新东方4+1语音语调.doc

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新东方在线 4+1 网络课堂电子版教材
4+1 语音语调

UNIT ONE : 美语发音概述
An Overview of American Enhlish Pronunciation

英语语音音素的分类较易掌握。根据元音发音过程中舌头抬起的部位不同可分为前、中、后元音（具体细节请参考Lesson 1），如音素[i:]在发音时舌前端抬起是为前元音，音素[u]发音时舌后部抬起是为后元音；根据辅音发音时声带的震动与否可分为清、浊辅音或根据发音时气流通过口腔的方式不同可分为摩擦辅音、爆破辅音等（具体细节请参考Lesson 1）。如音素[p]和[f]在发音时声带没有震动，称之为清辅音。而音素[b]和[v]在发音时声带振动，则称之为浊辅音。另外在音素[p]与[b]的发音过程中，通过口腔中的气流由上下嘴唇一堵一放，按这种走气方式所发出的辅音，称其为爆破音。而有些音素在发音时，气流在口腔中一些特定的部位产生摩擦，如音素[f]与[v]是气流在上齿与下齿之间摩擦而生的，这类辅音被称为摩擦音。这些分类乍看起来很复杂，其实通过分类表格进行分类、比较之后，就显得简明易懂，容易记忆了。
英式发音与美式发音的差异在发音上虽有一定的规律，但掌握起来并不是很容易，需要大量的听力练习。本章除系统地介绍了英、美发音中元音及一些辅音的不同之外，还在听力分辨的训练上采取了简单而有针对性的对比练习，如：单词are，英式发音为[A:]，在发音时不卷舌；美式发音为[Ar]，发音时要卷舌。再如：单词hot，英式发音为[hCt]，美式发音为[hAt]。通过对比一些拼写相同但英、美发音不同的单词的发音，分辨其不同之处，来把握美音同英音的差异。英语音素的分类知识对于掌握正确的发音及单词的拼写规律很有帮助。通过对音素的了解，可以使大家很容易地掌握朗读中的音的变化，进而解决听力中被视为老大难问题的“音变现象”。
在听力中区分英音与美音时很重要的，这是基本功。了解美语发音所不同于英语发音的一些特色，有利于大家深入学习和掌握地道的美语发音。

SECTION ONE
Be Prepared

学习内容
1. 音素分类，包括元音及辅音分类。
2. 英式发音与美式发音的区别，包括元音及辅音发音的区别。

学习目标
1. 掌握简单的英语音素的分类知识。
2. 了解英式发音与美式发音的区别。

学习方法
1. 本章大部分属常识性内容，阅读即可。
2.少量听辨及跟读练习，只需听一听，并加以适当模仿即可。

LESSON 1发音类别
THE CLASSIFICATION OF ENGLISH PHONEMES

● Warm Up 语音课堂

基本分类及常识
语音分元音和辅音两大类，每一个语音必定属于这两者之一。
All the phonetic sounds are divided into vowel and consonant.
元 音
元音是一种有声音，发音时用舌头和嘴唇使口腔定形，声带震动。同时气流从咽腔和口腔不断流出，不受阻碍，也没有变狭窄，因而听不出摩擦。
Vowel：vowel is a voiced sound. The vocal cords vibrate, while the oral cavity is sampled by the tongue and lips. At the same time, the air is passing from the larynx to the mouth without obstruction.
辅 音
（在正常言语中）除元音外所有的其他音都叫辅音。一部分辅音发音时，气流不通过口腔，如[m]；另一部分辅音发音时，气流在通过口腔时，受到这样或那样的阻碍，或在口腔中的某个点受到摩擦。
Consonant：All the other sounds except vowels are consonants. For some consonants, when they are pronounced, the air doesn’t pass the mouth as /m/. for others , when it is passing through the oral cavity, the air will receive this or that kind of obstruction. Or it is affricated at a certain point.

元音和辅音的特征
The characteristics of the Vowels and Consonants：Vowels are sounds produced without obstruction of the air stream in the mouth. In producing them there is vibration of the vocal cords. So all vowels are voiced. Consonants are sounds produced by some form of obstruction of the air passage and maybe either voiced or voiceless.

☆· 元 音 分 类 精 讲 ·☆

元音分类 A
根据发音时舌头在口腔中抬起的部位不同，我们把单素元音分为前元音、中元音和后元音。（When we pronounce a monophing ,the jaw, tongue and lips do not move at all.There are twelve monophthongs,and we divide them into front vowel ,central vowels and back vowels,both in British English and American English based on the parts of the tongue that count them.

