高考英语抢分秘籍专题02-名词和主谓一致.doc

专题02名词和主谓一致

考点1 名词的数

一、 名词的种类
专有名词
普通名词
国名地名人名，团体机构名称
可数名词
不可数名词
个体名词
集体名词
抽象名词
物质名词
二、 名词的数
1. 可数名词的复数
(1)规则变化
情况
方法
例词
一般情况
加－s
students，teachers，doc tors，tables
以s，x，ch，sh结尾
加－es
glasses，dishes，boxes，watches但stomach复数形式直接加s，即stomachs
以辅音字母＋y结尾
变y为i再加－es
families，babies，armies，bodies
以元音字母＋y结尾
加－s
boys，toys，pianos，photos
以f或fe结尾
大都变f或fe为v，再加－es
thieves，wives，knives，shelves，lives
少数加－s
beliefs，proofs，roofs，chiefs
以o结尾
通常加－s
radios，videos，zoos，tobaccos
有的加－es
heroes，potatoes，tomatoes
【名师点睛】
①以-o结尾的下列名词要加－es，它们是＂黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿＂，即Negroes，heroes，echoes，potatoes，tomatoes。但下列以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es，也可以加-s，它们是：zeros(zeroes)零，mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子，volcanos(volcanoes)火山。
②以-f或-fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉，再加-ves，它们是＂为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半＂，即selves，lives，thieves，wives，knives，leaves，shelves，wolves，halves。
但下列以-f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加-ves，也可以直接加-s，如：handkerchiefs (handkerchieves) 手帕。
③名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man 或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如：woman doctor→women doctors
(2)不规则变化
①自身有特殊变化的名词
child孩子→children　 man男人→men　 tooth牙→teeth
　 foot脚，英尺→feet　 mouse老鼠→mice　 phenomenon现象→phenomena　
medium传播媒介→media
②常见单复数同形的名词：
Chinese 中国人；sheep 绵羊；deer鹿；series 系列；means 方式；works 工厂；fish 鱼；fruit 水果等。其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits。
☞Some deer are eating grass at the bottom of the hill.
☞Every possible means has been tried, but none has worked.
③合成名词的复数形式：
son-in-law → sons-in-law passer-by → passers-by story-teller → story-tellers
【名师点睛】
名词+名词时，仅将后面的名词变复数：girl student → girl students 但是man/woman+名词时，前后都要变为复数：
woman singer → women singers

2. 不可数名词
(1)通常只用作不可数名词的名词：advice建议， furniture家具， fun乐趣；information信息，news新闻， weather天气， progress进步，wealth财富，value价值等。
(2)不可数名词具体化
①具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：
单词
抽象名词意义
具体化名词意义
success
成功
成功的人或事
pleasure
乐趣
令人高兴的事
beauty
美；美丽
美丽的人或事物
comfort
安慰；慰藉
令人感到安慰的人或事物
danger
危险
危险的人或因素
delight
高兴
令人高兴的事
failure
失败
失败的人或事物
surprise
惊奇
令人惊奇的事情
shock
震惊
令人震惊的事情
pride
骄傲
令人骄傲的事情
Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功。
②物质名词具体化
drink饮料→two drinks 两杯饮料　 coffee咖啡→a coffee一杯咖啡　
chalk 粉笔→a chalk 一支粉笔　 hair 头发→a hair 一根头发
③抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。例如：
☞Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.
在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯酒会是一件欣慰的事。
（3）“of+抽象名词”相当于形容词。能用在此结构中的抽象名词有importance, value, use, significance, help 等。
☞It’s of no practical use to me. 这对我没什么实际用途。
☞The work I am doing is not of much value. 我做的工作没有多大价值。
3. 表示数量的词(组)与名词的搭配
◆修饰可数的量词： a number of, the number of, many, a great/good many few , a few, several
◆修饰不可数的量词： a large amount of , huge amounts of, a great deal of, much, too much little, a little ◆两个皆可修饰的量词：some, a lot of, lots of, plenty of , quantity of
考点2 名词的格

1. -’s所有格
①用and连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况，即表示各自的所有关系时，要分别在并列名词后加-’s 或’；表示共同的所有关系时，只在最后一个名词后加-’s或’。
☞Tom’s and Jim’s rooms.汤姆和吉姆(各自)的房间。
☞Tom and Jim’s room.汤姆和吉姆(共同)的房间。
②表示店铺、办公室或某人的家时，名词所有格后被修饰的名词一般省略。
at the barber’s在理发店 at the teacher’s在老师办公室
2. of所有格
表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系；名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名词也常用of所有格。
the content of the novel小说的内容
the name of the girl over there那边那位女孩的名字
3. 双重所有格
指＂名词＋of＋名词所有格＂或＂名词＋of＋名词性物主代词＂。
a play of Shakespeare’s(莎士比亚的一个戏剧)
a friend of mine(我的一个朋友)
考点3 名词作定语

