专题28-上海高考完形填空命题剖析及解题方略(原题版)(上海专用).docx

►专题28 上海高考完形填空命题剖析及解题方略
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考点精 讲

【考情链接】
上海高考英语完形填空不仅考查学生对词汇、语法等基础知识的综合运用能力，而且考查学生的逻辑推理和篇章结构理解能力。历年完形填空选材科学，结构清晰，主题明显，但文章阅读难易度指数(Readability)一般较大，区分度高，是历年高考得分率较低的题型之一。备选项以实词为主，涉及名、动、形、副四类词，有时亦会考察逻辑衔接词或短语，突出词汇等选项在语境及篇章结构环境下的最优匹配。命题主要思路：语义优先于语法原则；上下文语境分析原则。

【要点梳理】
u 考向一：[句内层次题]　
1．利用句内语法结构或对应成分分析法解题
完形填空文章的上下文之间以及句子内部之间往往有着一定的逻辑关系，它使句子的各个成分之间形成一定的对应关系。考生可以根据这种逻辑关系找出与未知填空相对应的已知成分，将它作为线索，通过它推断出未知填空的答案。
[示例]　A pupil who can do his homework in a quiet and 59 room is in a much better position than a pupil who does his homework in a small, noisy room with the television on.
59. A. furnished B. expensive C. comfortable D. suitable

2. 利用句内词汇线索暗示分析法解题
解题信息分布在本句内，在读懂文章的前提下，利用本句的一些解题信息就可直接做答。对于此类题目，可边读边填，将原文信息尽量复原。正确答案必须有逻辑衔接关系或上下文等提示依据，如并列（同义词、近义词）、转折（反义词）、递进等。
例：Another important error is mixed-ability teaching, or teaching in ability group so _____58_____ that the most able pupils are (held back) and are bored while the least able are lost and _____69_____ bored. Strangely enough, few head teachers seem to be in favor of mixed-ability school football teams.
58. A.wide B. similar C. separate D. unique
60. A. surprisingly B. individually C. equally D. hardly
[示例] A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their first visit and 58 never returns, is losing the company thousands of dollars in 59 profits (more if you consider how many people they are likely to tell about their bad experience).
59. A. huge B. potential C. extra D. reasonable

3.利用习惯搭配及固定结构解题
完形填空中经常会考查一些固定结构、固定句式，这时就需要运用习惯搭配及固定结构来解题。这个技巧主要指惯用搭配，讲究词与词的搭配，涉及到关联词、动词、副词、形容词、名词和短语等。
[示例]　Katherine Ellison, a Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative journalist says she didn’t understand why her son behaved like that, and admits, her behavior was also(58) __________ the situation.
58. A contributing to B. composed of C. resulting from D. giving rise to
[示例] A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their first visit and 58 never returns, is losing the company thousands of dollars in 59 profits (more if you consider how many people they are likely to tell about their bad experience).
58. A. as a result B. on the whole C. in conclusion D. on the contrary

4. 利用生活常识和文化背景解题
在做题时，若能积极地调动自己的文化背景知识和生活常识，巧妙地加以运用，将会大大简化复杂的分析与判断过程，节省宝贵的时间，顺利地沿作者的思路阅读下去。
[示例]　He had spent those years well, graduating from college, completing two internships(实习) in Washington, D.C, and ____________, becoming a technical assistant in Sacramento.
A. hopefully    B. finally C. particularly    D. certainly

5. 用语境暗示分析法解题
上下文语境具体体现为：全文的中心主线和主题、作者的态度倾向和评价、上下文语篇衔接、句际和段际关系。在句内层次中，我们通常可以通过上下文语境，即根据已知信息，推导出正确答案。
[示例] The cyber school was ___37___ as a free option for students in kindergarten through grade 8 who have trouble succeeding in the district’s ___38___ public school.
38. A. virtual B. superior C. traditional D. specialized

u 考向二：[句组层次题]　
比句内层次题稍难一级的题目，其解题信息分布在空格前后的一组意群之中，解题时需前瞻后顾，综合意群信息解答。即：本句信息不足填，空格前后再找信息源。
1．利用语义复现解题
复现是一种语义衔接手段，它通过原词、同义词或近义词、反义词、上义词、下义词、同源词或同根词等重复出现来表达某一概念，使整篇文章上下连贯，有机地衔接在一起。因此，考生可根据文章的具体情况，理解文章的结构和语境，利用文章中的复现现象来选择正确的答案。
[示例]　......... and each branch has an office that handles these requests. Other branches of the government (12) ________ requests to use public spaces and buildings, such as monuments or parks.
A. address B. introduce C. receive D. propose

2． 利用作者态度或感情色彩关联解题
在完形填空文章中，我们一定要在快速阅读文章的过程中，仔细找出能够反映作者态度和感情色彩的重要词汇，它们往往是名词、形容词、副词或动词。这些词汇通常是我们做题时重要的参照线索，可以帮助我们快速确定某些题目的正确答案或根据作者对人物或事情的褒贬性排除干扰做出正确的选择。
[示例]　More than five million American children and teens have been diagnosed with attention Deficit /hyperactivity Disorder, a condition that makes it difficult-if not (51) __________to focus and complete the tasks.
51、A． impossible B, acceptable C likely D. interesting

