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財務工程
第二講次 股票選擇權的特性 (Properties of Stock Options)
§1. 影響選擇權價格的因素(Factors Affecting Option Prices)
‧影響選擇權價格的因素有六個:
1. Current stock price (S)
2. Strike price (X)
3. Time to expiration (T)
4. Volatility of stock price ()
5. Risk-free rate ()
6. Dividends (d)
‧其影響方向如下表:
European
American
call
put
Call
put
S
+
-
+
-
X
-
+
-
+
T
+
?
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
-
d
-
+
-
+
1. T↑ 產生兩效果:
(1) T↑ðvolatility↑, 任何股價情況均可能產生
(2) T↑ð present value of striking price↓,
ð C↑; 歐式P?但對美式put有提早履約的機會 ∴ P↑
2. r↑產生兩效果:
(1) r↑ð↑
(2) r↑ðpresent value of future cash flow↓
ðtwo effects make P↓;
1st effect makes C↑
2nd effect makes C↑
ðtwo effects make C↑
Time value decay curve
Effect of volatility increase/decrease on long straddle
05月買權權利金交叉比對表(台股選擇權報價)
資料日期: 2004/05/07
履約價/指數
5750以下
5800
5850
5900
5950
6000
6050
6100
6150
6200
6250
5400
386
429
473
519
566
613
661
710
759
808
857
5500
307
346
387
430
475
520
567
614
662
710
759
5600
236
271
309
348
389
432
476
521
568
615
662
5700
176
206
239
274
311
350
391
433
477
522
569
5800
127
151
179
209
241
276
313
352
393
435
479
5900
88
107
129
154
181
211
244
278
315
354
394
6000
59
73
90
110
132
157
184
214
246
280
317
6100
38
48
61
76
93
112
135
159
187
216
248
6200
23
31
40
50
63
78
95
115
137
162
189
6300
14
19
25
32
41
52
65
80
98
118
140
6400
8
11
15
20
26
34
43
54
67
83
100
6500
4
6
9
12
16
21
28
35
45
56
70
6600
2
3
5
7
9
13
17
22
29
37
47
6700
1
2
3
4
5
7
10
14
18
24
30
6800
1
1
1
2
3
4
6
8
11
15
19
6900
0
0
1
1
2
2
3
5
6
9
12
7000
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
3
4
5
7
7100
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
3
4
7200
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
2
7300
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
05月賣權權利金交叉比對表(台股選擇權報價)
資料日期: 2004/05/07
履約價/指數
5750以下
5800
5850
5900
5950
6000
6050
6100
6150
6200
6250
5400
30
23
18
13
10
7
5
4
3
2
1
5500
51
40
32
25
19
14
11
8
6
4
3
5600
80
65
53
42
33
26
20
15
12
9
6
5700
120
100
83
68
55
44
35
27
21
16
12
5800
171
145
123
103
85
70
57
46
36
29
23
5900
232
201
173
148
125
105
87
72
59
47
38
6000
302
267
234
204
176
150
128
107
90
74
61
6100
381
342
304
269
236
206
178
153
130
110
92
6200
467
424
383
344
306
271
239
208
181
155
133
6300
557
512
468
425
385
346
308
274
241
211
183
6400
651
604
558
513
469
427
386
347
311
276
243
6500
747
699
652
605
559
514
471
428
388
349
313
6600
845
796
748
700
652
606
560
515
472
430
390
6700
944
895
845
797
748
700
653
606
561
516
473
6800
1,043
994
944
895
846
797
749
701
654
607
562
6900
1,143
1,093
1,043
994
944
895
846
797
749
701
654
7000
1,243
1,193
1,143
1,093
1,043
994
944
895
846
798
749
7100
1,342
1,293
1,243
1,193
1,143
1,093
1,043
994
944
895
846
7200
1,442
1,392
1,342
1,292
1,242
1,193
1,143
1,093
1,043
994
944
7300
1,542
1,492
1,442
1,392
1,342
1,292
1,242
1,193
1,143
1,093
1,043
資料來源:元富證券,
‧以數學式表示這些效果:
§2. 選擇權部位的利潤圖(Profit Diagrams)與向量表示(Vector Notation Prices)
1. Buy Call: synthetic long:
2. Sell Call: synthetic short:
3. Buy Put: long call:
4. Short Put: selling put:
★四種基本選擇權部位的利潤圖
0
0
利潤
利潤
-c
+c
X
X
ST
ST
A. long a call
B. short a call
0
0
利潤
利潤
-p
+p
X
X
ST
ST
C. long a put
D. short a put
§3. 選擇權價格(權利金)的上下界(Upper and lower bounds for option Prices)
選擇權之價格有其界限範圍,若選擇權之價格高於上界或低於下界,則會有獲利性的套利機會。茲分述如下:
‧符號
= 歐式買權價格 = 美式買權價格
= 歐式賣權價格 = 美式賣權價格
1. 上界(Upper Bounds)
2. 不支付股利股票買權之下界(Lower Bound for Calls on non-dividend-paying Stocks)
and
[證明] 考慮下列兩投資組合:
Portfolio A: One European Call Options + Cash (= $)
Portfolio B: One Share
The value of portfolio A at time T:
1 Call
0
$
X
X
Total
X
∵at time T, portfolio A is worth Max
∵at time T, portfolio B is worth
Þ he value of portfolio acesricesMax, i.e.,
