刀耕火种 英文版.doc

The Jing Geng is thin to make of ancient agriculture:
1, the material for new fire arrives the agriculture of iron yak Geng to plow the change of way from the knife Geng
(1)Original agriculture:Knife Geng material for new fire(fire Geng)
(2)The our country agriculture turned into the sign of "Si Geng" or"stone implement hoe Geng" stage:Loosen the emergence of the soil tool Lei Si with universal use.
(3)Company week period, appear bronze farm implements.The spring autumn period, the small piece iron farm implements publishes.The cow Geng is a revolution that the our country agriculture is used power.The cow Geng first step expansion while fighting a country.Henceforth, iron yak Geng gradually become Chinese traditional the main farming method of agriculture.
2, the characteristics of our country ancient agriculture economy:
(1)The small agriculture economy takes family as production, life the unit, agriculture and cottage industry combine together and produce mainly is for satisfy the oneself is basic to livingly need and pay farm tax and excise tax, a kind of nature with self-sufficient oneself economy, small agriculture the economic Jing Geng Be thin to make, the basic mode that Chinese feudalistic society agriculture produces.
(2)In Chinese feudalism economy what to occupy a predominance position BE:The nature that is self-sufficient economy.
(3)Chinese feudalistic society development slow-moving and continue over a long period of time of important reason:The firm existence of the natural economy.
Lead the ancient handicraft industry of world
Understand ancient China is in the metallurgy Shu, make porcelain industry, silk to knit the main achievement that the handicraft industry sections like industry,etc obtains
1.the department of the Shang Dynasty mother E Ding world is rare.2.eastern man Du poem invention water row, use the water conservancy drum breeze Ye iron.3.the Wei and Jin Dynasty invention infuse a steel method
4.the Tang Dynasty system porcelain formation the south is green northern white two greatest system.5.the view of Sung generation Jiangxi virtuous town, arrive a dollar the generation develop into the whole country-made porcelain center, clearly pure is the porcelains of whole country all.6.the Ming Dynasty burn to make a colourful porcelain on the foundation of green flower porcelain;The Manchu dynasty still invented enamel colourful.7.clearly pure Suzhou, Hangzhou is a famous silk to knit industry center, the use spends building machine the organization is complicated nicety.
Ancient times the development of the business
1, understand the formation and development of "city"
(1)West man:Each city establishes particularly "city" and living quarter of providing the trade to strictly separate, Chang-an the city thing contains city.Establish an officials management(the mayor or city makes), open for business to shut city on time.
(2)Sui Tang:Chang-an the city has city to use with the workshop, city and workshop fence to partition and in fixed time opens for business to shut city in the daytime.
(3)Sung Dynasty:The boundary of city and workshop breaks gradually, the store everywhere can establish, and can conduct sooner or later
2, know the main business city and famous company helps:
(4)West man:Chang-an, Luo sun, Han Dan, face Zi, Yuan and Chengdu famous marketplace
(5)Yellow river Tang's river valley in Sui Chang-an, Luo sun;River valley Yang state in Yangtze River, benefit state becomes a prosperous business city;The foreign trade port of importance in Guangzhou, the government establishes city Bo to make.
(6)Sung generation Kaifeng, face Anne;The benefit state issue"hand over son", in the world the earliest banknotes
(7)Dollar mostly, Hangzhou.World the biggest harbor spring state
(8)Is clearly pure:Appear a company to help.Such as, badge company, Jin company(both same place:All from conduct a salt industry house;The business activities all involve financial realm;(badge the company conduct to pawn an industry, the Jin company establishes ticket)The movable scopes all involve abroad, all the backlog rises a huge sum of wealth)
Develop capitalism to sprout of slow-moving development
●Understand the basic meaning of "the heavy agriculture suppresses a company" and"ban on foreign trade" policy very influence
(1)The basic economic policy of Chinese feudalistic society:"The heavy agriculture suppresses a company" policy
Initiate "the heavy agriculture suppresses a company" policy of BE:Fight the country period Yang political reform of Qin Guo Shang.
"The heavy agriculture suppresses a company" can last long the root reason of execution:Adapting to is self-sufficient of nature the demand of the economy.
Its purpose:Support natural economy, ensure to endow with service to advertise for parties and rent charge imposition, support political stability, make stronger feudalism governance.
Positive effect:Protected agriculture production and small agriculture economy, promote agriculture economy development;The feudalistic society made stronger newly arisen landlord political power in the early years.
Clearly pure the heavy agriculture suppress the company's performance:Agriculture originally the thought of company's end, particularly sell system, toll-gate high taxes, bias businessman, huge officer camp handicraft industry.
Negative result:Enhance natural economy, baffling industry and business industry development, obstruct the development that the capitalism sprouts.
