高级写作课程结构强化.pptx

课程大纲课程大纲Introductiongeneral writing improvement strategies Logic strategies 议论文议论文:各类高端国内外考试各类高端国内外考试说明文：部门高端国内外考试说明文：部门高端国内外考试应用文：生活及部门考试应用文：生活及部门考试记叙文：生活及部门考试记叙文：生活及部门考试1 Introduction1.1what is advanced writing1.2abilities measuredVocabulary,sentence-basicparagraph,article-logic1.3mistakes2 general writing improvement strategies2.1 Vocabulary building 炼词炼词2.2 Sentence building 炼句炼句2.3 Paragraph building 炼段炼段2.1 vocabulary buildingRequirement:variety and diversity 多样性多样性appropriate word choice 合适合理合适合理idiomatic expression 习惯表达习惯表达Vocabulary building methods:同义词及区别同义词及区别上义词上义词意译词意译词习惯修辞及横线构词习惯修辞及横线构词同义词及区别同义词及区别重要、导致、促进、大的、剧烈地、重要、导致、促进、大的、剧烈地、迷恋迷恋程度副词程度副词 剧烈类：剧烈类：greatly/enormously/sharply/steeply/suddenly/alarmingly/amazingly/massively/rapidly/dramatically/considerably/significantly/incredibly/Substantially.缓慢类：缓慢类：gradually/gently/steadily/slightly/slowly/marginally/in a moderate way/by the least amount/moderately 选择中名词优先原则选择中名词优先原则坐落坐落蜿蜒蜿蜒盘亘盘亘好奇好奇提升品位提升品位自恋自恋女神女神杯具杯具Snake nestDragon overCrane forLadder upnarcissusMussOedipusRocket upApolloSisyphus 经典名著例子经典名著例子有钱男人需要找老婆有钱男人需要找老婆A man in possession of a great fortune must be in want of a wife.人们对此议论纷呈人们对此议论纷呈Ideas on this issue keep at constant variance.如何用名词表达？如何用名词表达？重要、导致、促进、大的、迷恋、剧烈的重要、导致、促进、大的、迷恋、剧烈的Of importance=importantResult in=have result in.Have Contribution toAdvance=have advancement toHave a fancy on you/sth strike my fancy exert peculiar fascination on nose dive TIPSRecite words per dayScan web per dayWrite down the new and interesting words and their none.上义词-where to use Restrict/limit-？Regulation/law-？countryAnimal experiment Books/TV/ad.Computer Teacher 意译词 写作初级阶段：写作初级阶段：=翻译翻译常见意译错误常见意译错误:Please give me a reply if you are convenient.My MP3 can not listen even though it has much electricity.People now have condition to eat good things.I want to learn more about the garden knowledge.生活中经常出现的意译错误送朋友回家送朋友回家对不起，没座了对不起，没座了Sorry,no seats available 网站暂时无法访问网站暂时无法访问 Website Temporarily Unavailable.英语水平英语水平 English skills 谢谢你的好意，不过我可以走回去谢谢你的好意，不过我可以走回去 Thanks for your offer,but I can walk home 伸出了援助之手伸出了援助之手 offering helping hands 他给了一件工作给我。他给了一件工作给我。这种产品效果绝对不一样这种产品效果绝对不一样 It will make a great difference.对于我来说，吃什么都一样。对于我来说，吃什么都一样。It makes no difference to have this or that你这样做是什么意思你这样做是什么意思 Whats your point 做做没什么意思？没什么意思？Pointless to do.Makes no sense to do我邮箱打不开了我邮箱打不开了 I can not access my mail box today在城里孩子们有渠道去看各种演出。在城里孩子们有渠道去看各种演出。关于动物意译关于动物意译天涯何处无芳草天涯何处无芳草 fish 好兔不吃窝边草好兔不吃窝边草 Do not fish in your neighbors pool 老鼠爱大米老鼠爱大米 cheese 力壮如牛力壮如牛.as strong as a horse/willing horse黑马黑马Dark horse胆小如鼠胆小如鼠As timid as a chicken 习惯修辞习惯修辞 比喻比喻Dabble 浅涉水浅涉水v-涉猎涉猎明眸善睐明眸善睐 社会像是？社会像是？A dyeing pot/salad pot阿甘正传阿甘正传 beans carrots Narcissus拟人拟人Facelift 拉皮拉皮 n.The restaurant has,with its new boss hailing from New York,had a new facelift recently.Feed up the machine/vendor 门开不了门开不了灯怒气冲冲地闪烁着灯怒气冲冲地闪烁着Sparks were emitted from small black boxes and red lamps flashed on and off angrily.