3．利用逻辑关系解题
在句组层次题中，利用逻辑关系解题同样是一种重要的方法。完形填空中的每一个空格并非孤立存在的，命题者必须通过上下文体现出某种线索来保证空格所填答案的唯一性，而这一线索即是上下文乃至贯穿全文的逻辑关系，若在解题时忽视这一点，则无异于只见树木，不见森林。文章的逻辑关系不外乎有列举、因果、让步、对照、递进、目的、条件等，命题者往往借助于连词或介词短语来设置选项，因此在平时学习时就应该分清并牢记相关连词及介词短语所表示的逻辑关系。
[示例] The city ___63__ this with modern structures such as man-made reservoirs. These reservoirs are not the only solution, ___64___. Over a thousand years ago, indigenous people developed another way to solve water problems.
64. A. furthermore B. however C. therefore D. moreover

[示例]　As a French graduate who has taught for more than twenty-five years, I believe I have some idea of why the failure is so total. 55 the faults already found out in the education system as a whole — such as child-centered learning, the “discovery” method, and the low expectations by teachers of pupils — there have been several serious 56 which have a direct effect on language teaching.
55. A. Due to B. In addition to C. Instead of D. In spite of
[示例]　AI is already revolutionizing our lives. But though computers can assist us, they are not like us. Our health of experience gives us creativity—but it also makes us vulnerable to accumulating. Conscious and unconscious biases (偏见). ___23___, AI systems today receive their “training” using very specific collections of relevant data.
A. For example B. In contrast C. As a result D. In addition

[示例] Revision is not just an afterthought that gets only as much time as you have at the end of an assignment. 56 , it is a major stage of the writing process, and writers revise every step of the way.
56. A. However B. Moreover C. Instead D. Therefore
[示例]The United States does not have a government office that regulates the film industry. Government, (1) _________, does link with the movie business in several ways.
A. therefore B. moreover C. however D. otherwise

4．利用语境暗示分析法解题
在句组层次中，有些题目我们往往也需要通过上下文语境，即根据已知信息，推导出正确答案。
[示例]　Exercise is one way to feel strong and powerful. Another way to gain confidence is to work on your ___34___ in something like chess, music, computers, or writing.
34. A. researches B. studies C. skills D. exercises

u 考向三：【语篇层次题】
语篇层次题要求考生理解整篇文章，抓住全文的脉络、作者的思想、意图或主人公的心理，然后进行准确的推理、判断，从而做出正确的选择。这类题难度较大，一篇完形填空中，大约有2～3道此类题。不急于解答，读完全文后综合思维再做判定。语篇层次题的解答必须立足于整个语篇，因此在解题时对这类题目不能急于解答，要跨越段落，顺藤摸瓜，仔细比对，最终得出答案。具体来说，可以利用以下3种方法解答此类题目。
1. 利用语义复现解题
由于完形填空的文章是一个意义相关联的语篇，它往往要围绕一个话题论述，因此行文中词语的重复、替代或同现的现象是不可避免的，即某一词常常以原词、同义词或近义词以及其它形式重复出现在语篇之中。词汇复现的语用意义使得语篇中的句子相互衔接和连贯，从而构成一个完整和有机的意义整体。根据这一原则，某一个空格所对应的答案很可能就是在上下文中复现的相关词，考生可以这些词之间的有机联系来决定答案。
[示例] The first attempt of even the most talented artists, musicians, and writers is seldom a masterpiece, If you consider your drafts as dress rehearsals (彩排), or tryouts, revising will seem a natural part of the writing 50 .
What is the purpose of the dress rehearsals and the out-of-town previews that many Broadway shows go through? The answer is adding, deleting, replacing, reordering, 51. in other words revising. Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical Phantom of the Opera underwent such a process.
50. A. technique B. style C. process D. career

2. 利用总分结构或对比结构分析法解题
完形填空往往采用总分对照结构，总述是对分述的总结和概括，而分述是对总述的展开和详述，两者之间有着明确的相互支撑、相互印证的对照关系。总分对照结构可以为我们提供重要的解题线索。
对比结构常把两种对立的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面并列出来加以比较或对比。高考完形填空题常常利用句子之间的对比关系或者同一个句子的不同部分之间的对比关系设计题目。对比结构可以为我们提供重要的解题线索。
[示例] No limits! Imagine that normal limitations don’t __58__. You have as much time/space/money, etc. as you want. Think about your goal and the new __59__. If your goal is to learn to ski, __60__, you can now practice skiing every day of your life (because you have the time and the money). Now __61__ this to reality. Maybe you can practice skiing every day in December, or every Monday in January.
Be someone else! Look at the situation from a __62__ point of view. Good businessmen use this technique in trade, and so do writers. Fiction writers often imagine they are the __63__ in their books. They ask questions: What does this character want? Why can’t she get it? What changes must she make to get what she wants? If your goal involves other people, put yourself in their __64__. The best fishermen think like fish!
58. A. work B. last C. exist D. change
62. A. private B. global C. different D. practical

