生产环氧乙烷外文翻译.docx

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MANUFACTURE OF ETHYLENE OXIDE 制造环氧乙烷
Ethylene oxide has been produced commercially by two basic routes: 环氧乙烷已经商业化生产，由两个基本路线 ：
1. 1。
From ethylene chlorohydrin. 从乙烯氯。
2. 2。
Direct oxidation process. 直接氧化过程。
The chlorohydrin process was first introduced during World War I in 氯过程在第一次世界大战期间首次推出
Germany by Badische Anilin-und Soda-Fabrik (BASF). 德国巴登苯胺和苏打Fabrik公司（BASF）。 The process 这个过程
involves the reaction of ethylene with hypochlorous acid followed by 其次涉及次氯酸与乙烯反应
dehydrochlorination of the chlorohydrin with lime to produce ethylene oxide 与石灰氯，氯化氢，生产环氧乙烷
and calcium chloride. 氯化钙。 Union Carbide Corp. was the first to commercialize 联合碳化物公司是第一个以商业化
this process in United States. 这在美国的过程。 The chlorohydrin process is not economically 氯的过程是不经济
competitive, and was quickly replaced by the direct oxidation process as the 竞争力，并很快被取代了直接氧化过程
dominant technology. 主导技术。 At present time, all the ethylene oxide production in 目前，所有的环氧乙烷生产
the world is achieved by the direct oxidation process. 世界是通过直接氧化过程。
The direct oxidation technology, as the name implies, utilizes the 直接氧化技术，顾名思义，利用
catalytic oxidation of ethylene with oxygen over a silver based catalyst to 超过银基催化剂催化氧化，与氧乙烯
yield ethylene oxide. 产量环氧乙烷。 The process can be divided into two categories 该工艺可分为两大类
depending on the source of the oxidizing agent. 取决于氧化剂的来源 。 The air-based process and 空基的过程和
the oxygen based process. 基于氧气的过程 。 In the first , air or air enriched with oxygen is fed 在第一阶段，丰富的空气或空气与氧气送入
directly to the system. 直接系统。 In the second high purity oxygen stream (>98 mol%) 在第二个高纯度的氧气流（> 98 mol％的）
from an air separation unit is employed as the source of the oxidizing agent. 受聘为氧化剂的来源是从空气分离装置 。

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Union Carbide Corp. was the first to commercialize an air-based direct 联合碳化物公司是第一个商业化空气的直接
oxidation process in 1937. 在1937年的氧化过程 。 The first oxygen-based system was 第一氧为基础的系统
commercialized by Shell Oil Co. in 1958. 壳牌石油有限公司在1958年商品化。 All the ethylene oxide plants that 环氧乙烷的植物
have been built during the last 15 years were oxygen-based processes and a 已在过去15年建成的氧为基础的流程和
number of plants were converted from the air to the oxygen-based process 植物从空气中的氧为基础的过程中的转换
during the same period. 在同一时期。 The total world production capacity of ethylene 占世界乙烯生产能力
oxide in 1992 was about 9.6X 10 在1992年的氧化物约9.6X 10
6 6
metric tons. 吨。 Most of the ethylene oxide 环氧乙烷
produced is consumed by its producers in making derivatives. 生产消耗其在衍生产品的生产者 。
The chosen process for this design thesis is the oxygen-based 此设计论文的选择过程是氧
oxidation process, because this is the latest process for the production of 氧化过程中，因为这是最新工艺生产
ethylene oxide production. 环氧乙烷生产。
DIRECT OXIDATION PROCESS: 直接氧化过程：
The phenomenal growth in United States and world ethylene oxide 在美国和世界环氧乙烷的显着增长
production capacity since 1940 and the market trend toward larger single- 自1940年以来的生产能力和市场趋势向着大单
train plant is chiefly due to the commercial success of the direct oxidation 列车的工厂，主要是由于商业上的成功直接氧化
process. 的过程。 Compared to the chlorohydrin process, direct oxidation eliminates 氯过程相比，直接氧化消除
the need for large volumes of chlorine. 需要大量的氯。 Also there are no chlorinated 也有不含氯
hydrocarbon by products to be sold, processing facilities can be made 烃类按产品要出售，加工设施，可
simpler, and operating costs are lower. 简单，和运营成本较低。 The main disadvantage of the direct 直接的主要缺点
oxidation process is the lower yield or selectivity of ethylene oxide per unit 氧化过程是产量较低或单位的乙烯氧化的选择性

