语义关系.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,Semantic Relationships between Chinese and English Words:,1.Semantic Correspondence,2.Semantic Inclusion,3.Semantic Intersection,4.Zero of Semantic Meanings,1.Semantic Correspondence:,回扣,尾灯,束紧腰带,法人实体,综合国力,民族自尊,知识产权,commission,tail light,to tighten ones belt,legal entity,overall strength of the country,national dignity,intellectual property rights,2.Semantic inclusion:,风：,wind,draught,E.g.Dont sit in the draught or youll catch cold.,汽车：,automobile(motor-car),bus,truck,minibus,taxi,警察：,policeman,constable,bobby,cop,smoky,侮辱：,abuse,insult,slander,humiliate,穿，戴,wear,臂，膊,arm,姑，婶，姨,aunt,姐，妹,sister,表兄弟，表姐妹,cousin,车,vehicle,car,truck,lorry,cart,bus,taxi,船,vessel,boat,ship,ferry,canoe,门,door,gate,entrance,酒,wine,liquor,spirit,beer,rum,gin,alcohol,人,man,woman,person,税,Tax/Duty/Tariff/bond,国税,关税,税率,保税仓库区,State taxes,Customs duties,Tariff rates,Bonded warehouse area,3.Semantic intersection:,(,汉英之间有部分语义性同，其他语义不同）,骑马,骑自行车,骑马人,骑墙,骑墙派,;,to ride a horse,to ride a bike,a horse rider,to sit on the fence,a fence sitter;,to ride in a bus,a ship riding the waves,a wild goose riding on the wind,乘公共汽车,一艘乘风破浪的船,一只御风飞行的雁,粮油价格,粮油票,军粮,grain and edible oil prices,food and edible oil coupons,army provisions,China National Cereal,Oil And Foodstuffs Import&Export Corporation,中国粮油食品进出口总公司,请买票,查票员,剪票员,普通客票,单程票,选票,支票,All fare(s),please.,ticket examiner,puncher,ordinary ticket,a one-way ticket,vote,cheque/check,治国,治家,治沙,治山治水,治愈战争的创伤,天下大治,to administer/govern a country,to manage a household,sand-control,to transform mountains and tame rivers,to heal the wounds of the war,to achieve great order across the land.,4.Zero of semantic meanings:,粽子；糖葫芦；博士点，硕士点,Zongzi/rice dumpling/pyramid-shaped dumpling made of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves,Tanghulu,a sugar-coated fruit on the stick which is a kind of childrens favourite food in winter,doctoral program,masters program,要在不到十年中实现,小康目标,，任务是很艰难的，因为中国人口众多，底子薄，各地发展不平衡。,Given Chinas huge population,low economic starting level and uneven development in different parts of the country,a relatively comfortable standard of living,will not be easy to reach in less than ten years.,对词汇空缺,(lexical gap),的处理：,在目的语中无法找到对应词，所指物或事件的现象叫词汇空缺现象。词汇空缺现象是双方的文化和国情差异造成的。对词汇空缺现象的处理办法有：,解释法（用于典故成语等等）,音译,音译加范畴概念词,音译加解释,意译：根据该词的内涵造词,直译,1),解释法（用于典故成语等等）,东施效颦：,Dongshi imitatesXishi,（？）,The ugly imitates the beautiful in such a distorted way that the ugliness of the ugly becomes worse.,狗嘴吐不出象牙：,The dogs mouth cannot spit out ivory(?),Filthymouthcantutterdecentlanguage.,2,）音译,sofa,（沙发）,chocolate,（巧克力）,Volvo,（沃尔沃）,Daewoo,（大宇）,mini,（迷你）,mango,（芒果）,aspirin,（阿司匹林）,功夫,Kong fu,豆腐,tofu,台风,typhoon,叩头,kowtow,麻将,Mahjong,荔枝,litchi,乌龙茶,oolong,3),音译加范畴概念词,chocolate,巧克力,糖,opium,鸦片,烟,golf,高尔夫,球,rifle,来福,枪,nylon,尼龙,布,4,）音译加解释,班门弄斧：,This islikeshowingoffonesproficiencywith theaxebeforeLuBan,themastercarpenter,观音：,Buddhism Guanyin,the Goddess of Mercy,鸳鸯：,Mandarin duck and drake lovebirds,5,）意译：根据该词的内涵造词,皮蛋,preserved eggs,元宵,sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour,拜堂,perform the marriage ceremony,拔火罐,cupping,在农村，特别是比较偏僻落后的农村，还残存着少数,包办婚姻,的陋习。,In Chinas more remote and backward,rural areas,corrupt practices exist in the,form of,forced marriages,./arranged or,Bought and sold marriages.,领导班子年轻化、知识化、专业化,a younger,better-educated and more professional leadership,小康水平,a relatively comfortable standard of living,a well-off society,小康社会,脱贫致富,to shake off poverty and set out on the road to prosperity,6),直译,完全保留汉语的指称意义,cow-boy,牛仔 （不等于中国的“牧童”）,Watergate,水门事件,（,gate,表示丑闻）,易经,Book of Changes,号脉,feel the pulse,希望工程,Hope Project,四个现代化,four modernizations,两种现象,误译,“假朋友”,新闻照片,白酒,红眼,慢车,街道妇女,News photo,White wine,Red eye,Slow train,Street women,Press photo,Spirits/liquor,Pink eye/to be,green-eyed,Local train,Housewives of,residential area,/Women in the,community,3.4 “,假朋友”的识别,Exercises,健身房，健身俱乐部,售票处，补票处,东方宾馆,“幽默在导游中的妙用”（题目）,They kept their eyes(,只朝上，不朝下）,健身房，健身俱乐部,Exercise Room/gym,Health Club,售票处，补票处,Booking Office,Fare-adjustment Office,东方宾馆,Dong Fang Hotel,“,幽默在导游中的妙用”（题目）,On the Clever Use of Humor in Tour-Guiding,They kept their eyes(,只朝上，不朝下）,on those above them rather than those below them,（双关）,Zero of linguistic meaning,长相思（白居易）,汴水,流,，泗水,流,，,流,到瓜,洲,古渡,头,，,吴山点点,愁,。,思,悠悠,，,恨,悠悠,，,恨到归时方始,休,，,月明人倚,楼,。,Everlasting Longing,See the Bian River flow,And the Si River flow!,By Ancient Ferry,mingling waves,they go,The Southern Hills reflect my woe.,My thought stretches endlessly,My grief wretches endlessly,So thus my husband comes to me,Alone on moon-lit balcony.,(trans.By Xu Yuanchong),端午节,公元前,278,年，也就是屈原六十二岁那年，他,在,汩罗,江边,，听到秦国军队攻破了楚国的国都，便,怀着悲痛,的心情，,抱,了一块石头，,投,汩罗江,自杀,了。那天正好是农历五月五日。,楚国人民非常,热爱,屈原。汩罗江附近的老百姓听到屈原自杀的消息，都,纷纷,赶来，划着渔船，,拿着,竹竿，,四处,打捞屈原的遗体，结果什么也没有打捞到。,大家非常,失望,，又十分,怀念,屈原。他们担心屈原的遗体被江里的鱼虾吃掉，就,划着,船，把包好的,粽子,扔到江里去给鱼虾吃。,以后,，,每到,农历五月五日这一天，中中国人家家户户都,包,粽子，吃粽子，表示对伟大诗人屈原的纪念。这就是中国人民的传统节日“端午节”。,