1. 直接作定语, 通常用单数形式。
college students大学生 girl friend女友
vegetable garden菜园 basketball match篮球赛
☞Let’s stop by the book store on the way home.回家的路上，我们的书店停一下吧！
☞He bought the shoes in that shoe shop. 这双鞋他是在那个鞋店买的。
2. 名词所有格作定语。
students’ books学生用书 China’s capital中国的首都
the world’s population世界人口
3. man，woman，gentleman作定语
man，woman，gentleman作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。
☞He said that two women doctors would come to our village the next day.
他说明天有两个女医生到我们村子来。
☞There are many men teachers in our school.
我们学校有很多男教师。
4. 某些常用复数的名词用作定语
某些常用复数的名词，当它们用作定语时，也须用复数形式。
arms production 武器生产 clothes shop服装商店
sales department营业部 a goods train货车
savings bank 储蓄所 foreign languages department外语系
5. 单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语。
☞Learning Skills center学习技巧交流中心 The Boys Club 男孩俱乐部
6. 表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。
a peasant family/boy(peasant习惯直接作定语)
a worker’s family(worker习惯用所有格作定语)
7. 两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。
women drivers女司机 the woman’s driver这位妇女的司机
girl friend女朋友 the girl’s friend 这女孩的朋友
mother tongue母语 mother’s tongue母亲的舌头
8. 名词与其同根形容词都可以作定语，但意思上往往有差别：用名词作定语时，表示被修饰的名词的质地
或性质；用名词的同根形容词作定语，则说明被修饰的名词的特征。
gold watch 金表 (指手表是含金的)
golden watch 金色的表 (指表是金色的，但不一定含金)
考点4 主谓一致

高考主谓一致的知识结构
一致原则
考点详解
例句
语法一致
1. 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。
His father is working on the farm.
To study English well is not easy.
What he said is very important for us all.
The children were in the classroom two hours ago.
Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.
2. 由连接词and或both …… and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。
Lucy and Lily are twins.
She and I are classmates.
The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news.
Both she and he are Young Pioneers.
3. 主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with，together with，except，but，like，as well as，rather than，more than，no less than， besides，including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。
Mr. Green，together with his wife and children，has come to China.
Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.
She，like you and Tom，is very tall.
4. either，neither，each，every 或no +单数名词和由some，any，no，every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。
Each of us has a new book.
Everything around us is matter.
5. 在定语从句中，关系代词that，who， which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。
He is one of my friends who are working hard.
He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.
6. 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。
Class Four is on the third floor.
Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.
注：people，police，cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child.
7. 由“a lot of，lots of，plenty of，the rest of，the majority of +名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。
There are a lot of people in the classroom. The rest of the lecture is wonderful.
50% of the students in our class are girls.
注：a number of 与the number of的区别
8. 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。
There comes the bus.
On the wall are many pictures.
Such is the result. Such are the facts.

逻辑一致
1. what， who， which， any， more， all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。
Which is your bag？Which are your bags？
All is going well. All have gone to Beijing.
2. 表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。
Thirty minutes is enough for the work.
Ten miles is too long.
3. 若主语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。
“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.
4. 表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式。
One and a half apples is left on the table.