一股怪味袭来，使他相信了我说的是真话一股怪味袭来，使他相信了我说的是真话 He was greeted by an unpleasant smell which convinced him that I was telling the truth.借代借代In the least developed countries in Africa,all fur and feather are hunted for food.Creature/species Our hotel is short of hands Wall has ears.Great minds think alike.China is suffering brain loss/drain.Highbrow/lowbrow high/low pitch/key-夸张夸张She has the heart in her mouth.She went home in a flood of tears.(Laughter.)押韵押韵:smile a smile dream a little dream Talk the talk/Walk the walk Better city,better lifeInterior.exterior.双关双关A very dear cat for meApril is coming after a long march.TIPSEconomist New YorkerWiki Urban dictionary MOREHANGZHOU2.2 sentence buildingRequirement:Complication 英语重结构，汉语重语义英语重结构，汉语重语义 syntactic variety 英语多变化，汉语多重复英语多变化，汉语多重复 length英语多长句，汉语多短句英语多长句，汉语多短句 Sentence building methods:横向变换句型横向变换句型1 basic sentence writing 结构写作结构写作2 basic variety principles 基本基本5变化法变化法 3 Module choice 7 模块认知和选择模块认知和选择 高级变化高级变化 4 module synthesis 模块合成长句模块合成长句basic sentence writingbasic sentence writing 结构写作结构写作基本结构和常见错误基本结构和常见错误S V OS be Cbasic variety principles 基本基本5变化法变化法 Basic variety 5 principles法则法则1 主语变化：主语变化：英语多被动，汉语多主动英语多被动，汉语多主动 众所周知众所周知 We all known that Its known to all that.It must be pointed out thatIt must be admitted that.It is imagined that.It can not be denied that.It will be seen from this that.It should be realized that.It is(always)stressed that.It may be said without fear of exaggeration that人们对此意见不一。人们对此意见不一。Different people have different ideas about this.Ideas on this issue/topic vary from person to person.variousIdeas on this issue keep at constant variance.法则法则2 动宾结构变化为副词加形容词：动宾结构变化为副词加形容词：do harm to the body/spirit-physically/mentally harmful/detrimental Financially supportive/stressedhave great benefit to the environmentenvironmentally friendly/beneficial 法则法则3 倒装句倒装句介宾短语前置倒装：介宾短语前置倒装：杭州位于中国东部，是一个天堂城市。杭州位于中国东部，是一个天堂城市。Hz nests in the east of C.In the.Nests HZ,A beautiful city.Only 介宾短语、从句介宾短语、从句+系动词助动词系动词助动词+句子：句子：Only in this way can we solve the problem.只有在孩子完成作业以后才能被允许看电视。只有在孩子完成作业以后才能被允许看电视。只有大家充分认识到这个问题以后问题才能只有大家充分认识到这个问题以后问题才能真正得以解决。真正得以解决。Only after/when everyday realize the problem can it be worked outNot only but also 倒装倒装:Not only can.,it also大学教育大学教育政府设施政府设施奉献奉献scarificationSuch.that 倒装：经典引入句倒装：经典引入句Such is human nature thatSuch is a common phenomenon that.Never倒装倒装 经典引入句经典引入句Never has the public witnessed/seen such a phenomenon that.法则法则4 强调句强调句It is+强调部分强调部分+that剩余部分剩余部分炼句中几种其他强调1.用形容词用形容词“very”，“single”等表示强等表示强调调 Not a single person has been in the office this afternoon 2.用反身代词表示强调用反身代词表示强调 He himself come to visit the patient.3.用助词用助词“do”表示强调表示强调 4.用短语用短语“in every way”，“in no way”，“by all means”，“by no means”他的举止确实无可挑剔。他的举止确实无可挑剔。你一定要把儿子带来。你一定要把儿子带来。托福考试托福考试 5用倒装句表示强调用倒装句表示强调 法则法则5 双重否定句双重否定句双重否定为了强调，也有的是为了使语气委双重否定为了强调，也有的是为了使语气委婉婉1、否定词否定词缀、否定词否定词缀我们经常出国。我们经常出国。We do not infrequently go abroad.天下无难事，只怕有心人。天下无难事，只怕有心人。Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.已经做了的事后悔也无用已经做了的事后悔也无用。