专题12--上海高考英语概要写作(二)(原题版)(上海专用).docx

►专题12 上海高考英语概要写作（二）
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考点难点精 讲

【考情链接】
一. 、定义
概要写作是对原文的高度浓缩，是阅读者在不改变原文的中心思想、体裁和结构的前提下用简洁、精炼的语言表述一篇文章的主要内容、基本观点或事实。它主要包括阅读和写作两个过程。
二.、要点
简洁、全面、准确、连贯、客观。
三、写作的技巧
1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。
2) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
3) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
4)压缩长的句子。
5）你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
6)使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，
7）巧妙使用连接词。
【要点梳理】
（一）如何概括主旨大意
概括主旨大意，首先要抓住文章的主题句，然后在完整理解文章内容的基础上进行概括归纳。如前所述，段落的主题句可能出现在段首，段末，段落中间，甚至于没有明显的主题句。那么针对不同的情况，我们可以有什么不同的方法呢？我们一起来看以下的示例。
1、找准主题句概括主旨大意
中文段落写作是螺旋/线型的发展方式：重铺垫，讲渲染，讲究“言归正传”。而英文写作主要体现为直线型发展方式：第一句话“开门见山，一语破题”，结论句直接重复，扣题。换句话说，英文文章表意较直接，直奔主题。多数段落以主题句开端，在文章的开始部分就会阐明主题。英文写作是由一般到特殊。先概括后举例，先讲整体轮廓，后说诸多细节。了解英语写作特点将有利于把握文章的主题句，请同学们读以下的段落，根据文本的特点，快速寻找出主题句。
A
In developing countries, poor people have suffered the most from shortages of clean water. There are several reasons for this. First, in many developing countries, the majority of houses in poor villages and urban slums are not yet served by a piped water system. People living in these places often have to walk many miles to find water and carry it home in jugs and plastic containers. Second, these people usually have few alternatives to the piped water supply. There may be water closer by in rivers or lakes, but this is often dangerously polluted. In poor areas, street vendors often sell water by the liter, but they often charge extremely high prices for water that is not always safe to drink.
本段的主题句是 In developing countries, poor people have suffered the most from shortages of clean water. 这一段落主要是说明在发展中国家，很多穷人所面临的一个问题—清洁水源严重短缺。随后在展开部分阐述了造成这一问题的原因。是说明文“现象+原因”的结构。

2、提取关键词概括主旨大意
在没有明确的主题句的情况下，学生需要通过定位、提取和整合分散在原文中的关键词对段落或者篇章进行主旨概括。
B
Generally, people believe that the hormone oxytocin is let out in our body in various social situations and our body creates a large amount of it during positive social interactions such as falling in love or giving birth. But in a previous experiment Professor Ryan found that the hormone is also let out in our body during negative social interactions such as envy.
这是一段关于人体荷尔蒙的产生和释放的实验研究说明文, 但是文中没有明显的主题句。这时我们就可以利用关键词信息来概括主旨大意。
首先通过段落中的衔接词“Generally”和“but”了解到研究结果涉及到两个方面；然后在前后两个句子中又可以找出“the hormone oxytocin”、“is let out”、“create”、“positive”、“negative”、“social interaction”等关键词，通过整合，概括主旨大意为：
Experiments show our body creates and let out hormone oxytocin during both positive and negative social interactions.
C
There are many ways through which we can improve our English. First, we can read as many English books, newspapers and magazines as possible. Next, we may listen to English programs on the radio or watch English programs on TV every day. Besides, it is necessary for us to seize every opportunity to speak English both in and after class. Finally, it is equally important to form the habit of taking notes and keeping a diary in English.
显而易见，段落首句就是主题句，其中关键词是“ways”“improve English”。如果将主旨大意概括为提高英语的方法有很多，未免显得很空泛，所以我们可以从衔接词“First”、“Next”、“Besides”和“Finally”后的内容中提取一些关键词“read”、“listen”、“speaking”and “taking notes”和“keeping a diary”,进行整合，相对而言能够更精确地表达主旨大意。这一段落的主旨大意概括为：
We can improve our English by reading and listening to more English materials and take chances to speak and write in English.