一致原则
考点详解
例句
逻辑一致
5. 算式中表示数目（字）的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。
Twelve plus eight is twenty.
Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.
6. 一些学科名词是以 –ics 结尾，如：mathematics，politics，physics 以及news， works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。
The paper works was built in 1990.
I think physics isn‘t easy to study.
7. trousers， glasses， clothes， shoes，jeans 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a（the） pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。
My glasses are broken.
The pair of shoes under the bed is his. 
8. “定冠词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。
The old are taken good care of.
9. a (large) quantity of 修饰可数或不可数名词, 作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
A large quantity of people is needed here.
注意：quantities一般用复数。
Quantities of food (nuts) were on the table.
10. a great deal of, a large amount of 修饰不可数名词, 作主语时, 谓语动词通常用单数; large amounts of 修饰不可数名词, 作主语时, 谓语动词通常用复数。
A large amount of (A great deal of) damage was done in a very short time.
Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.
就近一致
1. 当两个主语由either … or， neither … nor，whether … or …，not only …but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。
Either the teacher or the students are our friends.
Neither they nor he is wholly right.
2. there be句型的be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。
There are two chairs and a desk in the room.
Here引导的句子用法同上。
如：Here is a map and a handbook for you.
一、语法一致
语法一致：就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。
1. 　单数n.，不可数n.,　不定式，动名词或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数。
☛His father is working on the farm.
☛ Time is money.
☛ To finish all the work on time is impossible.
☛Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.
☛The children are in the classroom 2 hours ago.
◆由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多用单数但如果表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的
并列结构时，谓语动词用复数。
　 ☛What I bought were 3 English books.
☛What I say and do are helpful to you.
2. 由and 或both...and 连接起来的合成主语后面谓语动词用复数。
　 ☛Lucy and Lily are twins.
☛She and I are friends.
☛Both she and he are Young Pioneers.
◆如果and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就用单数。
☛The writer and artist has come.
◆由and 连接的并列单数主语前分别有each, every, no more than a(an), many a(an)修饰时，谓语动词用单数。
　 ☛Every student and every teacher was in the room.
☛No boy and no girl likes it.
3. 主语后面有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, besides, including等引起的短语时，谓语动词的单复数由主语的单复数决定。
☛Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.
☛Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.　
☛She, like you and Tom, is very tall.
4. either, neither, each, every或no+单数neither/neither/none of ＋复数名词，还有some, any, no, every 构成的复合不定代词作主语，谓语动词用单数。
　☛Each of us has a new book.
☛Everything around us is matter.
　☛Neither of the texts is interesting.
None of us has been to South Africa.
5. 定语从句中，关系代词that, which, who 作主语时，谓语动词的数和先行词一致。
　☛He is one of my students who are working hard.
☛He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.
6. 集体名词family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等，指整体时，用单数；指集体的成员时，用复数。
☛His family is a happy one.
　☛The whole family are watching TV.
　☛The population of China is 1400 million.(人口)
　☛One third of the population here are workers.(人)
◆people, cattle, police作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
7. 由　a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of ＋名词，或者是分数/百分数＋名词构成的短语作主语，谓语动词的数由名词的单复数决定。
☛The rest of the lecture is wonderful.
☛A lot of time is wasted.
☛A lot of people take part in the meeting.
☛2/3 water is drunk by him.
☛2/3 students are absent.
8. 倒装句中，谓语v.的数与其后的主语一致。
　☛On the wall are many pictures.
☛Such is the result.
☛Such are the facts.
二、意义一致原则
1. 表示时间、度量、长度、价值等的复数名词作主语，因为其在概念上是一个整体，谓语动词用单数。
　☛Twenty minutes is enough for the work.
☛One hundred dollars is stolen from the ATM.
2. 如果是书名，片名，格言，剧名，报名，国名等的复数形式作主语，谓语动词用单数。
　☛The Arabian Nights is an interesting story book.
one and a half ＋复数n.，谓语动词用单数。
　☛One and a half apples is left on the table.
3. 算是中表示数目通常用单数（加减乘除）
4. 表示学科的以－ics结尾的名词作主语，用单数。
　☛Physics is an important subject in middle schools.