● Part One 前元音听辨及跟读

舌前部向硬颚抬起时发出的元音叫前元音。
前元音(Front Vowels)主要有：[i],[0],[G],[$] (Which are made by raising the front of the tongue towards the hard palate.)
A. Practice these four sounds in phrases.

240

eat the meat
make a wish
very well
a mad man
keep the seat
sit down
get ready
a jazz band
three trees
best friend
a black bag
Peter’s secret
a small fish
ten men
a plastic bag
the Chinese people
a bit chilly
Teddy Bear
hand in hand
a piece of cheese
bit by bit
wet with sweat
a happy marriage
a friend in need
fit as a fiddle
best seller
on behalf of our class

B. Now practice the sound in sentences.
⑴ Please speak English.
Dick gives Lily a big kiss.
The book sells well, I guess.
Don’t let the cat out of the bag.
⑵ Seeing is believing.
They stayed together through thick and thin.
Let’s get everything ready.
They ran hand in hand.
⑶ Steve lives on 333 Peterson Street.
Can you give me a lift?
Remember to get me ten eggs.
He who laughs last laughs best.
⑷ Don’t speak Chinese in an English class.
Is it spring or still winter?
All is well that ends well.
Pat sat on the grass with a glass in his hand.
⑸ Please keep this seat for me.
Mary is fifty now, but she’s still fit as a fiddle.
Better late than never.
Sally married a handsome young man named Jerry.

● Part Two 中元音听辨练习

舌中部向硬颚抬起时发出的元音叫中元音。
中元音(Central Vowels)主要有：[Q ]，[D]，[K ] (which are made by raising the middle of the tongue towards the dividing line between the hard and soft palates.)
A. Practice these three sounds in phrases.

the first term
a long term
some money
learn the words
among the workers
some honey
a firm girl
never forget
once in a month
a nervous nurse
a sheet of paper
a tough son
an early bird
a drop of water
a funny couple
a dirty shirt
the teachers of China
a sudden jump
the third world
the doctor’s daughter
just for fun
an active learner
at the counter
blood for blood

B. Now practice the sound in sentences.
⑴ The early bird catches the worm.
My younger brother’s a doctor.
Enough is enough.
⑵ First come, first served.
Peter can use the computer pretty well.
I wonder who’s coming to lunch.
⑶ The girls have to learn World History first.
Peter’s father is a professor.
My brother lives in the countryside.
⑷ Earl has worked in that firm for thirty years.
You’d better do it faster.
He was running to catch the bus.
⑸ A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
My younger sister is also a computer expert.
Never trouble troubles until troubles trouble you.
⑹ He seems to get worse and worse.
Let’s have a get-together after supper.
How much is too much?
⑺ Birds of a feather flock together.
Give me some butter and sugar.
Love me , love my dog.

● Part Three 后元音听辨练习

发音时舌后部需要向软颚抬起的元音叫作后元音；
后元音( Back Vowels)主要有：[A]，[C]，[?]，[u] (which are made by raising the back of the tongue towards the soft palate.)
A. Practice these four sounds in phrases.

pop music
law and order
push and pull
pop concert
daughter-in-law
you full
by hook or by crook
whose tools
a stopwatch
according to law
the butcher and the crook
a new suit
clocks and watches
talk and walk
good looks
a group of students
socks and stocking
a small waterfall
good footwork
drop by drop
along corridor
book a room
the Blue Danube
common knowledge
a long story
took some sugar
a water bottle
a quarter to four
too few too soon to be true
wooden plates

B. Now practice the sound in sentences.
Waste not, want not.
My daughter-in-law is a lawyer.
Who took away my book?
How do you do?
Honesty is the best policy.
Paul is forty-four.
Don’t let the butcher bully the cook.
You look cool!
A pick-pocket picks pocket.
Norman has lost his wallet.
Crook will do it by hook or by crook.
Soon my dream will come true.
Lots and lots of dollars are locked in the box.
We won because we fought hard.
We tried to book a room, but the hotel was full.
No news is good news.
Tom started at the bottom and worked his way to the top.
Learn to crawl before you can walk.
Look before you leap.
As a rule, the skies are blue in June.
元音分类 B
根据构成元音的音素的不同，我们把元音分为12个单素元音（monophthongs）和8个复合元音（diphthongs）。
A diphthong is a glide from one monophthong to another and the whole glide acts like a long, pure vowel. There are eight diphthongs in English. Diphthongs can be divided into two groups, the closing diphthongs and the centering diphthongs.
Jones：
Monophthongs [i:] [i] [e] [$] [K] [a:] [C] [C:] [u] [u:] [D:] [D]
Diphthongs [ei] [ai] [Ci] [Du] [au] [iD] [D] [uD]
In American English, we simply use five of these diphthongs：[ei],[Du],[ai],[au],[Ci].