Whats done can not be undone.考试经典句型It is not uncommonIt is not undeniable.2、否定词含有否定意义的词（各类）、否定词含有否定意义的词（各类）There is no doubt that.never fail to do.There is no denying that.It not seldom happens that.There are few people who dont like to。No gains without pains.There is no smoke without fire.模仿模仿没没.没没无无.无无.3、否定词否定词、否定词否定词Nothing venture,nothing gain.凡是地球人都无一不认识凡是地球人都无一不认识TA。There is no one who lives in the world who doesnt know her.模仿模仿 凡是生活在城市的人没有一个不知道现在城市的污凡是生活在城市的人没有一个不知道现在城市的污染问题染问题 Module choice 7 模块认知和选择模块认知和选择 高级变化高级变化 Module choice外增高外增高1-6，内增高，内增高7模块模块1 介宾短语介宾短语-With替代动词替代动词，前置平衡结构西雅图气候宜人是一个花园城市。西雅图气候宜人是一个花园城市。The climate in Seattle is agreeable and is a garden city.Seattle is a garden city with the most delightful climate in the world.Seattle,with the most delightful climate in the world,is a garden city.当老罗用那低沉的调子和诡异的表情讲出当老罗用那低沉的调子和诡异的表情讲出那个笑话的时候整个教室爆发出爆笑。那个笑话的时候整个教室爆发出爆笑。The whole class burst out laughing/broke into/burst into a great laughter when Laoluo,with his low tone and weird Look,told the story当城市化的脚步当城市化的脚步在高楼林立工业扩展中在高楼林立工业扩展中进进入农村，农村的宁静正在慢慢地被打破。入农村，农村的宁静正在慢慢地被打破。The peace of village is being broken slowly,When the pace of urbanizationSprawl/spread into the countryside with skyscrapers standing up and industry roaring everyday甘霖在新东方四国混血，资历最老，在学甘霖在新东方四国混血，资历最老，在学生中享有很高声望。生中享有很高声望。GL,with 3 foreign origins and most experience/experienced resume/application,enjoys a high fame/reputation among students 功夫总是吸引成千上万的迷们因为它以它那些功夫总是吸引成千上万的迷们因为它以它那些.的绝招把人们带入了一个刀光剑影的江湖世界。的绝招把人们带入了一个刀光剑影的江湖世界。Kungfu always attracts/interests/.KF never fails to fascinate thousands of fans for it involves us into the cowboy life with jumping from roof to roof,running on the winds,shooting electricity from ones finger 考试模拟练习考试模拟练习随着社会发展经济进步人们生活水平提高，随着社会发展经济进步人们生活水平提高，电脑已经作为一种普通日用品飞入了平常电脑已经作为一种普通日用品飞入了平常百姓家。百姓家。模块模块2 定语从句定语从句 S V O,which.S,which/who,V OGL,who is the most experienced teacher in NOS,enjoys a high fame/reputation.大学教育大学教育模块模块3 分词伴随及位置平衡分词伴随及位置平衡 分词做伴随的妙用分词做伴随的妙用可以替代任何状语从句可以替代任何状语从句:ving,主干主干IfBefore/AfterWhen/whileAlthoughBecause/so.Having the most experienced resume in NOS,GL enjoys a high reputation among the students.GL,having the most sophisticated resume in NOS,enjoys a high reputation among the students.模块模块4 独立主格独立主格-高级表达方法高级表达方法分词做伴随分词做伴随 主语不同时主语不同时N+doing/done,主干主干政府政府教育教育科技科技社会社会模块模块5 同位语同位语-最佳最简单长句模块最佳最简单长句模块Laoyu,GL,the most sophisticated/hardened guy in NOS，enjoys a high reputation among the students.和上义词思维模式相似和上义词思维模式相似模块模块6 同位语从句同位语从句有内容的名词有内容的名词+whether/that 内容本身内容本身The fact thatThe debate whether.is going onto the center stage of the public/going into the spotlight.引入话题经典句型引入话题经典句型Such is the human nature thatNever has the society witnessed such a phenomenon that模块模块7 名词性从句名词性从句-内增高法内增高法S V O 主语从句主语从句 What has attracted the public is whether 宾语从句宾语从句表语从句表语从句实战练习西湖位于杭州市中心，闹中取静，风景优西湖位于杭州市中心，闹中取静，风景优美，历史悠久，文化深厚。美，历史悠久，文化深厚。Hustle and bustle of the city快乐和幸福的真谛不是拥有的更多而是要快乐和幸福的真谛不是拥有的更多而是要求的更少。求的更少。环境问题太复杂，个人难以解决。环境问题太复杂，个人难以解决。