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of feed ethylene consumed. 乙烯消耗的饲料。 The main inefficiency in the process results 在这个过程中结果的主要效率低下
from the loss of 20-25 mol% of the ethylene to carbon dioxide and water. 摩尔乙烯20-25％的损失，以二氧化碳和水 。
Consequently the operating conditions must be carefully controlled to 因此，经营状况，必须认真控制 ，以
maximize selectivity. 最大限度地提高选择性。
All the ethylene oxide palnts are based on the original process 所有的环氧乙烷palnts是基于原工艺
chemistry discovered by Lefort in 1931. 化学•勒弗尔在1931年发现 。
C 彗星
2 2
H H
4 4
+ ½ O2 +半氧
C 彗星
2 2
H H
4 4
O Ø
The only significant by-products are carbon dioxide and water, which 唯一显着的副产品是二氧化碳和水，
are formed either by complete combustion of ethylene: 乙烯完全燃烧形成：
C 彗星
2 2
H H
4 4
+ 3O + 3O
2 2
2CO 2CO
2 2
+ 2H + 2H
2 2
O Ø
Or by further oxidation of ethylene oxide: 或者由环氧乙烷的进一步氧化 ：
C 彗星
2 2
H H
4 4
O +2½ O2 O +2半氧
2CO 2CO
2 2
+ 2H + 2H
2 2
O Ø
To prevent the further oxidation of ethylene oxide, the ethylene 为了防止进一步氧化，环氧乙烷，乙烯
conversion is typically between 20-30% for ethylene oxide. 转换通常是环氧乙烷20-30％之间。
In addition to ethylene oxide, carbon dioxide, water, small quantities 此外环氧乙烷，二氧化碳，水，小批量
of acetaldehyde and traces of formaldehyde are also produced. 乙醛和甲醛的痕迹也有生产 。 In this 在这
calculation this is neglected and assumed to go with the bottom products. 计算，这是被忽视和承担的底部产品。

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The total percentage of production of these compounds is 0.2% of the total 这些化合物的生产，占总数的百分比是0.2％的总
ethylene oxide produced. 环氧乙烷生产。
A large amount of heat is released by the ethylene oxide reactions. 由环氧乙烷反应释放大量的热量。 At 在
600 K, each Kg of ethylene converted to ethylene oxide releases 3.756 MJ; 600 K，每公斤转化为环氧乙烷发行3.756兆焦耳的乙烯 ;
each Kg of ethylene converted to carbon dioxide and water releases 50.68 每公斤转化为二氧化碳和水的乙烯释放 50.68
MJ. 兆焦耳。 Energy recovery and integration is a prime concern in process design. 能源回收和整合是在工艺设计中的首要关注。
PROCESS DESCRIPTION: 过程描述：
Ethylene (95-98% purity) and oxygen (air with 95 mole % of oxygen) 乙烯（纯度95-98％）和氧（95％摩尔的氧气的空气 ）
are mixed in a ratio of 1:10 by weight and passed over a catalyst consisting 是按重量1:10的比例混合，并通过在一个组成的催化剂
of silver oxide deposited on an inert carrier such as corundum. 氧化银沉积在惰性载体，刚玉等。 Generally an 通常是一个
anti catalyst such as ethylene dichloride (about 2% based on the weight of 如二氯乙烷（重量约2％的反催化剂
ethylene) is added to the ethylene feed to suppress the formation of carbon 乙烯）被添加到乙烯饲料压制形成的碳
dioxide. 二氧化碳。 As an alternative vent gases form the absorber may be recycled to 作为一种替代的宣泄气体吸收塔可能被回收
the reactor in such quantity as to keep the ethylene concentration in the feed 在这种数量的反应堆保持在饲料中的乙烯浓度
at 3-5%. 在3-5％。 At a pressure of 4-5 atmosphere and temperature of 270-300°C, 在4-5大气和温度在270-300 ° C压力，
when a contact time of 1 sec is used, about 50 % of ethylene is converted. 使用时1秒的接触时间，约50％的乙烯转化 。
25% of the ethylene is converted to ethylene oxide. 25％的乙烯转化为环氧乙烷。
The effluent gases from the reactor are washed with water under 从反应器的出水气体，用清水洗净
pressure in an absorber. 在吸收塔的压力 。 The ethylene is absorbed and sent to a desorber to 乙烯被吸收并传送到一个脱附
desorb the water, which is used for the absorption. 脱附的水，这是用来吸收 ​​。 This water is recycled. 这水被回收。