● 听 辨 练 习

A. Practice these five sounds in phrases.

play safe
go home
by and by
a loud sound
voice and noise
save face
don’t know
silent night
boiling point
make way
hope so
quite right
no soap
nine times
without power
a joyful voyage
face to face
a mouse in the house
spoil the boy
plain sailing
low-interest loan
point by point
out of town
old folks at hom

B. Practice these five sounds in phrases.
⑴ Better take your raincoat.
Go and open the window.
Out of sight, out of mind.
I found a mouse in the house.
Roy toiled on the soil.
⑵ Let’s play safe.
Oh, he’s so slow.
Like father like son.
He’s out of town.
Jack’s an employee in a joint venture.
⑶ Her name is Rachel.
Show me the photo, Joe.
Once bitten, twice shy.
How about going down town?
The spoiled boy wants more new toys.
⑷ No way, go away.
It’s only a joke.
A stitch in time saves nine.
No doubt, he’s drowned.
The noise came from the toilet.
⑸ Rain, rain, go away. Little Johnny wants to play.
I love potatoes and tomatoes.
Great minds think a like.
How many hours do we have to wait?
Soybean oil is my choice.
⑹ The cake is on the plate and the plate is on the table.
Give me my soap and comb.
A cat has nine lives.
He’s without power now.
Let’s join the boys.
⑺ When the cat is away , the mice will play.
Little strokes fell great oaks.
Strike while the iron is hot.
Howard is going to have a cold shower now.
Spare the rod, spoil the child.
元音分类 C
根据发音时嘴唇的形状：
According to the shape of the lips
合口元音 Rounded Vowels：[C:] [C] [u] [u:] (which are made by bringing the lips together in different degrees, close-rounded or open-rounded.)
敞口元音 Unrounded Vowels：[i:] [D:](which are made by drawing the lips a little back at the corners.)
自然口型Neutral Vowels：[i ] [e] [$] [K] [D] (which are made by holding the lips naturally or normally.)
元音分类D
根据元音的发音长度：
According to the length of the vowels.
长元音 The Long Vowels：[i] [D:][A:][C:][u:]
短元音 The Short Vowels：[i][e][$][K][D][C][u]

☆· 辅 音 分 类 精 讲 ·☆
辅音分类 A
根据声带震动情况：
按照声带震动情况给辅音分类，发音时声带完全敞开，气流通过声带没有引起震动的辅 音称为清辅音，发音时声带合拢，气流通过声带并引起震动的辅音称为浊辅音。每一组对应的清浊辅音在发音时发音部位和发音方式都是完全相同的，只以声带震动与否来进行区别。
The voiceless consonants are usually aspirated, strong and long, and the vocal cords do not vibrate when they are pronounced. The voiced consonants are usually unaspirated, weak and short and the vocal cords vibrate when they are pronounced.
英语中有十组对应的清浊辅音，它们是：
清辅音 Voiceless Consonants ：[p] [t] [k] [tN] [f] [L] [s] [N] [ts ] [tr ]
浊辅音 Voiced Consonants：：[b ] [d] [E] [dI] [v] [M] [z] [I] [dz] [dr]
英语中有些音是没有相对应的清浊辅音的，它们是：
清辅音：[h]
浊辅音：[m] [n] [H] [l] [r]
另外，人们习惯上把半元音也归为浊辅音用。
浊辅音：[w] [j]
辅音分类 B
根据气流通过口腔时产生的不同效果：
根据气流通过口腔时产生的不同效果给辅音分类，可将辅音分为爆破音、摩擦音、塞擦 音、鼻音和舌边音。另外，我们将半元音也放在这一部分，方便练习掌握。

● Part One 爆破音听辨练习

爆破音 plosive：在相当时间内，气流通道完全阻塞，气流（一般由于肺部的动作）受压，然后突然放开阻塞，发出爆破的声音。
(In the production of a plosive, the air-stream is obstructed completely both in the oral and nasal tracts, so that when the closure in the oral tract is suddenly released, the compressed air rushed in the oral tract is suddenly released, the compressed air rushes out and produces an explosive sound. According to the place of the oral closure, plosive may be bilabial [p,b] , alveolar [t,d], velar [k,g].)
英语中的爆破音有六个，它们是：[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [E]