我们需要关注的不是环境可以给我们带来我们需要关注的不是环境可以给我们带来 什么，而是我们能为它做出什么。什么，而是我们能为它做出什么。module synthesis 模块合成长句模块合成长句 Module synthesis如何练就长句如何练就长句1S 2 3 V O 4,5 6前提：写好句子主干前提：写好句子主干1 议论的引导词：议论的引导词：起起 First of all,firstly,at the beginning,first and foremost,in the first place,to begin with,to start with,on the one hand 承承 Secondly,on the other hand,moreover,furthermore,in addition,in the second转转 However,nevertheless,nonetheless,conversely,on the contrary,to the contrast,in contrast（用于反面例证和让（用于反面例证和让步段）步段）合合 in conclusion,to conclude,as a whole,all in all,in short,in a word,in summary,to sum up,to wrap up,after all,in the end,generally speaking,in this sense,we can safely say（用在结尾段）（用在结尾段）2同位语：同位语：通常让在主语通常让在主语S/O(N)后面后面-名词成分：名词成分：.University education,.,can.Lao Yu,_v_.Advertisement,_,_v_.Science and technology,_,_v_ two blade sword同位语变形同位语变形-分词成分分词成分/定从定从.被认为是被认为是.？N,regarded/considered/deemed/referred to be/entitled to be.改革开放政策？对外交流政策？改革开放政策？对外交流政策？The policy of reform and opening up to the outside world,_，Computers are more applied in education than puters overweigh teachers.Firstly,computers,deemed to be.,can enrich the teaching method.Secondly,computers,can 其他话题训练其他话题训练老师，信息，老师，信息，汽车汽车.Teachers,.,will.Cars,high tech and full function four wheels machines,will bring us.1S2 3 V O 4 5 63插入语：通常放在是实意动词前面插入语：通常放在是实意动词前面 To a large/some extent/degree;directly or indirectly;one way or another4 介宾短语 表示动作方式University education,one of the most important periods of our life,can,to a large extent,bring us_ with various subjects.The policy of reform and opening up to the outside world,_2_,has,_3_,v.,/with.5 从句 which,前提 内容扩展University education,one of the most important periods of our life,can,to a large extent,bring us_ with various subjects,which will.从而，于是从而，于是.The policy of reform and opening up to the outside world,_2_,has,_3_,v.,/with.,which.First of all,teachers,the human being with thoughts,can，_3_,start/have spiritual communication with the students,which3 to a large extentMoreover,teachers,the elites/those with various characteristics,will,_3_,set up good examples of students.,which 3 directly or indirectly其他话题训练：其他话题训练：Mobile phones cause some medical,social,and technical problems.Will the problems outweigh the advantages?1 Mobile phones,_2_,_3_,_V_ 4by/with.,5 which/so2 one of the most convenient methods to keep in touch with each other,can,3 to some degree v:enhance the communication4 介宾短语及前置（介宾短语及前置（with/after.）：）：5定语从句：定语从句：which.6 其他从句：其他从句：so/because./if.原因连词原因连词：because/for/since/as/in that 原因介词原因介词：because of/due to/owing to/为了为了 for the sake of 条件连词条件连词：if/as(so)long as,given(provided)that/supposed that/in case that 经典长句句型经典长句句型University education,deemed to be one of the most significant parts of peoples life,can,to a large extent,offer us a wealth of knowledge/in terms of various kinds of subjects,which will a lay a solid foundation for（58）The reform and opening up to the outside world,regarded to be one of the most essential policies put forward by our great leader Deng Xiaoping