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01 故事冲突的预设与解决
故事冲突的作用及宏观设计策略
1.什么是故事
故事是在一件事件中突发的“事故”，即在一件看似平常的事件中去设置误会或制造障碍，使这个平常事件产生戏剧性的矛盾冲突与悬念，以设置矛盾---制造障碍----激化高潮为基本创作模式，决不能让故事一帆风顺走下去。而悬念的设计就体现在个人的矛盾冲突之中，但必须做到合乎自然且在情理之中，又在让人有感于意料之外，则所制造的误会或障碍都必须符合自然生活与常理。
2.故事的冲突是什么
冲突是小说的一个必要的元素。 剧作家伊利亚.卡赞把冲突比喻为“两条狗抢一根骨头”。 威廉.福克纳提出冲突既存在于角色本身，也存在于角色之间。 换言之，冲突的表现可以分为两个层次，一个是阻碍故事主人公前行的外部障碍；另一种是潜在于主人公内心的矛盾。 没有冲突就没有故事，因此从“冲突”这一角度解读小说，有利于帮助学生更好地理解故事的情节发展过程，更深刻地读懂故事。按照朱光潜先生对黑格尔美学中关于人物性格冲突理论的梳理，理想的冲突的情境却起于人的行动本身，起于两种同是普遍永恒的力量的斗争，冲突所揭露的矛盾中每一对立面还是必须带有理想的烙印，因此冲突中不能没有理性。
冲突的原意是两种力量的对抗，在故事创作中，冲突是使情节富有张力，吸引读者注意力的重要元素，一般表现为人物在追求目标过程中所遭遇的阻力和压力。例如，人物内心矛盾冲突是故事中的某一人物（往往是主要人物），在面对某一突发事件时出现困惑、疑难、困难与危机之中所产生的心里纠结。其在面对某一事件中左右为难，难于决断而产生的内心犹豫与挣扎，构成了个人的内心矛盾冲突，这种个人内心矛盾冲突是故事中常见的表现手法。在故事阅读中，我们需要问如下问题：在这个故事中，冲突的表现是什么？你在哪些故事中看到过类似的冲突？这种冲突造成了怎样的阅读体验？
3.读后续写的冲突是怎样的
读后续写首先力争读懂原文，找出记叙文的几要素，找到故事情节中到底有什么冲突或问题。然后读懂需要续写的两段的首句，根据首句推测故事发展的走向和两段的大致内容。读后续写的文章属于叙事类文体，大部分故事都是围绕conflict（冲突）和solution（问题解决）来运转的，因此矛盾冲突在叙事类读后续写语篇中尤为重要。
矛盾冲突的解决能推动故事情节的发展。矛盾冲突分预设与解决技巧，可以帮助学生在基于篇章主题意义下更好地发散思维，做到有话可说，有事可写。 同时，在学生创设矛盾冲突进行续写的过程中，可以联系上文已有的故事冲突，提高故事的完整性和连贯性。学生掌握了矛盾冲突的基本写作技巧，有利于在续写的故事创作中打开思路，提高语言的综合运用能力。
4.续写冲突宏观策略有哪些
读后续写的文章属于叙事类文体，矛盾冲突在叙事类文体中尤为重要。以下就是茅盾冲突续写常用的宏观策略：
（1）分析冲突起因，了解背景：让学生对该故事的情节内容有 大概地了解，通过找到每个部分的人物和故事发生地 点，并且关注每个部分发生的事 ，引导学生概括出本文的大意，从而了解故事冲突的原因，也就是故事的背景。
（2）进入故事场景，直面冲突：细读文本，了解、感受到人物内心的矛盾，这是冲突的其中一个层次---存在于角色本身的矛盾。同时，体会人物在冲突的问题上截然不同的态度， 这是故 事 冲突的另一个层次---阻碍人物的外部障碍， 即存在于角色之外的矛盾。
（3）转移故事场景，解决冲突：冲突的解决并不是只有一个结局，冲突的解决多半追求的是让矛盾双方和谐共处。学生需要针对预设的故事冲突的解决与故事的结局，找出人物面对各种冲突所采取的行动。
（4）生成故事场景，填补冲突：作品的结束常常以矛盾的结束来象征故事的结束。矛盾结束的方式主要有以矛盾双方和解而结束， 以矛盾第三方的介入而结束，以矛盾双方分裂结束等。可以在结局出现需要设置相应的场景。通过场景的设置，学生可以巩固写作技巧，同时也对冲突解决进行了横向延伸。
故事冲突的预设与解决的微观技巧
技巧1：面对问题，人物产生的消极或积极情绪
【技巧举例】
（2021年6月，浙江高考，Para.1）The pay day arrived at last.I was delighted to finally get the payment after I worked hard for two weeks. On the way home full of excitement, I thought about how to make use of the “huge” sum of money. “I needed a new football in the future. ” I whispered to myself.Approaching my house, I noticed my dad and mom standing beside the old truck of my family, looking sad. It seemed as if something wrong had happened... ...