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The overhead product from the desorber is sent to a steam stripper to remove 从脱附的开销产品发送到蒸汽汽提塔删除
the dissolved gases. 溶解的气体。 The water- ethylene oxide mixture with small amount of 少量的水环氧乙烷的混合物
ethylene and other impurities are fed to a fractionating column to purify the 乙烯和其他杂质，递过来一个分馏塔，净化
ethylene oxide to 99 mole%. 环氧乙烷99摩尔％。
Commercial processes operate under recycle conditions in a packed 在一个拥挤的商业流程循环条件下运作
bed multitubular reactor. 床multitubular反应堆。 The reactor is of shell and tube type comprised of 该反应堆是由管壳型
several thousand mild steel or stainless steel tubes, 20-50 mm inside 数千软钢或不锈钢管，20-50毫米内
diameter. 直径。 The reactor can be either oil or boiling water-cooled. 该反应堆可以是油或开水冷却。 These tubes 这些管子
are filled with a silver based catalyst ca 3-10 mm diameter supported on a 是充满了一个银基催化剂CA 3-10毫米直径上的支持
carrier material with surface area usually < 1m 载体材料表面积通常<1米
2 2
/g. /克。 The yield (moles of 屈服（痣
product formed per moles of ethylene consumed in the process) is normally 每在这个过程中所消耗的乙烯的摩尔中形成的产品）通常是
70-80% depending on catalyst type, per pass conversion, reactor design and 70-80％取决于催化剂的类型，每通过转换，反应堆的设计和
normally a large number of other process variables. 通常大量的其他过程变量。
OXYGEN BASED DIRECT OXIDATION 氧直接氧化
Even though the fundamental reaction and the ultimate results are the 即使反应的根本和最终的结果是
same there are substantial differences in air and oxygen based processes. 同样有很大的差别在空气和氧气的过程。
Virtually all the differences arise from the change in the oxidizing agent 几乎所有的差异来自氧化剂的变化
from air to pure oxygen (95 mole% O 从空中到纯氧（95摩尔％的O
2 2
). ）。 Due to the low per pass conversion, 由于每低通转换，
the need for complete removal for ethylene oxide by absorption, and the 需要彻底清除环氧乙烷吸收，并
accumulation of nitrogen in the cycle, the air process requires a substantial 在循环过程中氮的积累，空气过程中需要大量的

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purge stream. 清除流。 As a direct consequence of this air process requires the staged 作为一个直接后果是这种空气过程中需要的上演
reaction- absorption system. 反应吸收系统。 The oxygen-based process uses substantially 基于氧的过程中使用大幅
pure oxygen reduces the quantities of inert gases introduced into the cycle, 纯氧降低引入循环的惰性气体的数量，
and thereby results in almost complete recycle of the unreacted ethylene. ，从而在几乎完全未反应的乙烯回收。
This eliminates the need for purge reactor in the oxygen-based process. 这消除了需要清除反应堆中的氧为基础的过程中。
However the volume of the carbon dioxide formed is about 2 times the 然而，形成二氧化碳的碳量的2倍左右
volume of the ethylene reacted at a catalyst selectivity of 70-80%. 量的乙烯反应催化剂的选择性在70％-80％。 This CO 这种合作
2 2
must be eliminated on a continuous basis in order to control its concentration 必须消除在连续的基础上，以控制其浓度
at an acceptable level in the cycle. 在循环中的一个可接受的水平 。 Concentrations of CO 浓度的CO
2 2
much in excess of 很多超过
15-mole% adversely affect the catalyst selectivity. 15摩尔％的不利影响催化剂的选择性 。 Therefore in oxygen- 因此，在氧
based process the recycled gas is treated in a CO 基于过程中回收的气体在共同处理
2 2
removing tower before it is 消除塔前，
send back to the reactor. 发送回反应器。 The operation of the main reactor can be at much 主要反应器的操作，可以在多
higher ethylene concentration than that possible in air-based process is much 乙烯浓度高于空气为基础的过程可能是多
smaller than an air-based unit. 小于空基单位。 The high ethylene concentration improves the 高乙烯浓度提高
catalyst selectivity because the per pass conversions are lower for a given 催化剂的选择性，因为每通过转换是一个给定低
ethylene oxide production. 环氧乙烷生产。
In the flow sheet of the shown the process is an oxygen-based process. 在流动负债表所显示的过程是基于氧气的过程。
Ethylene, oxygen, and the recycle gas stream are combined before entering 乙烯，氧气和循环气流相结合，才进入
the tubular rectors. 管状校长。 The basic equipment used in this process is same as that 在这个过程中所使用的基本设备相同
used in air-based process. 使用空基的过程 。 The purge reactor is not used in this process. 清除反应堆是在这个过程中不使用。