in the 20th century,has,directly or indirectly,boosted the prosperity of national economy by introducing the state of the art technology and concepts,which greatly/enormously build up our national strength and make China a more and more stronger nation in the spotlight of the international stage.731 S2 3 v o 4 5 2.3 paragraph building训练目的：写作逻辑基本培养训练目的：写作逻辑基本培养 TS-SI拓展思维拓展思维-分类思维分类思维汽车很方便汽车很方便超市很热闹超市很热闹 科技很先进科技很先进 环境很污染环境很污染 话题随机练习话题随机练习 农村生活好农村生活好methods:1 倒装排山倒海倒装排山倒海2 强调一直海棠压梨花强调一直海棠压梨花3 分总万剑归宗分总万剑归宗美文赏析 经典案例失败是成功之母失败是成功之母快乐别人就是快乐自己快乐别人就是快乐自己了解过去很有必要了解过去很有必要过去成功比现在成功要容易过去成功比现在成功要容易高级英文写作教程高级英文写作教程 蓝色蓝色外研社外研社如何写拓展句？如何写拓展句？SI一一 写好处和影响写好处和影响平行分类平行分类1 人群分类人群分类2 组成部分组成部分3 画面画面例子例子 对比对比 A好好 相关相关BCD不好不好 反面反面 A +没有没有A 我们多惨我们多惨二二 原因背景分析：原因背景分析：因为缺少，有问题因为缺少，有问题 所以所以需要需要Industry movingsaving land for endangered animal?学习历史可以增长知识学习历史可以增长知识3 independent writing-Argument 题目原则：题目原则：A/-A;A/BLogic-Structure Introduction BodyConclusion Proofreading Requirement:well organized and well developedusing clearly appropriate explanation,exemplification,and/or detailsdisplays unity,progression,and coherence题目原则：题目原则：A/-A;A/B Do you think people will reduce the cars in 20 years?Governments should focus more on preservation of environment rather than economic development.Logic-Structure 论证思路：论证思路：常规选择式常规选择式:一边倒；一边倒；正正反补正正反补跳出模板式跳出模板式常规式 一边倒支持支持or反对反对 /支持支持A or 支持支持BIntroBody1 Body 2Body3Con.常规式 正正反补IntroBody1Body 2Body3 反反-让步论证反面；让步论证反面；补补-削弱反面削弱反面Con.跳出式 列标准IntroCriteria1Criteria 2Criteria 3Con.The best way to see films is to go to the cinema?The best way to achieve happiness yourself is to make others happy.练习2009.3.28Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Teachers should make their social or political views known to students.Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?In 20 years from now on,students will not use printed books anymore.2009.3.14Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is better to spend money on traveling and vacation than to save money for the future.Others对应结构总结对应结构总结一边倒一边倒正正反补正正反补-对让步段进行反驳对让步段进行反驳 跳出模式跳出模式一边倒Introduction Body 1 正正/反反 Body 2 正正/反反Body 3 正正/反反Conclusion 正正反补Introduction Body1 Body2 Body3 反反+补（对反的削弱）补（对反的削弱）Conclusion 跳出式Introduction Criteria 1Criteria 2 Criteria 3 Conclusion Introduction 基本开头基本开头经典开头经典开头基本开头基本开头1背景分析引入话题：几个基本句型？背景分析引入话题：几个基本句型？2两派分析两派分析Ideas on this issue keep at constant variance.3自我观点：自我观点：六脉神剑引入句比较比较 Nothing IS more controversial than the issue倒装倒装Never has the society witnessed such an issue.Such is the human nature/social phenomenon that.never fail to fascinate the public真理真理 It is the truth that has been universally acknowledged that.It is of common consensus that拟人：拟人：1 Rapturous applause recently greeted heated controversy/concern/consensus2 The society is no stranger to.经典开头话题引入句经典开头话题引入句1真理性开头真理性开头Its the truth/fact that has been universally acknowledged/accepted that.如何想真理？如何想真理？真理变争议要改变真理变争议要改变,which has changed to some degree.于是导致争议于是导致争议 leading to a debate/controversy whet