（二）如何提取核心内容支撑主旨大意
区分核心内容和细节是概要写作的一大难点。概要写作不是篇章内容的简单罗列和呈现，而是提取主要内容或关键信息的一个过程。所以同学们要仔细辨别什么是核心内容，理清信息的主次，避免因为分不清楚主次而包含太多的细节内容，从而影响概要写作的简洁性。
1、核心内容和细节间的区别
核心内容是为了表明作者的写作目的或论证作者观点而使用的具体论据，是概要中的必要信息，通常不能省略。而细节描写往往为了起到突出和强调的作用，对文本内容进行更细致和深入的描述，通常被省略。
一般而言，信息之间的逻辑关系可以帮助区分信息的主次关系。在一般和具体的关系中，主要内容往往是一般的，较多使用抽象词；次要内容较多使用具体的词。我们不妨通过分析下面这个段落来具体了解如何区分主要信息和次要信息，以便概要写作时正确取舍。为了方便讲解，我们对句子进行编号：
① “It’s not just study that’s difficult. ②You have to get used to a whole new way of life, which can take up all your concentration in the beginning,” explained Xie Lei, who had lived all her life in the same city in China. ③She told me that she had had to learn almost everything again. ④“Sometimes I felt like a child,” she said. ⑤“I had to learn how to use the phone, how to pay bus fare, and how to ask a shopkeeper for things I didn’t know the English for. ⑥When I got lost and had to ask a passer-by for directions, I didn’t always understand. ⑦They don’t talk like they do on our listening tapes,” she said, laughing.
第①句是一个过渡句，但difficult一词是个关键词。第②句是本段的主题句，其中“get used to a whole new way of life”“take up all your concentration”是关键词。从第③句到文末第⑦句都是关于“learn everything again”，通过举例来说明getting used to new way of life is difficult这样一个论点。例证一般都是作为细节来看待，因此概要中可省略。
通过对信息的筛选和整合，这段的主旨大意可以概括为：Getting accustomed to a completely new lifestyle is not easy because many things are to be learned again.

除了前面所提到的利用一般和具体之间的关系来区分主要和次要内容，因果关系、转折关系、并列、递进关系等也能帮助区分主次要信息。我们再来看一例：
Xie Lei lives with a host family who give her lots of good advice. ②Although some foreign students live in student accommodation or apartments, some choose to board with English families. ③Living with host families, in which there may be other college students, gives her the chance to learn more about the new culture. ④“When I hear an idiom that I don’t understand, I can ask my host family for help,” explains Xie Lei. ⑤“Also, when I miss my family, it’s a great comfort to have a substitute family to be with.”
这一段落中没有明显的主题句，但是通读文本后不难发现作者想要表达的是living with host family的益处。第①句中的定语从句是修饰host family，但“give her lots of good advice”是本句关键词，提示了第一个益处。第②句是一个让步状语从句，前后转折关系，一般而言Although引导的状语从句部分是次要信息，而主句部分则是主要信息，在这句中提取关键词“to board with English families”。第③句中的host families就是前面所提到的English families, 而此句中的关键词 “to learn more about the new culture”显然是主要信息。第④句是通过举例的方式，进一步证明living with host family的好处。第⑤句的Also之后所提到的信息和之前第③句的信息是同等重要的，因此在概要中需要提及，以保证要点齐全。
这一段落的主旨大意可以概括为：Living with a host family can help students get much advice, understand a new culture and relieve homesickness.

2、例证重要性的判断和取舍
分清重要信息和次要信息对于概要写作很重要，有些同学认为举例，引入部分和定义等都属于细节描写，因此在概要写作时一律舍弃，但事实上这有失偏颇，有时为了强调某一观点或者表明观点的真实性和可靠性，会使用如举例论证或者因果论证等方式，所以概要写作时，看到举例论证，引入或者定义时，不能一概而论地舍弃。根据行文的需要来考虑例证的必要性和重要性，以此进行取舍。现在我们从“定义是否需要作为细节而被删减”的角度来看之前讨论过的一个段落：
Planned obsolescence, a practice in which products are designed to have a limited period of usefulness, has been a cornerstone of manufacturing focus for the past 80 years. This approach increases sales, but it also stands in contrast to a time when goods were produced to be durable. Planned obsolescence wastes materials as well as energy in making and shipping new products. It also strengthens the belief that it is easier to replace goods than to repair them. In 2009, an enterprising movement, the “Repair Café”, said no to this widely accepted belief.
段落的首句，用同位语和定语从句的结构对planned obsolescence一词进行了解释。虽然一般来讲，定义是对某一名词的具体说明和解释，在概要写作中被省略。但是planned obsolescence对于大部分的读者来说是陌生的词组，如果不加以一定的释义，而是直接将这一词组用于概要之中，许多读者会因为不理解这个词义而影响其对后文的理解；另一方面，第一句中的“are designed to have a limited period of usefulness”为后文提到的这一做法的弊端做了铺垫，进而引出Repair Café的出现。
由于planned obsolescence的定义毕竟不是主要信息，所以在语言的表达和组织上还是要仔细斟酌。在不超过规定字数的前提下，尽量以分词等结构出现，不宜以单句形式表达，以免本末倒置，偏离段落主旨大意。