3. 利用逻辑关系解题
在语篇层次题中，利用逻辑关系也是一种重要解题方法。完形填空中的每一个空格并非孤立存在的，命题者必须通过上下文体现出某种线索来保证空格所填答案的唯一性，而这一线索即是上下文乃至贯穿全文的逻辑关系，若在解题时忽视这一点，则无异于只见树木，不见森林。文章的逻辑关系不外乎有列举、因果、让步、对照、递进、目的、条件等，命题者往往借助于连词或介词短语来设置选项，因此在平时学习时就应该分清并牢记相关连词及介词短语所表示的逻辑关系。此方法是通过分析未知填空前后文与已知信息之间的逻辑关系来确定答案，主要应用于完形填空的两类题型：一是考查连接词和起连接词作用的短语，二是考查上下文的逻辑关系。
[示例] Those who most ___49___ entered into flow states had an “autotelic personality”—a quality to seek out challenges and get into a state of flow. While those without such a personality see ___50___, autotelic individuals see opportunities to build skills. Autotelic individuals are receptive, open to new challenges and also persistent. Such people, with an ability to focus on tasks rather than ___51___, have a great advantage over others in developing their inborn abilities.
___52___, for those of us who aren’t necessarily blessed with an autotelic personality, there is evidence that flow states can be promoted by environmental factors. In particular, the learning framework ___53___ by Montessori schools seems to encourage flow states.
52. A. Unexpectedly B. Occasionally C. Traditionally D. Fortunately
_____

真题操 练

2022年1月上海高考英语真题
Artificially sweetened diet drinks make no difference to weight gain and should not be seen as healthier than their sugar-laden counterparts, according to a team of experts, A review of research evidence concludes there is nothing to support claims that sugar free versions of popular soft drinks can help (4l) _______obesity and related diseases such as Type 2 diabetes. Industry sponsored studies reporting"favourable"associations between diet drinks and weight loss may be biased, it claims.
There have been concerns that diet drinks, known as artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs), might lead people to consume more calories by(42) ________sweet flavour taste buds. The new study found that evidence (43) _________the healthiness of ASBs was inconclusive with randomized controlled trials (RCTs) producing mixed results. Senor investigator Professor Christopher Millett said: "A common perception, which may be influenced by industry marketing, is that because ‘diet’ drinks have no sugar, they must be healthier and aid weight loss when used as a(n)(44)for full sugar versions However, we found no solid evidence to support this
The researchers pointed out that research supported by food or beverage companies was more likely to find no evidence of links between sugary drink (45) _________ and obesity than non-industry sponsored research. Similarly, ASB industry-sponsored research was "more likely to report favourable results and (46) ________ regarding ASB effects on weight control”
In many cases. researchers had failed to disclose (47) __________of interest relating to links with the food industry. it was claimed. Coauthor Dr Marin Carolina Borges said: “The lack of solid evidence on the health effects of ASBs and the potential influence of bias from industry funded studies should be taken seriously when discussing whether ASBs are (48) __________ alternatives to SSBs ( sugar-sweetened beverages)."
Leading British nutritionist Professor Susan Jebb said despite the mixed evidence, there was no reason to believe that replacing sugary drinks with artificially sweetened (49)________ did any harm She said , “For people seeking to manage their weight , tap water is (50)__________the best drink to choose , for health and the environment , but far many people who are used to drinking sugary drinks, this will be loo hard a change to (51)_________. Artificially sweetened drinks are a step in the ( 52 )__________ direction to cut calories." Dietitian Professor Tom Sanders, was also critical of the research, calling it “an opinion piece rather than a ( n )(53)___________review of the evidence”. He ( 54)____________ “The conclusion that reduced sugar or sugar-free drinks should not be promoted or seen as part of a healthy diet seems unwarranted and likely to add to public (55 )_____________.”
41. A. relieve B. oppose C. prevent D. bother
42. A. inserting B. stimulating C.enhancing D.securing
43. A. resulting from B. referring to C.depending on D. relating to
44. A. Substitute B.proposal C.suspect D.implication
45. A. Efficiency B.consumption C.distribution D.modernization
46. A. appointments B.instructions C.performances D.conclusions
47. A. threats B. matters C. conflicts D.appeals
48. A. adequate B.essential C.available D. deliberate
49. A initiatives B.alternatives C.objectives D.representatives
50. A. without question B. beyond description
C. around the corner D. in consequence
51. A. settle B. route C. mend D. make
52. A. wrong B. right C. proper D. opposite
53. A. democratic B. automatic C. systematic D. dramatic
54. A. transferred B. ranged C. accessed D. added
55. A. fascination B. ambition C.confusion D. Isolation

2016年上海高考英语真题
In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 51 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.
In any case, despite so much evidence to the 52 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 53 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 54 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.
Different cultures have different ways of 55 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to 56 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 57 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 58 managers cannot.
A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without