【分析】续写第一段中的“On the way home full of excitement”表明了故事主人公心情非常好，但是当面对新的问题“my dad and mom standing beside the old truck of my family, looking sad”时，故事主人公内心开始出现冲突与疑问，这就反映在“something wrong”上面。两种心态的冲突描写前后衔接自然、且恰到好处。
【用语储备】
“感到一阵 ……”：feel a flush of...= feel a wave of...= feel a feeling/sense of...[joy(高兴), excitement(兴奋), pride (骄傲), anger(愤怒), rage(狂怒), panic(惊慌), alarm(惊慌) , terror(恐惧), horror(恐惧), fear(恐惧), unease (不安), sorrow (悲伤), sadness(悲伤), grief(悲伤), embarrassment(尴尬), disappointment(失望), shame(羞愧), guilt(愧疚)]。
例如：She felt a wave of panic, but forced herself to leave the room calmly.
她感到一阵惊慌， 但是强迫自己镇静地离开了房间 。
技巧2：面对复杂的情境，人物产生急迫/复杂的心理
【技巧举例】
（2021年1月，浙江高考，Para.2）The video was posted online the Monday before Halloween.I looked just like a pumpkin head in it. Embarrassed and a little annoyed, I fled to my room, but Mom stopped me. “You haven’t read the comments yet.” I scrolled down the screen and marveled at the stories the viewers shared about Halloween.
【分析】续写第二段首句提示语提供了一个新的情境，即“The video was posted online”，这让故事主人公内心冲突加剧（Embarrassed and a little annoyed），但当听力母亲的话之后，主人公开始阅读网上的评论，这又将主人公引向另一情境，结果主人公内心又起了变化（marveled）。情境的不断变换，加剧了故事主人公内心的矛盾冲突的不断变换。
【用语储备】
（1）心里想： think /say to oneself
（2）害怕；恐慌：with fear /panic /terror; tremble; shiver; shake; quake; tremble with fear; be seized with panic; scream with panic/terror; freeze/shake with terror
（3）生气；愤怒：with rage; be red-cheeked with rage; tremble /shake with rage; feel like crying with rage; be speechless with rage; be boiling with rage
（4）兴奋；激动：with excitement; yell with excitement; jump up and down with excitement; scream with excitement; go wild with excitement
（5）悲伤；流泪：Tears blurred one’s eyes.泪水模糊了她的双眼。/One’s eyes got misty.一个人的眼睛都模糊了。/One’s eyes misted /dimmed with tears.泪眼模糊。/tears roll down one’s eyes /cheeks /face泪水落下
技巧3：面对他人的行为或行动，人物展开了新的动作/行为
【技巧举例】
(2021年，新高考I卷，Para.2）The twins carried the breakfast upstairs and woke their mother up. When their mother saw the delicious and perfect breakfast in front of her, she was very surprised. It was not only the gift, but the love of the children for her that moved her very much. The two children could finish cooking a breakfast, which she didn’t expect. The children said loudly, “Happy Mother’s Day!” Mother hugged them tightly and kissed them again and again.