Read the dialogue, paying attention to the pronunciation of plosives.
⑴ A：How do you do? I’m Parker.
B：How do you do, Mr. Barker?
A：Parker.
B：Oh, Parker with a P?
A：Yes, with a P.
B：Er… I’m Barker.
A：Barker? With a B. Of course.
B：Yes, with a B.
A：Won’t you come in, Mr. Barker?
B：Thank you, Mr. Parker.
⑵ A：I love you, Miss Brown.
B：But how can I believe you, Mr. Black.
A：I’ll jump over the balcony, Miss Brown.
B：Jump over the balcony, Mr. Black?
A：It’ll prove my love, Miss Brown.
B：It’ll break your back, Mr. Black.
A：Then save me and take me back!
⑶ A：What’s the date today?
B：December the fifteenth. The day after tomorrow is little Tom’s birthday.
A：Right. What present should we give him this time? By the way, how old is he?
B：He’s still thirteen today and tomorrow. He’ll be fourteen the day after tomorrow. Let’s get him a remote controlled toy truck.
A：How time flies! He’s a big boy now.
B：And don’t forget Mary, Tom’s twin sister. It’s her birthday, too.
A：OK. Let’s invite all their little friends to come and celebrate.
⑷ A：Was it a good game?
B：It was a terrific game.
A：You had a good day for it.
B：A beautiful day.
A：Did Chris score?
B：He scored twice.
A：And you?
B：Now where did I put that bottle of milk?
A：Did you score?
B：Ah, got it.
A：Maybe the next game?
B：Sure thing. I’ll score one goal at least.

● Part Two 摩擦音听辨练习

摩擦音 fricative：气流通道收窄，气流通过时发出可听擦音。
(In the production of a fricative two vocal organs are brought very close together (but not to the extent of touching each other to form a closure) so that the air stream forcing its way through the resulting narrowing becomes turbulent, and this turbulent is heard as a fricative noise. In English, the most frequently used fricatives are labiodental [f，v], dental [L，M], alveolar [s，z], and palatal-alveolar [N，I].)
英语中摩擦音有十个，它们是：[f] [v] [L] [M] [s] [z] [r] [h]。

Read the dialogue, while paying attention to the pronunciation of fricatives.
⑴ A：Frank flatters me, Fred.
B：Frank flatters everybody.
A：He said I create a flame in his heart.
B：A flame in his heart?
A：A furious flame! He says I drive him frantic!
B：You drive me frantic, too, Fanny.
A：Oh, Fred! You old flatterer.
B：But don’t forget to fry the fish, Fanny.
⑵ A：Seven days old! She’s a lovely baby!
B：She’s a beautiful baby!
A：And she’s a clever baby.
B：And her voice, her voice is so…so clear!
A：She’s got a very clear voice, indeed.
B：And she’s big for a baby of her age!
⑶ A：Date of birth?
B：The third of March, nineteen thirty-three.
A：The third of March, nineteen thirty-three?
B：I think…
A：You think what?
B：I think it was the third, but maybe it was the fourth.
A：You think it was either the third or the fourth? You’re not sure of your own date of birth?
B：No, I’m sorry.
A：Anyway, the position has been taken already. So it doesn’t matter you’re not sure of your date of birth.
⑷ A：Maybe you’ll let me play in the mud, Mother?
B：Don’t you dare play there.
A：Father doesn’t mind if we play in the mud.
B：Father doesn’t wash the dirty clothes, dear.
⑸ A：I’ll sing you a song.
B：Yes , sing a song. But don’t sing a sad song.
A：Most of my songs are sad, sorry.
B：Well, please sing one that’s not within the definition of too sad.
A：OK , I’ll sing San Francisco, then.
⑹ A：A shirt, sir? Yes, sir. This one will suit you. It’s in a very fashionable shade.
B：Mm. I want something simpler.
A：A silver one, maybe? It’s got something special on the sleeve.
B：Can’t you show me a simple shirt in a simple shade? Maybe I should try the next shop.
⑺ A：Who’s that over there?
B：Oh, that’s John. He’s the Club Treasurer.
A：What’s he doing there?
B：Watching television.
A：And does he always sleep when the television’s on?
B：Usually he does.
A：Ah.
B：And occasionally he snores.
A：Rather noisily.
B：As even the man onthe moon must have noticed!
⑻ You and your friend are looking at some things in a shop window but you can’t see very well.
A：Is that a radio?
B：It looks like a radio.
A：I