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考点08 虚拟语气
课前热身练
（2023·上海·上海市建平中学校考三模）Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Frugality (节俭) Is Back in Fashion
“If you buy things you do not need, soon you will have to sell things you need.” This is a piece of sage advice from Warren Buffet, arguably 1 of the greatest financial minds of the 21st century. Many young people today appear to be taking these words very much to heart, especially in the present economic climate.
While the idea of being frugal has long been a part of Eastern culture, the relatively recent growth of wealth in China as well as the ease of purchasing 2 (lead) to increased consumerism for many across the country. Not only are businesses today offering a more diverse range of products, but internet algorithms are also matching our shopping patterns to big data sets—both of 3 are meant to tempt people into buying more stuff than they need. Yet this increased consumption of goods has been pushing up the prices of certain bare essentials such as housing, transportation and food, 4 (force) people to reevaluate their priorities while spending money. It is no wonder that being thrifty is once again becoming a dominant trend 5 young people.
Despite the annoyances 6 (cause) by algorithms, the internet is flooded with advice on where one 7 save money as well as good opinions about how they should spend their money. It makes sense to prioritize goods and services that directly affect your health and well-being, while limiting those that are fancy but not entirely necessary.
Hopefully, we all fully understand at this point 8 the resources on this planet are indeed limited. A continuous growth model is by no means sustainable. As a matter of fact, we already use about 1.8 Earth’s worth of renewable resources every year. 9 every one of us decided to consume as much as the average American does, we would be using more than four Earth’s worth of renewable resources annually. As a result, the choice (forced or not) to be frugal is not only good for one’s wallet, but also beneficial to the planet in the long run.
If you have ever chosen to starve yourself 10 (get) a pair of limited-edition sneakers, it is high time that you started making changes for the sake of yourself and for all humanity.
核心考点梳理
（一）语气的定义和种类
l、语气：语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
2、语气的种类：
(1)陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：We are not ready. 我们没准备好。What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊!
(2)祈使语气: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如: Open the door, please。请打开门。
(3)虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你，我就学英语了。May you succeed! 祝您成功！
（二）虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法
条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件何。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。
If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go to the park.
If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. (事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。)
在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。
所述情况
从句
主句
例句
与现在
事实相反
If+主语＋did（be动词用were）
主语＋would/could/might/ should +动词原形
If I were you, I would work hard.
与过去
事实相反
If＋主语＋had done
主语＋would/could/might/ should +have done
If he had taken my advice, he would have succeeded in the test.
与将来
事实相反
1. If+主语＋did
2. if+主语＋were to do
3. if+主语＋should do
主语＋would/could/might/ should +动词原形
If it should rain, the crops would be saved.
同步练习：
1. If she had worked harder, she ____D______.
A. would succeed B. had succeeded
C. should succeed D. would have succeeded
2. If my lawyer ____A____ here last Saturday, he _________me from going.
A. had been; would have prevented B. had been; would prevent
C. were; would D. were; would have prevented
3. If he were here, he _____B_____ us how to do it.
A. told B. would tell C. had told D. have told
4. If it ____A_____ rain next week, the farmers could still have a good harvest.
A. should B. could C. would D. might
（三）虚拟条件句的特殊情况
(1) 省略if的虚拟语气
如果从句中含有were/ should/ had时，则可以把这三个词置于句首，省略if，采用倒装语序。
If it should happen, what would you do? →Should it happen, what would you do?
If he had recognized me, he would have come over. →Had he recognized me, he would have come over
(2) 含蓄虚拟条件句
有时候假设的情况不以if引导的条件从句形式表现出来，而是通过一个介词短语，连词或其他形式表示。常用的词或短语有：without, with, but for(要是没有), otherwise, or, but等。
Without your help(=If we had not had your help), we could not have succeeded.
But for electricity(=If there were no electricity, there would be no modern industry.
He felt very tired yesterday, or/ otherwise he would have attended the party.
(3) 混合/错综型虚拟语气
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，称为‘错综条件句’，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。
If you had followed my advice, you would be better now.(从句说的是过去，主句是现在)
If I were you, I would have taken his advice.(从句是现在，主句是过去)
同步练习：
1_____C_____ your address，I would have written to you.
A. Did I know B. Were I to know
C. Had I known D. If I should know
2. Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she ____D____ something she would regret later.
A. had said B. said C. might say D. might have said
3.If we _____A_____ 200 years old，we __________ everything.
A. were to be，could change B. had been，changed
C. were，would have changed D. should be，changed
4. He ____B____ the job well, but he __________ so careless.
A. hadn’t done, had been B. could have done, was
C. could do, was D. had done, had been
5. If I ____B____ with her last summer, I ________ with her now.
A. worked…am getting on very well B. had worked…would get on very well
C. had worked… would have got on very well D. had worked…will get on very well
（四）虚拟语气用在名词性从句中的用法
1.主语从句中的虚拟语气
这种虚拟语气主要用在it is+形容词（名词，过去分词）+that+主语+should+动词原形（should可以省略）这种结构中。
① 常见的这类形容词有：advisable, anxious, better, desirable, surprising, natural, necessary, strange, important, regretful.