【分析】续写第二段中，当双胞胎叫醒母亲（woke their mother up）后，母亲的动作首先有“saw”和“was very surprised”，之后在双胞胎发出节日问候“Happy Mother’s Day”时，母亲的动作有“hugged”和“kissed”。这种“动作主动应对”模式在休息的故事情节冲突拓展过程中是比较重要的，因为动作上的变化往往承载了人物对情节中的矛盾冲突的回应模式及态度。
【用语储备】
（1）常用词语：open one’s mouth; widen one’s eyes; rise to one’s feet; jump to one’s feet; shout at the top of one’s lung; reach out（伸出手）
（2）常用句式：如：Having passed the exam, he was so happy that he was at a loss what to do. 通过考试后， 他非常高兴，不知所措 。
She opened the gift with her hands shaking slightly. 她用轻微颤抖的手打开了礼物。
技巧4：人物沉浸在某一情境中，于是出现了新问题
【技巧举例】
（2018年6月，浙江高考, Para.1）Suddenly a little rabbit jumped out in front of my horse. My horse turned to the left to avoid the little rabbit as I held on tightly and tried not to fall. Then my dad turned around and shouted, “Hold on!” All of a sudden the horse began to run. My dad tried to keep up behind us. For a few minutes my horse slowed down to a trot and then stopped beside a river. I looked around and realized that we were way off the track.
【分析】续写第一段首句承接源语篇提供了一个新的情境，即“rabbit jumped out”，从而引发了马与人的一系列的避险动作，并且马由于受惊而奔跑起来，最终将主人公带入了另一个困境，即“we were way off the track”。
【用语储备】
（1）不幸的是 (unfortunately)
But bad luck for sb, ... 但是某人真不走运
She tried her best, but in vain. 她尽力了，但没有成功。
（2）某人做了某事，不知道下一步该做什么。
Sb did sth, wondering what to do next.
Sb did sth, not knowing what to do next.
技巧5：情况好转或情境向好，人物突然有了一个想法
【技巧举例】
（2020年7月，浙江高考，Para.2）At that very moment, the helicopter arrived. My heart leaped with joy as I knew we were likely to be saved. Elli used pepper spray again to buy us enough time. But this time the bear became more alert. He regarded us with the merciless necessity of hunger, so we throw all the food we have. He then turned away and started devouring. As we were climbing the rope ladder, Elli prayed like thousand times to show thankfulness of being safe and sound.
【分析】续写第二段首句预设了一个新的情境“the helicopter arrived”，于是故事主人公的心情好转（My heart leaped with joy），并且当再次遇到熊的攻击时，主人公就又有了新的想法（we throw all the food we have），这将故事的冲突与发展带到另一个情境中；此外，当获救后，主人公又开始感谢（Elli prayed like thousand times to show thankfulness of being safe and sound）。可见，用新的想法接续“情况好转”可以充分展现人物对整个事件的回应过程中的特写镜头。
【用语储备】
“某人突然想到 ……”：It suddenly occurred to sb that...=It hit sb that...=It struck sb that...=It dawned on sb that...
技巧6：面对他人的鼓励/激励/帮助等，人物找到了解决办法
【技巧举例】
（2017年6月，浙江高考,Para.2）A few minutes later, the other two cyclists arrived. They found the dangerous situation, where three men circled the wolf. Mac's friends also jumped off their bicycles and joined the fight with the wolf. More and more cars stopped. Some drivers took out the sticks from the cars, and some took out the knives, even the guns towards the wolf. In the meanwhile, the wolf might feel the people's threats around, so it began to step back slowly. Soon, it ran away off the road and disappeared in the distance.
【分析】续写第二段首句提示给出了来帮忙的人（the other two cyclists arrived），之后又不断有人加入（Mac's friends also jumped off their bicycles/ More and more cars stopped），故事中的人物有了一系列与狼对抗的动作，如“circled the wolf”“took out the sticks from the cars”“took out the knives”等，这些将故事中人狼对峙的冲突进一步推向高潮。
【用语储备】
（1）鼓起勇气 (做某事):take /gather /one’s courage (to do sth)
（2）毫不犹豫/选择：without a second thought/without delay/without hesitation/having no choice
技巧7：获得新的成长，人物开始总结、点题并呼应前文
【技巧举例】
（2022年1月，浙江卷, Para.2）One day I got word that he was admitted to hospital for a serious disease. I felt so sorry to hear that and I thought I should visit him in any case. He was a little surprised to see me when I stepped into his ward with some flowers and fruits. I offered to do the rest work of our project and he invited me to share my ideas to perfect it. We began to work as a fine team and finally finished our project on time. Our hard work paid off and Dr. Henderson’s was very satisfied with our wonderful findings. From this project, we also learned the significance of teammates. Just as the saying goes, one person can go far, but a group of persons can travel farther.