Value of portfolio AValue of portfolio B
Assume that all investment vehicles are default-free. Thus, at time t,
Present value of portfolio APresent value of portfolio B
That is,
C
C= S
C = Max(S-X, 0)
X
S
3. 不支付股利股票歐式賣權之下界(Lower Bound for European puts on non- dividend-paying stocks)
and
[證明] 考慮下列兩投資組合:
Portfolio C: 1 European put option + 1 share
Portfolio D: Cash (=)
The value of portfolio C at time T:
1 put
0
1 share
Total
X
At time T, portfolio C is worth Max
At time T, portfolio D is worth X
Þ i.e.,
Value of portfolio CValue of portfolio D
Assume that all investment vehicles are default-free. Thus, at time t,
Present value of portfolio CPresent value of portfolio D
That is,
PP
X
S
S
X
§4. 提早履約:不支付股利股票之買權(Early Exercise: calls on a non-dividend- paying stock)
[結論]:
It is never optimal to exercise an American call option on a non-dividend-paying stock early. (對於美式的買權(無支付股利之股票),提早行使決不是最適化。)
[證明]
1. 以較直覺的方法說明如下:
設現在S = 50, X = 40,投資者擁有此種美式買權。他也許想目前的股價被低估(under price),機會難得,立即行使call權利,以持有股票,並準備投資一個月後才出售股票,則這不是最佳策略。因為:
(一)若在選擇權一個月後到期時,才行使權利,則可節省在這一個月的融資成本。
(二)說不定在一個月後,股價可能低於$ 40,則此時,根本不必行使而能以更低的價格買到股票。
準此,投資人在American call到期以前行使權利,得不到好處。
又若投資者認為目前的股價過高(overprices),那他可能懷疑是否提早行使call的權利?在此情況下,投資人最好以賣出call而非行使call。因賣出call之利益大於$ 10 (因有time value + intrinsic value)。而若行使call之權利,只有得到intrinsic value, $10。
2. 正式證明(Formal argument):
考慮下列兩投資組合:
Portfolio E: 1 American call +Cash (=)
Portfolio F: 1 share
若call在時間τ時,被提早行使權利,則Portfolio E之價值為:
∴ Portfolio E之價值< Portfolio F之價值 (1)
在時間T時,
Value of portfolio E = Max
Value of portfolio F =
∴Portfolio E is always worth as much as, and is sometimes worth more than, Portfolio F. (2)
由(1) (2)知,若option提早立即行使權利,value of portfolio E < value of portfolio F,但若直到到期日才行使American Call, 則 value of portfolio E > value of portfolio F . ∴不發放股利之American Call絕不會在到期日以前行使權利。
即:
3. Mathematical proof:
若提早行使權利,
∴ It is never optimal to exercise an American call early.
§5. 提早履約:不支付股利股票之賣權(Early Exercise: puts on a non-dividend- paying stock)
[結論]:
It can be optimal to exercise an American put option on a non-dividend-paying stock early. (對於美式的賣權(無支付股利之股票),提早行使可能是最適化。)
[證明] 考慮下列兩投資組合:
Portfolio G: 1 American put + one share
Portfolio H: Cash (=)
若put在 t < T行使,
則Value of G = X
Value of H = ∴Value of G > value of H (3)
若put持有至到期日,則:
Value of G = max
Value of H = X
∴ Value of G ≧Value of H (4)
由(3) (4)知,提早行使可能使G更好,尤其在 deep-in-the money時更適用。
2. Mathematical Proof:
若early exercise is optimal Þ value of put option =
∵ 美式put有時,其價值等於內在價值,而
故歐式put必定有時其價值低於內在價值
§6. 買賣權等式關係(put-call parity)
對於具有相同履約價、相同到期日的歐式買權與賣權,下列恆等式必成立;否則,會產生套利機會。此恆等式稱為put-call parity.
[證明] 考慮下列兩投資組合:
Portfolio A: 1 European C + Cash
Portfolio C: 1 European put + one share
at t = T (maturity)
value of A = value of C = max
∵選擇權均為歐式,無法提早行使權利。
∴兩Portfolios之現值相同。即:
Q.E.D.
*Relationship between American call and put prices
考慮下列兩投資組合:
Portfolio I: European call + $ X
Portfolio J: American Put + 1 share (有相同X , T)
在t = T(即若American put不提早行使權利)
value of J = max
value of I = max
若American Put在 t =τ 時提早行使權利:
value of J = X
value of I =
由(1) (2)得:
§7. 股利的影響(Effect of Dividends)
1. Lower Bound for call and puts
考慮下列兩投資組合:
Portfolio A: 1 European call + cash ( =D + X)
Portfolio B: 1 share
Using similar argument,
考慮下列兩投資組合:
Portfolio C: 1 European put +1 share
Portfolio D: Cash (=D +)
Using similar argument ,
2. Early exercise
When dividends are expected, we no longer assert American calls will not be exercised early.
3. put-call parity
考慮下列兩投資組合:
Portfolio I: 1 European Call + Cash (= D + X )
Portfolio J: 1 American put + 1 share
Regardless of what happens, value of Portfolio I > value of Portfolio J
但對於 non-dividend-paying stocks, 吾人已證明:
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