② 常见的这类过去分词有：decided, demanded, recommended, requested, desired, required, ordered, suggested.
③ 常见的这类名词有：duty, pity, no surprise, no wonder, regret, shame.
It was suggested that he（should）join the club activities.
It is strange (surprising, disappointing) that she (should) not have been invited.
It is a pity that he (should) refuse to accept the offer.
同步练习:
1. It is strange that he ____B______ so.
A. thinks B. think C. thought D. will think
2. It is important that I ___A__ with Mr. Williams immediately.
A. speak B. spoke C. will speak D. to speak
3. It's a pity that he ___A___ such a good chance.
A．should miss B．should have missed C．has missed D．all the above
2. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气
1) wish 后所跟宾语从句谓语动词用虚拟语气（意为要是，但愿…就好了），其形式主要有三种：
☆ 表示对现在情况的虚拟：wish后接一般过去时的从句
☆ 表示对过去情况的虚拟：wish后接过去完成时或should/could have done
☆ 表示对将来情况的虚拟：wish后接would/could+动词原形
I wish it were spring all year round.
She wished she had stayed at home.
I wish it would be fine tomorrow.
2) would rather, would sooner等表示愿望，其宾语从句常用虚拟过去式。
☆ 表示与现在和将来含义事实相反的虚拟语气要用动词的过去式
☆ 用过去完成式(had + 过去分词)表示过去事实相反的含义
I would rather you came tomorrow.我宁愿你明天来。
I’d sooner she left the heavy end of the work to some one else.我宁愿她把重活留给别人。
3)在表示建议，命令，要求等动词后的从句要用(should)+动词原形。此类动词有：一坚持：insist（坚持要求）；一希望：desire；二命令：order, command；四建议：suggest, advise, propose, recommend；四要求： demand, require, ask, request.
The teacher ordered that all the books (should) be handed in on time.
同步练习：
1．The job would require that ___B___ at 7 o'clock every morning．
A．he will be at the factory B．he be at the factory
C．he was at the factory D．he has been at the factory
2. His doctor suggested that he __C___ a short trip abroad.
A. will take B. would take C. take D. took
3. I wish you ____B______ him my telephone number, but you did.
A. didn’t give B. hadn’t given C. wouldn’t give D. shouldn’t give
4. Frankly, I’d rather you ___C___ anything about it for the time being.
A. do B. don’t do C. didn’t do D. will not do
P.S. 当suggest表示‘暗示，说明’之意；insist表示‘坚持认为，坚持说’之意时，从句不用虚拟，用正常的陈述语气。
They insisted that he （should）be present at the ceremony.他们坚决要求他出席这次典礼。
The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.
She suggested that we (should) leave early.
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with life.
同步练习：
1.Jane's pale face suggested that she ___B___ ill and her parents suggested that she ______ a medical
examination.
A. be; should have B. was; have C. should be; had D. was; has
2.The man in prison insisted that he ____A_____nothing wrong and _________set free.
A. had done, should be B. should do, should be
C. had done, had been D. should do, had been
【分析】
此题容易误选B，想当然地认为insist后的从句谓语要用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气。事实上，insist后的从句谓语是否用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气，要看该谓语动词所表示的含义。一般说来，若该谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生，或尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气；若该谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生，或已经成为事实，则要用陈述语气。对上题而言，坐牢的这个人坚持了两点：一是没做错事，二是应该释放。很显然，在坐牢这个人看来，“没做错事”应该是事实，故用陈述语气；
“被释放”还不是事实（因为他还在坐牢），故用虚拟语气。所以此题的最佳答案应为A。又如：
He insisted that I had read his letter.
他坚持说我看过他的信。（“看信”已成为事实，故用陈述语气）
He insisted that I should read his letter.
他坚持要我看他的信。（“看信”尚未成为事实，故用虚拟语气）
请再做下面一题
The patient insisted that he _________ ill and _________ to the hospital.
A. wasn’t, wasn’t sent B. wasn’t, shouldn’t be sent
C. shouldn’t be, wasn’t sent D. shouldn’t be, shouldn’t be sent
答案选B，因为在说话者看来，“没病”是事实，故用陈述语气；“不送医院”尚未成为现实，故用虚拟语气。
3. 表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在表示建议，命令，要求的名词后的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词要用（should）+动词原形。常见名词有：advice, desire, request, demand, proposal, suggestion, requirement, order.
He gave orders that the guests (should) be hospital entertained.
His proposal is that we (should) get rid of the bad habits.
