定语从句专项.doc

定语从句
一． 概念
作用：定语从句在句子中起到____定语______的作用。
位置：_____被定语从句修饰的词_____称为先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词__之后__。
关联词：引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词__who, whom, whose, which, that, as___以及关系副词__when, where, why___，在从句中充当成分。
种类：定语从句分为__限制性定语从句_和_非限制性定语从句_两种。

二． 关系代词和关系副词
（一） 关系代词
1.
先行词
在从句中充当的成分
主语
宾语
表语
定语
人

who/that
(whom/that)
that
whose
事物

which/that
(which/that)
that
whose

eg. This is the doctor ____who/that____ saved the boy’s life.
The person __(whom/that)__ you spoke to is a famous actor.
He mentioned a book __whose__ author I can’t remember now.
She sat on the corner of the table near the door __(that/which)_ her husband always entered by.
He is not the man __that__ he used to be.
This is the book __which/that__ tells about space rocket technology.
The man _whose_ speech we heard in the radio broadcast is our headmaster.

2. 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
1) 关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词引导。关系代词指人，在从句中做介词宾语，用介词+__whom__；关系代词指事物，在从句中做介词宾语，用介词+__which_。注意：不能用介词+that引导定语从句。
eg. The school __in__ __which__ he once studied is very famous.
We’ll go to hear the famous singer __about__ __whom__ we often talked.
2) “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词。
eg. He loved his parents deeply, _both of whom are very kind to him___（两人都对他很好）.
In the basket there are quite many apples, __some of which have gone bad_（其中有一些已经变质了）.
There are forty students in our class in all, _most of whom come from big cities_____（大多数都来自于大城市）.

3. 限制性定语从句只能用that 的几种情况
1) 当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some 等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修饰时。
2) 当先行词被序数词修饰
3) 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
4) 当形容词被the very, the only修饰时
5) 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时
6) 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时
eg. Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?
All that can be done has been done.
There is little that I can do for you.
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
This is the best film that I have seen.
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy,
After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.
Who is the man that is standing there?
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?
4. as
1) 在限制性定语从句中，先行词被__so, such, as, the same__修饰时，用as引导定语从句。
eg. This is not such a computer __as__ I need.
He was wearing the same shirt __as___ I had on yesterday.
There are as many students in my class __as_ there are in your class.
比较：This is so difficult a problem __that_ we can’t solve it.
This is so difficult a problem __as__ we can’t solve.
2) 在非限制性定语从句中，as可以指代__一整句句子____，有“正如，像…那样”的意思，可放句首。
eg. _As is known to all______（众所周知）, Taiwan is part of China.
_As can be seen in the letter___（从信中可见）,she is a clever girl.
He failed in the exam, __as I had expected__（正如我所预料到的）.

（二）关系副词
关系副词_when__, _where__和__why___分别在从句中作时间状语，地点状语和原因状语。
eg. I still remember the day __when__(=on which) I first came to the school.
Shanghai is the city __where_(=in which) I was born.
Please tell me the reason _why__ (=for which) you missed the plane.
注意：
1) 关系代词和关系副词的区别
比较：
a) I’ll never forget the days _(that/which)__ we spent in the countryside.
I’ll never forget the days _when__ we studied together.
b) This is the factory _where_ I saw lots of modern equipment.
This is the factory _(which/that)_ we visited last week.
c) That’s the reason _why_ he refused the invitation.
That’s the reason _(which/that)__ he gave us for his absence.
2) 以the way为先行词的定语从句
I don’t like the way _(in which/that)_ he speaks.

（三）非限制性定语从句中的关系代词和关系副词
1. 非限制定语从句中不能用关系代词___that__, 关系代词也不能省略。
My brother, _whom__ you have met before, is now a teacher.
Shanghai, __which___ is in the east of China, is China’s largest city.
Beijing, __when__ he lived for a long time, is the capital of China.
2. 非限制性定语从句中修饰整个句子，用_which_和_as__引导定语从句。
eg. The sun gives the earth heat, _which_ makes it possible for plants to grow.
They did rather badly in the math exam, __which___ was not what I had expected.
He is a teacher, ___as___ is clear from his manner.
__As___ is natural, she married an American businessman.

三． 其它注意点
1. 定语从句中的主谓一致
Anyone who _breaks___ (break) the law deserves punishment.
He is one of the students __have gone__ (go) abroad before.
He is the only one of the students ___has gone__ (go) abroad before.
2. 定语从句中的插入语
James is the one __who__ (who/whom) we expect will win.
The man __who__ (who/whom) the police thought was dead appeared in the park last night.
3. 定语从句和同位语从句的区别
We are surprised at the news ___(which/that)__ he told us. （定语从句）
We are surprised at the news ___that___ he got married last week. （同位语从句）