☛Mathematics is the study of numbers.
☛Politics, economics, athletics等。
5. 复数形式的单复数同形的名词作主语，意义一致。
☛The glass works was built up in 1980.
☛These glass works are near the railway station.
6. 由两部分组成的名词，trousers, glasses, shorts, scissors等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。a pair of 等量词时，视情况而定。
7. The ＋ adj. 表示一类人，作主语时用复数。
　 ☛The young are usually very active.
☛The old are lonely.
三、就近一致原则
就近一致：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。
1. 当两个主语由either … or， neither … nor，whether … or …，not only …but also连接时，谓语动词和邻
近的主语一致。
☛Neither his parents nor I am able to persuade him to change his mind.
他的父母和我都不能说服他改变注意。
2. there be句型的be动词单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个
主语保持一致。
☛There are two pens，a book and three pencils on the desk. 书桌上有两支钢笔，一本书和三支铅笔。
☛There is a book，two pens and three pencils on the desk.  书桌上有一本书，两支钢笔和三支铅笔。 
3. 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。
☛Here is a map and a handbook for you. 这是一张你的地图和一本手册。
Such are the facts. 事实就是如此。
4. 就远原则：谓语动词与前面主语一致。
主语后面接连接性短语时，这种结构并不影响主语和谓语的关系，即谓语动词的数与主语的数保持一致。此类连接性短语有as well as，as much as，along with，with，like，rather than， together with，but，except，besides，including，in addition to等。
☛Your sister as well as your parents is very kind to me．你姐姐和你父母一样，对我很好。
☛She，like you and betty，is very clever．像你和betty一样，她也很聪明。 
四、 ＂名词+介词短语＂作主语
名词或代词后接as well as，with，along with，together with，except，but等短语作主语时，谓语动词的形式应和介词短语前的名词或代词的人称和数保持一致。
☛She as well as other students likes playing computer games. 她和其他学生都喜欢玩电脑游戏。
☛He with his parents is working in the fields. 他正和他的父母在地里干活。
☛Nobody but you and me knows it. 除了你和我，没人知道。
五、不定代词作主语
1. 当作主语的名词前有each，neither，either，every修饰或each，neither，either作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
☛Each student has a book. 每一个学生都有一本书。
☛Either answer is correct. 两个答案都是正确的。
☛Neither parent is with him. 他的父母都没有和他在一起。
☛Every minute is important to us. 每一分钟对大家都很重要。
2. 当复合不定代词someone，anyone，somebody，anybody，nobody，everybody，something，anything，nothing，everything等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
☛Somebody is waiting for you outside. 有人在外面等你。
☛Is everybody here today? 今天大家都到了吗?
☛Something is wrong with my watch. 我的手表出故障了。
☛Nobody was away yesterday. 昨天没有人离开。
六、特殊名词作主语
1. 国名、人名、书名、报刊名、组织机构等专有名词作主语时，即使其形式上是复数，谓语动词也要用单数。
☛The United States lies to the east of China. 美国在中国的东方。(国名)
☛Engels was good at learning foreign languages. 恩格斯擅长学外语。(人名)
2. ＂the+形容词＂作主语时，表示某类人，谓语动词用复数。
☛The sick are taken good care of. 病人得到很好的照顾。
☛The old are supposed to be spoken to politely. 跟老人讲话要有礼貌。
3. 以-s结尾的学科名词，如maths，physics，politics等和以-s结尾的抽象名词，如news，plastics等作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。
☛Physics is very difficult for me to learn. 物理对我来讲很难学。
☛The news was very exciting. 这条新闻十分激动人心。
4. 单复数形式相同的名词，如Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由名词前的修饰语来确定。
☛A Chinese wants to see you. 一个中国人想见你。
☛Ten sheep are eating grass there. 那边有10只绵羊在吃草。
【注意】Chinese，Japanese，English等前加the表示一国人，作主语时，谓语动词用复数。
The Chinese speak Chinese. 中国人说汉语。
七、表数量概念的词或短语作主语
1. 表示时间、金钱、距离、重量等的复数名词作主语时，通常看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。
☛Ten years has passed quickly. 10年很快就过去了。
☛Ten dollars is enough. 10美元就够了。
☛100 kilometers is a long way. 100千米是一段很长的路。
2. 加减乘除运算中的谓语动词用单数，其中加法与乘法也可用复数。
☛Two and two is/are four. 2加2等于4。
☛Six times one is/are six. 6乘以1等于6。
3. ＂many a/more than one+单数名词＂作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
☛There is more than one answer. 有不止一个答案。
☛Many a student has passed the exam. 许多学生通过了考试。
4. ＂one and a half+复数名词＂作主语时，谓语用单数。
☛One and a half days is all I can spare. 一天半是我所能支配的全部时间。
☛One and a half pears is left on the plate. 一个半梨被留在盘子里。
5. the rest of... 短语作主语时，如果of后接复数名词，谓语用复数；如果of后接不可数名词，谓语用单数。
☛The rest of the bikes are on sale. 余下的自行车降价出售。
☛The rest of the bread is gone. 剩余的面包不见了。
6. ＂none of+复数名词＂作主语时，谓语动词既可以用单数也可以用复数。
☛None of the dogs was/were there. 那儿没有狗。
7. ＂a number of+名词复数＂表示＂许多/大量的……＂，其后的谓语动词用复数；＂the number of+名词复数＂表示＂……的数量＂，其中心词为number，故谓语动词用单数。
☛A number of farmers are standing over there. 许多农民站在那边。
☛The number of the students in this school has reached over 2，000.
这所学校的学生数量已达到2 000多人。
8. ＂a lot of/lots of/plenty of+名词＂作主语