同步练习：
My suggestion was that the meeting ___B___ off till next week．
A．to put B．be put C．should put D．be putting
（五）虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法
在It is (high/about) time that …句型中也用虚拟语气，从句常用过去式，有时也用should +动词原形，should不可省略，表示早该做而没做的事，含建议的意味。
It is time that we went home.
I think it’s high time that she made up her mind.我想她该拿定主意了。
P.S.此句型中，注意与It/This is the +序数词+time that+现在完成式的区别。
This is the first time that I have been here.
同步练习：
It’s high time you __C____.
A. start to work B. would start to work C. started to work D. had started to work
（六）虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法
①方式状语从句
由as if 或as though引导的状语从句可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况，也可以用虚拟语气表示与事实不符或与事实相反的情况。
☆ 表示与现在事实不相符，用一般过去时
The teacher treats the pupil as if he were her own child. （这位学生并不是她的亲生孩子）
☆ 表示与过去事实不相符，用过去完成时
I felt as though we had known each other for years. （其实并没有认识多年）
☆ 表示与将来事实不相符，用would/might/could+do
It looks as if it might rain. 天看上去好像要下雨。（不大可能下雨）
对比：
He looks as if he is young. 看样子他好像很年轻。（他就是年轻）
He looks as if he were young. 看样子他好像很年轻。（实际上他不年轻）
②目的状语从句
a. 由in case, lest, for fear that引导的目的状语从句，动词用“should + 动词原形”结构，表示忧虑或目的。
Please remind me of it again tomorrow in case I (should) forget.
She emphasized it again and again, lest he (should) forget.
We talked the matter over face to face for fear that there should be any misunderstanding.
b. 在in order that和so that引导的目的状语从句中，往往用can(could)或may(might)。
I shall write down your telephone number so that I may not forget.
They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time.
We will tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself.
③让步状语从句
让步状语从句指事实时，从句谓语动词用陈述语气。若从句内容表示现在和将来的假设情况，从句谓语动词用虚拟语气。
Though he (should) fail, there would still be hope.
I should say the same thing even if he were here.
Whether he (should) succeed or fail, we shall have to do our part.
However hard it might rain rains, we shall go there together.
No matter what his social position (might) be, a man is equal in the eye of the law.
同步练习：
1.The two students talked as if they __D___ friends for years.
A. should be B. would be C. have been D. had been
2. He’s working hard for fear that he __A___.
A. should fall behind B. fell behind
C. may fall behind D. would fallen behind
3. The driver looked over the engine carefully lest it ____B__ on the way.
A. goes wrong B. go wrong C. went wrong D. would go wrong
（七）虚拟语气在其他情况中
1. if only (但愿,要是…就好了)后接从句也用虚拟语气,其用法与wish类似。
If only you had worked with greater care! (but you didn't work with greater care)
If only we had arrived in time, we would not have missed the train! (but we didn't arrive in time)
If only I had enough money!
If only she would win!但愿她能赢!
与此句型容易混淆的还有一种结构"only if...",only置于if前表示强调if条件,意为"只要„„",用于引导陈述语气的真实条件句。
Only if you study hard, you will pass the test. 只要你努力学习,就会通过考试。
2. 动词hope, intend, mean, plan, want, think等词用过去完成的形式，表示的意思为‘本想，本打算，本认为’
He had meant to buy the furniture last week, but it rained.（他上周本打算去买那件家具，但却下雨了）
I had thought he had been dead for at least 20 years.
I had hoped that she would go to the USA and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.
3. 表示愿望的感叹句
在表示祝愿的感叹句中，用动词原形，表示愿望。
Long live the People's Republic of China! 中华人民共和国万岁！
May you be happy! 祝您快乐！
God bless you! 上帝保佑你！
Success attend you! 祝你成功！
The Lord save us! 愿主救我们！
同步练习：
1. I _____C______ to stay there for one more week, but I changed my mind.
A. would have hoped B. was hoping C. had hoped D. hoped
2. If only you _____B_____ him what I said! Everything would have been all right.
A) didn't told B) hadn't told C) would not tell D) would have not told
小结：虚拟语气在高考中主要是在听力可能考到，也可运用于写作中，比如说这个句型：It is high time that we took measures to deal with …. ，所以我们需要掌握一下。
当堂知识检测
1．It was demanded that the working conditions in that area ________ as soon as possible.
A．must improve B．improve C．was improved D．be improved
2．If only I ________ an umbrella last night! I was wet through.
A．took B．should take C．had taken D．take
3．The new traffic law requires that everyone ________ his or her car checked at least once a year.
A．has B．had C．will have D．have
4．Jack Ma insisted that there________no excellent businessmen if everything went too smoothly and that they ________as normal in face of hardship.
A．would be: would carry on B．would be; carry on
C．were; carried on D．were; would carry on
5．Without the help of my English teacher，I the first prize in the English Speaking Competition.
A．would win B．would have won
C．would not win D．would not have won
6．It is high time that we
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