【分析】续写第二段中主人公最后发现能与队友和谐相处并最终完成了项目（We began to work as a fine team and finally finished our project on time），这引发了主人公的反响，并且主人公的这种体验不断地深入（从“we also learned the significance of teammates”到“a group of persons can travel farther”），充分展现了主人公内心的矛盾冲突从不断激化到出现转机、再到一步步迎刃而解的过程。
【用语储备】
（1）直到 …… 才意识到 ……
倒装句： Not until... did sb realize /notice that...
强调句： It was only... that sb realized that...
（2）表达经历与教训
What a valuable lesson I have learned from...! 我从 ……中得到了宝贵的教训 。
What an unforgettable experience! 多么难忘的经历啊!
（3）结尾点题
God helps those who help themselves.天助自助者。
Everyone is the architect of his own fate.每个人都是自己命运的建筑师。
Life is full of laughter and tears. Only by accepting both can we enjoy life.生命就是充满欢笑和泪水的。只有同时接受两者，我们才能享受生活。
Never underestimate the power of your action.永远不要低估你的行为的力量。
写作策略实践与强化
1．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
As Hurricane Lan bore down on Florida, many residents who stayed put found themselves unable to leave even if they tried. For hours they were forced to fight heavy winds and attempt to escape flooding inside long-loved homes that had become frightening, deadly traps. Within days, around100 deaths in the state would be attributed to the hurricane, many of them were older residents who drowned.
When the water slipped in under the door of their home, it was just a glimmer on the floor, a sign that it was time to go. It was Wednesday, Sept.28, around noon, and Bishop woke up her two brothers, who had been resting after lunch. She pulled the wheelchair up to the oldest, Russell, 67. Her other brother, Todd, 63, could manage with a walker.
Both men had been born with cerebral palsy (脑瘫), and their mental development was like that of a young child. About 10 years ago, they started showing signs of Parkinson’s disease. But they found joy in their surroundings. Todd liked collecting cans at the beach. Russell loved riding the bus and going to parks. Bishop, 61, was their lifeline, their little sister who had long felt an obligation to keep them safe.
“We’ve got to get going!” she shouted to them. She went to open the front door. It would not move. The weight of the water on the other side had made it shut. She rushed to try the door to the garage. It, too, was stuck. That’s when the house began to flood. It went from ankle-deep to knee-deep in less than five minutes. Bishop knew that there was no way out.
Now Bishop and her brothers were trapped. At 12:34 p.m., she called 911 but couldn’t get through. There was no one she could get in touch with. To try her fortune, she texted a neighbor, Walters, who was always there when neighbors were in need, “Water’s coming in.” Around her, she could hear the dining room hutch (餐具柜) tipping and crashing, the china breaking, the refrigerator toppling over.
注意：
(1)续写词数应为150左右；
(2)请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
The only way to go was up, so Bishop guided her two bothers to the stairs.
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Bishop sank into despair, but she noticed it seemed water stopped coming in.
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2．阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
Jack and his younger sister, Nancy, lived with their parents in a poor neighborhood. Their mother was very sick and their father was struggling to find a job.
They only had a little money to buy food. As they had not paid the rent for several months, the landlord was breathing down their necks (盯着他们).
One day, Jack took Nancy’s shoes to a shoe repairman to be fixed, but he lost them on the way home. It was not until he got home that he realized he had lost the shoes, He was afraid that his parents would be angry and disappointed, so he bogged his sister to keep it secret. Nancy agreed and the two decided to share Jack’s running shoes. Nancy’s school hours were in the morning, so she would wear them first. After school, she would rush back and give them to Jack. He could then run to his school, which began in the afternoon. Although he ran as fast as he could, Jack often arrived late and was warned by the teacher.
A long distance race was going to be held for the boys in the city. When Jack learned that the third prize was a new pair of shoes, he decided to take part in it. He ran home excitedly and promised his sister that he would win her the new shoes.
The day of the race arrived. Jack had a strong start, but halfway through the race he began to get tired and his legs began to ache. Getting more and more exhausted, he thought of Nancy and his promise to her. Dreaming of the new shoes he would win for his sister gave him strength, and he stayed right behind the two fastest runners, determined to finish third. Suddenly, as the finish line drew near, another runner collided (碰撞) with Jack from behind and Jack crashed to the ground.
注意:
1.续写词数应为150左右:
2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
Jack looked up and he saw other boys rushing ahead.
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Filled with delight, Jack walked home in no time.
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