巧学妙记.doc

巧学妙记“直接引语变间接引语”
一、直接引语和间接引语的意义：
我们转述别人的话时。可以引用别人的原话，被引用的部分称为直接引语；用自己的话转述别人的意思，被转述的部分称为间接引语。间接引语多数构成宾语从句。从句的时态根据主句环境进行变换。逐句动词也根据语境做相应的改变。如：say---tell, say---ask 等等。
二、直接引语改为间接引语时连词的使用：
1、直接引语是陈述句，变成间接引语时，由连词that引导。例如：
She said，“I am very happy to help you．”
→She said that she was very happy to help you．
2.直接引语是一般疑问句，变成间接引语时，由连词whether或if引导。间接引语同时还原到陈述句语序。例如：
He asked me，“Do you like playing football?”
→He asked me if／whether I liked playing football．
3.直接引语是特殊疑问句，变成间接引语时，由相应的疑问词who。whom，whose．how，when，why，where等引导，从句用陈述句语序。
My sister asked me．“How do you like the film?'’
My sister asked me how I liked the film．
4.直接引语是祈使句，变成间接引语时，不用连词，把动词原形变成动词不定式做宾语补足语，并在动词不定式前加tell，ask，order，warn, advise等。变成tell /ask/order sb. to do sth 的句型。例如：
The captain ordered．“Be quiet．” →The captain ordered us to be quiet．
She said to us, “Please sit down.” →She told us to sit down.
小贴示：若作为直接引语的祈使句为否定句，在转换成间接引语时，需在动词不定式前加not
My teacher asked me．“Don’t laugh．” ----My teacher asked me not to laugh．
★间接引语（二）
一、直接引语变为间接引语的变化规则：
1.如果主句为过去时态，从句的时态要降级。如表所示：
直接引语
间接引语
直接引语
间接引语
一般现在时

一般过去时
现在进行时
过去进行时
现在完成时

过去完成时
一般过去式
从句五明确的时间状语，改为过去完成时，从句中有明确的时间状语，用一般过去时

现在完成时

过去完成时
一般将来时
过去将来时
过去完成时

过去完成时
过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时

2.直接引语是客观事实、普遍真理等，变成间接引语时，时态不变。例如：
They told their son， “The earth goes around the sun．”
→They told their son that the earth goes around the sun．
3.直接引语变间接引语时，指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和方向性的动词等要作相应的变化。如：

直接引语
间接引语
指示代词
this
that
that
those

时间状语
Now
today, tonight
tomorrow
this week/month
yesterday
last week/month
three days ago
next week
then
that day, that night
the next/following day
that week/month
the day before
the week/month before
three days before
the next/following week

地点状语
here
there
动词
Come
bring
go
take

He said．“I haven’t seen her today．”
→He said that he hadn’t seen her that day．
He said ,“I want this.”
-----He said that he wanted that.
He said ,“I am washing my clothes now.”
---He said that he was washing his clothes then.
注意：但是如果转述发生在当地、当天的事，直接引语中的come, here, today, this morning., yesterday, tomorrow 等无须改变。
He said ,“I’ll come here this evening.
-----He said that he would caome here this evening .
4.引语要用陈述句的语序。例如：
He asked Lucy．“Where did you go?’’
He asked Lucy where she went．
5.主句的时态如果是一般现在时、现在进行时或者一般将来时，变间接引语时，时态不变。
He often says,“I will never forget that kind woman.”
----He often says that he’ll never forget that kind woman.
6.直接引语如果是过去完成时，变间接引语时，时态不变。
The boy said to his parents,“ I had finished my homework before supper.”
----The boy told his parents that he had finished his homework before supper.
7.如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时，或者已经是过去时了，变间接引语时，可保留原来的形式。
She said,“You ought to have more rest.”
---She said I ought to have more rest.
二、人称变化
如果直接引语时第一人称，变为间接引语时，一般要变为第三人称；第二人称变成第三或者第一人称；第三人称一般不做改变。
He said（to me）,“I have left my book in your room.”
---He told me that he had left his book in my room.
She said (to me) ,“’Your English is better than hers.”
---She told me that my English was better than hers.