（三）如何使用自己语言表达原文要点
概要写作强调写作者用自己的语言言简意赅地表达原文的主旨大意和重要内容，要避免照搬原文。释义（Paraphrase）是将听到或看到的内容用自己的语言进行表达，可以借鉴原文的内容，但是要学会用各种方法来进行改写，达到“神似形不似的境界”。下面我们就具体来学习怎样利用paraphrase来进行改写吧。
1、使用不同的词汇
（1）同义替换：这是paraphrase最简单的方法，就是用近义词或者同义短语替换原文中相应的部分。通常使用这种方法时，不需对句子的其它部分进行改动。
·It is commonly believed that taking regular exercise does good to people’s health.
→ It is widely accepted that taking regular exercise does good to people’s health.
→ It is generally thought that taking regular exercise does good to people’s health.
在这一例句中，同学们既可以对“commonly believed”进行同义替换，也可以将“does good to people’s health”进行同义替换，如：
It is generally thought that taking regular exercise benefits/ brings benefits to/ is beneficial to people’s health.
练习1 请利用词义替换法，对原句进行改写。
① Thanks for your help, we completed the demanding task ahead of schedule.
→ ______________ your help, we completed the demanding task ahead of schedule.
→ ______________ your help, we _________the demanding task ahead of schedule.
→ ________ your help, we finished the difficult task _______________.
② He’s tried every means he can think of to deal with the current financial problems.
→ He’s tried ______________________ to deal with the current financial problems.
→ He has tried ______________________ to _____________________________.
在平时的学习中，同学们应该尽量积累词汇，尤其对于一些高频的、常用的同义词的积累，不仅可以帮助扩大词汇量，也能使自己在句子改写中游刃有余。在练习的过程中，同学们要尽量尝试多用不同的同义词替换原文内容。
部分常见同义替换表达的归纳
原 义
同义词
think
believe; argue; assume; claim; state; advocate; consider; point out ...
nowadays
today; at present; presently; currently; now; recently; lately ...
important
vital; essential; crucial; significant; primary; fundamental; dominant ...
emphasize
lay emphasis on; attach importance to; give priority to; stress …
reason
due to; because of; owing to; be responsible for; thanks to; result from;
result
Attribute ... to; contribute to; lead to; cause; result in; be related to
tendency
tend to; be inclined to; have a tendency to ...
greatly
significantly; remarkably; highly; tremendously; strikingly; surprisingly; considerably；dramatically; noticeably ...

(2) 改变词性：这一方法和同义替换较为类似，但是通过词性转换的形式替换原文中的相应内容。
·The young man was sentenced to prison because he got involved in a murder.
→ The young man was sentenced to prison because of his involvement in a murder.
在这一例中，用名词involvement替换了动词involve。在词性变化的时候，必要时对句子的结构也要做相应的变化，以免产生句式上的错误。又如：
·What they have achieved is really valuable in preventing and treating HIV infection.
→ Their achievements are really valuable in preventing and treating HIV infection.
→ Their achievements are significant in the prevention and treatment of HIV infection.
这一例句中，achieve (v.), prevent(v.), treat(v.) 都从动词变成了名词，在句子或词组结构上也相应作了一些改变。
练习2 请利用词性转换，对原句进行改写。
① The newly built highway which is being constructed will make it easier for people
to travel around.
→ The newly built highway ________________will make it easier for people to travel around.
② The local government should take action immediately to stop the disease from
spreading.
→ The local government to ______________ to stop the disease from spreading.

