（恢复）risk（冒险）save（省得）see to（照料，注意）stand（坚持，忍受）succeed in（取得成功）suggest（提议）take to（开始从事）testify to（证实）think about（考虑）think of（考虑）turn to（求援于）understand worry about（担心）,比如：I must admit to feeling ashamed.,我必须认可感到了羞耻。,比如：Nor do we doubt being able to finish the work ahead of time.,我们没有些人怀疑能够提前完成任务。,42/67,-ing分词能够作介词宾语。,比如：After turning over on his couch more than a dozen times,he gave up his attempt to sleep.,他在床上翻来覆去十屡次之后，放弃了睡觉企图。,假如你今晚不能来，明天怎么样？,比如：If you cant come tonight,how about coming tomorrow?,43/67,-ing分词做宾语补足语时，宾语补足语与宾语之间是主动关系。常见能够带-ING分词作宾语补足语动词有,bring（引发）catch（碰上）discover（发觉）feel（感觉到）find get have hear（听见）help keep（使连续做）leave（使.处于某种状态）like listen to（听到）look at（看着）notice（发觉）observe（看见）order see（看见）set（使得，引发）smell start（引发）think understand want watch（观看）wish,44/67,比如：The farmer caught the boys stealing his apples.,那个农民恰好碰上那些男孩在偷他苹果。,比如：She left her baby crying.,她任凭她宝宝哭个不停。,比如：Her questions set me thinking.,她问题使我陷入了沉思。,45/67,-ing分词（短语）作定语时，其修饰中心词应该是分词动作发生者。,比如：The seating capacity of the stadium has been enlarged.,体育馆座位容量已经被扩大了。,比如：A man claiming to represent every minority group in the city who the election for mayor.,那个宣称代表市内每个少数派人在市长竞选中获胜。,46/67,-ing分词做定语时普通修饰正在进行事。即现在分词所表示动作与谓语动词所表示动作同时发生。,比如：He rushed into the burning house.,他冲进了正在燃烧着房子。,比如：The child standing over there is my brother.,站在那儿男孩子是我弟弟。,47/67,单独-ing分词做定语时通常前置，-ing分词短语做定语时通常后置。,比如：George is a promising young man.,乔治是一个有前途年轻人。（单独-ing分词做定语时前置）,比如：Please tell the children playing outside not to make so much noise.,请告诉那些在外面玩小孩不要那么吵。（-ing分词短语做定语时后置）,48/67,-ing分词作状语时，分词逻辑主语应该是句子主语，且句子主语为分词动作发生者，它们之间关系是主动关系。,比如：Seeing the house on fire,he dialed 999.,看见房子着火了，他拨打了电话999。,比如：Returning to my apartment I found my watch missing.,回到我房间后,我发觉我手表不见了。,49/67,-ing分词做状语能够用来表示时间，假如要强调-ing分词与谓语动词动作同时发生时，在分词之前能够用连词when或while。,比如：climbing to the top of the tower,we saw a magnificent view.,爬到塔顶端，我们看见了一幅宏伟景观。,比如：When leaving the airport,they waved to us again and again.,离开机场时，他们向我们一次又一次得挥手。,50/67,-ing分词做状语能够用来表示原因。,比如：Being sick,I stayed at home.,因为生病，我呆在了家里。,比如：She caught cold sitting on the grass.,因为坐在草地上，她着凉了。,51/67,-ing分词做状语能够用来表示条件。,比如：Adopting this method,we will raise the average yield by 40 percent.,采取这个方法，我们将增加40%平均产量。,比如：Turing to the right,you will find a path leading to his cottage.,向右转，你将发觉一条通往他别墅小路。,52/67,-ing分词做状语能够用来表示让步。,比如：Admitting what she has said,I still think that she hasnt tried her best.,即使接纳了她解释，我依然认为她没有尽全力。,53/67,-ing分词做状语能够用来表示结果。,比如：It rained heavily,causing severe flooding in that country.,大雨引发了那个国家严重洪灾。,比如：It rained for two weeks on end,completely ruining our holiday.,连续两周下雨彻底破坏了我们度假。,54/67,-ing分词做状语能够表示方式或伴随情况。,比如：He ran up to her breathing heavily.,他气喘吁吁得跑向她。,比如：Please fill in the form,giving your name,address,etc.,请填写表格，写上你姓名，地址等等。,55/67,-ing分词普通时表示分词动作与主句谓语动作同时发生，它主动语态形式为-ing分词，被动语态形式为“being+-ed分词”。,比如：Everybody dislikes being laughed at.,谁都不喜欢被人嘲笑。,-ing分词完成时表示分词动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，它主动语态形式为“having+-ed分词”，被动语态形式为“having been+-ed分词”。,比如：Having sold the million copies of his books,Ray is currently the best scientific fiction writer.,雷书已经售出了一千万册，他现在是最好科幻小说家。,56/67,-ing分词完成进行时表示分词动作从过去开始，一直到说话时仍未结束，它主动语形式为“having+been+-ING分词”，被动语态形式为“having been+being+-ed分词”。,比如：Having been given this information,Ericsat down again to wait.,得到此消息后，埃里克又坐下来等着。,“there be”句型-ing分词形式为“there being”。,57/67,-ed分词,1-ed分词做表语,2-ed分词做宾语补足语,3-ed分词做定语,4-ed分词做状语,58/67,-ed分词做表语含有被动概念，普通表示某人对某事感觉或者体验，解释为“感到.”。,confused（感到迷惑）delighted（感到高兴）disappointed（感到失望）dissatisfied（感到不满）embarrassed（感到窘迫）encouraged（感到鼓舞）excited（感到激动）interested（感到高兴）pleased（感到愉快）puzzled（感到费解）satisfied（感到满意）surprised（感到惊异）worried（感到担心）,59/67,比如：The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.,假如要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂,。,比如：Janet was embarrassed when the boy asked her age.,当那个男孩问道珍妮特年纪时，她感到很窘迫。,60/67,-ed分词做宾语补足语时，宾语补足语与宾语之间是被动关系。常见能够带-ED分词作宾语补足语动词。,feel find get have hear help keep like make notice notion observe order see set smell start think understand want watch wish,比如：We found his hair style changed completely.,我们发觉他发型完全改变了。,比如：I made myself understood easily.,我使自己很轻易就被人了解了。,-ed分词做宾语补足语，表示-ed分词所表示动作在谓语动词所表示动作之前已经完成。,比如：We found the work completely done.,61/67,-ed分词（短语）作定语时，其修饰中心词应该是分词动作接收者。,比如：Mrs.Brown is looking for a used car.,布郎夫人想买辆二手车。,比如：Whats the language spoken in Germany.,在德国说哪中语言。,例外：不及物动词-ed分词没有被动含义，只表示完成意思。,比如：The street was covered with fallen leaves.,这条马路被落叶所覆盖。,62/67,-ed分词做定语时普通修饰已经完成事。即过去分词表示动作发生在谓语动词所表示动作之前。,单独-ed分词做定语时能够前置也能够后置。,比如：The concerned taxi driver called the general hospita
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