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PROCESS TECHNOLOGY CONSIDERATIONS 工艺技术注意事项
Innumerable complex and interacting factors ultimately determine the 无数复杂和互动的因素，最终确定
success or failure of a given ethylene oxide process. 一个给定的环氧乙烷过程的成败 。 Those aspects of 这些方面的
process technology of the oxygen-based oxidation system are reviewed 过程中的氧气氧化系统技术审查
below. 下面。
Ethylene oxide catalyst: Of all the factors that influence the utility of the 环氧乙烷催化剂：所有的影响因素的效用
direct oxidation process for ethylene oxide, the catalyst used is of the 环氧乙烷直接氧化过程中，所使用的催化剂是
greatest importance. 最重要的。
It is for this reason that catalyst preparation and research have been 正是出于这个原因，催化剂制备和研究已
considerable since the reaction was discovered. 反应相当严重，因为被发现。 There are four basic 有四种基本
components in commercial ethylene oxide catalyst: the active catalyst metal; 商业环氧乙烷催化剂的组成部分：催化剂活性金属;
the bulk support; catalyst promoters that increase selectivity and/or activity 大容量的支持;催化剂促销员，增加选择性和/或活动
and improve catalyst life; and inhibitors or anticatalysts that suppress the 提高催化剂的寿命;抑制剂或anticatalysts，抑制
formation of carbon dioxide and water without appreciably reducing the rate 形成二氧化碳和水，没有明显减少的速度
of formation of ethylene oxide. 环氧乙烷的形成 。
The components of the catalyst are: 催化剂的成分是：
1. 1。 The active catalyst metal- silver. 催化剂活性金属银。 A variety of methods are used for the 多种方法用于
preparation of the silver based catalyst on relatively inert supports. 准备在相对 ​​惰性支持的银基催化剂。
2. 2。 Bulk support- the supports used commercially are alumdum (a-alumina), 散装支持支持用于商业用途是alumdum（氧化铝），
silicon carbide. 碳化硅。 Other supports are glass wool, quartz, carborundum, and 其他支持玻璃棉，石英，碳化硅，并

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ion-exchange zeolites. 离子交换的沸石 。 The physical and chemical properties of the 的物理和化学性质
support strongly dictate the performance of the finished catalyst. 大力支持规定的成品催化剂的性能 。 The “
surface area, porosity, and pore size of the support influence the size of 表面积，孔隙率，孔径支持的影响大小
the silver particles on the support and, therefore, affect the performance 支持的银颗粒，因此影响性能
of the final catalyst. 最终的催化剂 。 High surface supports (3-100 m 高表面支持（3-100米
2 2
/g) generally yield / G）一般可增产
poor ethylene oxide catalysts presumably because ethylene reacts in the 差的环氧乙烷催化剂，大概是因为乙烯反应的
pores from which ethylene oxide is released slowly. 环氧乙烷是缓慢释放的毛孔 。 The combination of 的结合
slow product release and poor heat conductivity of high surface area 缓慢的产品发布和高比表面积的导热性较差
supports is claimed to result in the combustion of ethylene oxide. 支持声称是导致环氧乙烷燃烧。
3. 3。 Promoters- alkaline earth metals. 等碱土金属。 Silver alone on a support does not give 一个支持单银上不给
rise to a good catalyst. 上升到一个很好的催化剂。 However, addition of minor amounts of promoter 然而，除了少量的发起人
enhances the activity and the selectivity of the catalyst, and improves its 提高了催化剂的活性和选择性，并提高其
long-term stability. 长期稳定。 Excess addition lowers the catalyst performance. 此外过剩降低催化剂的性能。 The “
most commonly used promoters are alkaline earth metals, such as 最常用的促销员碱土金属，如，
calcium or barium, and alkali metals such as cesium, rubidium, or 钙或钡剂，碱金属铯，铷，或如
potassium. 钾。 Using these metals in conjunction with various counter 使用这些金属在与各种计数器
anions, selectivities as high as 82-87% were reported. 阴离子，高达82-87％的高选择性的报道 。
4. 4。 Inhibitors- organic halides. 抑制剂的有机卤化物。 Many organic compounds, especially the 许多有机化合物，特别是
halides, are very effective for suppressing the undesirable oxidation of 卤化物，是非常有效的的抑制不良氧化
ethylene to carbon dioxide and water, although not significantly altering 乙烯为二氧化碳和水，虽然没有显着改变

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the main reaction to ethylene oxide. 环氧乙烷的主要反应。 These compounds referred to as 这些化合物被称为
catalyst inhibitors, can be used either in the vapour phase during the 催化剂抑制剂，可用于气相期间
process operation or incorporated into the catalyst manufacturing step. 运作过程中，或纳入催化剂的制造步骤 。
Important gas phase inhibitors are ethylene dichloride, ethylene 重要的气相抑 ​​制剂二氯乙烷，乙烯
dibromide, other alkyl halides, aromatic hydrocarbons, amines, and 溴化物，其他卤代烃，芳香烃，胺类，以及
organometallic compounds. 有机金属化合物。 In a study of the effect of ethylene dichloride 二氯乙烷的效果的研究
on catalyst activity, it was found that small amounts improved catalyst 催化剂的活性，结果发现，少量改善催化剂
performance. 性能。 In this design thesis the inhibitor suggested is ethylene 在此设计论文建议抑制剂是乙烯
dichloride. 二氯乙烷。
Operating pressure: Operating p