(3) 使用不同的连接词。连接词不仅连接句子，也连接段落，所以掌握一些连接词的替换，对改写也有很大的帮助。请看下面的例句：
·He stayed up late yesterday, as a result, he fell asleep in class today.
→ He went to bed so late that he fell asleep in class today.
→ He stayed up late yesterday, so that he fell asleep in class today.
练习3请使用不同的连词，对原句进行改写。
① Though he had been warned of the danger, he stuck to exploring the mysterious forest alone.
→ __________ the warning of danger , he stuck to exploring the mysterious forest alone.
→ he stuck to exploring the mysterious forest alone ____________ the warning of danger.
② Parents shouldn’t read children’s diaries if they are not allowed to.
→ Parents shouldn’t read children’s diaries __________ they are allowed to.
部分常用连接词的归纳
逻辑关系
连接词
对比/转折
however; on the other hand; despite; in spite of; though; although; but；
on the contrary; otherwise; yet; instead of; rather; rather than; whereas；nevertheless; nevertheless; even though…
表递进
What’s more; in addition; moreover; furthermore; besides…
表因果
Therefore; so; as a result; consequently; thus; accordingly; in this way; due to; because of; owing to; result from; result in; lead to; cause
表总结
In short; In brief; Briefly; To sum up; On the whole; In a word…

(4) 对原词进行逆向表达。对一些形容词或副词进行修改，比如采用反义词，双重否定即肯定等改写手段也可以达到用自己语言表达原文的目的, 比如：
·The present financial situation is not as simple as he thought.
→ The current financial situation is more complicated than he thought.
练习4 请利用逆向表达法，对原句进行改写。
① I have never seen a better film than the one I saw yesterday.
→ The film I saw yesterday is ____________ I have ever seen.
② It is not uncommon for Americans to move around for various reasons.
→ It is ___________ for Americans to move around for different reasons.
练习参考答案
练习1：① Because of; Owing to/finished; With/in advance
② every possible means; possible approaches/ address the present financial issues
练习2：① under construction ② take immediate action
练习3：① In spite of / Despite; regardless of ② unless
练习4：① the best ② common

2、使用不同的句型
(1)词序的改变。
例1 Jane stared at the sunset as she ate apples.
— Jane ate apples when she stared at the sunset.
例2 They got up at 5 in the morning so as to catch the earliest bus.
— To catch the earliest bus, they got up at 5 a.m.
(2)主被动语态的转换。
例3 The government encourages citizens to take public transportation when they travel around.
→ Citizens are encouraged to take public transport to travel around.
例4 They have tried every means to save the drowning boy but failed.
→ Every means has been used to save the drowning boy but failed.
例5 The construction of the new tunnel benefits people living on both sides of the river.
→ People living on both sides of the river benefit from the construction of the new tunnel.
例6 The heavy rain resulted in the landslide, which killed over 100 villagers.
→ The landslide, which killed over 100 villagers, resulted from the heavy rain.
主动和被动语态之间的转换，除了动词结构的变化之外，还有词组之间的转换，比如result from 和 result in; benefit 和 benefit from; base sth. on sth.和 be based on等，同学们要学会灵活转换。

(3)从句和非谓语动词结构的转换。
例7 They have lived in Shanghai for nearly 10 years, so they are quite familiar with the city.
→Having lived in Shanghai for nearly one decade, they’re quite familiar with it.
例8 Many of the students are now in the classroom and they are taking a lunch break.
→Many students are now in the classroom taking a lunch break.
例9 The activity which is designed to raise people’s awareness of animal protection is popular with the residents.
→The activity designed to raise the awareness of animal protection is well-received by the residents.
→The activity whose aim is to make people aware of animal protection gains great popularity among the residents.
例10The apartment building collapsed and many people lost their homes.
→The apartment building collapsed, leaving many people homeless.
→Many people lost their homes with the collapse of the building.
例11 Tom was admitted to Cambridge University and he is the first in his hometown to study abroad.
→ Tom’s being admitted to Cambridge University makes him the first in his hometown to study abroad.

(4)概括性的词代替具体的词。
例12 Some people go to college to learn a trade，some go to enter a profession，and others，having no immediate career goals, go for the love of learning.
→ People go to college for various reasons.
例13 She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Times and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during her holiday.
→ She brought home a variety of reading materials to enjoy in her vocation.
_____

真题优选操 练

2020年秋考
Are people unique?
It is human beings’ pride that we are the only species on the Planet that can speak and think. However, recent research casts doubt on that common belief.
Zuberbuhler,