(2)"Ban on foreign trade" in Ming Dynasty is to defend Japanese invaders it suffers from, but has never forbidden authorities foreign trade;The Manchu dynasty is because of dealing with the anti- of southeast circumlittoral people pure conflict.All of both is BE support feudalism governance order.
(3)The meaning of "close the border to lock a country" that the Manchu dynasty has been practicing:Is strict to limit outward association.
Manchu dynasty opens an outward trade is at:Guangzhou(from 13 lines of unified management management in Guangzhou foreign trade)
Close the border the result of locking the country:Hinder an expanding of oversea market, repress the original backlog of capital, obstruct capitalism embryonic of grow;Make China and a life time isolate, don't can study the western forerunner's scientific knowledge and production technique in time with development productivity, make China pursue the creation of Chinese capitalism
Chinese race capitalism produces the historical fact of background and rise:
1, the reason of Chinese race capitalism creation:(1)Foreign country capitalism of invade to make natural the economy is gradual to disintegrate.(2)It be subjected to incitement of the outside company's business enterprise big profits.(3)The ocean works a party people to do a business enterprise to have to induce a function
Time of Chinese race capitalism creation is:19th century 67;The location is:Southeast foreland
2, represent a business enterprise:Deliver Chang machine factory, come to Mou machine after the prosperous filature factory and Yi flour mill
The development of Chinese race capitalism
A, the stage of modern Chinese race capitalism development:
●Is brief in spring(1) time:One war period(1915-1921)
(2)Reason:The a Xin Hai's revolution overthrows the emperor system in Manchu Dynasty, the establishment China republic, swept away some obstacles for the development of our country capitalism;The b crowd anti- emperor loves one's country to exercise and emolliently pushed the development of race capitalism;
C European great powers is occupied in war and temporarily relaxed the economy to China to invade, objective up provided a beneficial external condition for the development of Chinese race capitalism.(3)Main profession:Textile industry, face powder industry(4) famous industrialist:The Zhang Jian and week learns a Xi and glory surname brothers
(5)Why to is "brief" in spring:After World War I ends, European great powers stages a comeback
●The turns and twists develops(1) a national government before the decade:(1927-1936)The race industry got quicker development
Reason:For making stronger governance, the national government released some be advantageous to development economic of policy and measure
(2)The period of the war against Japan:The race industry encounters heavy stroke
Reason:Subjugate area:Some factory minerals or be ruined by the Japan's Imperial Army, or be annexed by force by various form by the Japan's Imperial Army
Country all area:The national government carries out a wartime system and enhances to the completely ruling of the economy, the bureaucrat stratum squeezes a race business enterprise to reap staggering profits
●Atrophy(1) time:Fight the invading army victory hereafter(liberation war period or 1945-1949)
(2)Reason:An American merchandise in great quantities flows out into China market and discriminated against native product(1946 《Central America the amity trades voyage treaty 》 )
The b bureaucrat capital is big four carry on an economy monopoly, squeeze the Ke of the race business enterprise c national government to donate a miscellaneous tax continuously increment, the currency continuously inflates
Two, the comprehension capitalism develop the position and function in the progress in modern history in China
1, economy up, is a kind of new economic factor, be advantageous to a social progress;
2, political up, ascend political stage to lay material and rank foundation for race capitalism;Proletariat troops of strong, is new democratism revolution arrival with medium total of the establishment prepared a rank condition;
3, thought up, continuously impact and agitatedly feudalism orthodox tradition thought of governance position, thoughted a cultural dissemination to provide a social condition for western propertied class.
But, in the semi-colony, China with social semi-feudal, because of propertied class of weak and compromise, walking the capitalism road goes impassability.
Gradually get behind with world trend.
The road of Chinese special feature socialism construction
The development and turns and twists of economic development
1, understand three big reformation:At the end of 1956, our country basically complete three big reformation.Make to produce data from privately owned system the change is for the socialism owned by public system.Mark the socialism system gets up in the establishment of China.
2, understand eight big main contentses:In 1956, medium total eight greatly convene.Main contents:(1)The main antinomy that is local is:The forerunner's social system and fall behind of the antinomy of of productivity.(2)The current task is:The concentrated strength changes into the forerunner's industrial country from the agriculture country falling behind the our country.
3, understand great leap forward and people's commune to turn sport:Great leap forward and people's commune that brings about in 1958 turn sport, is my party in the process of investigating the socialism road of China in a serious mistake, result in for 1959-1961 three years, the economy is difficult.
(Lesson 2)great history turn
Understand 11 three medium the plenary meeting relevant reform open the contents of decision, understanding history meaning
December, 1978 is 11 three the medium plenary meetings convene in Peking.
Main contents:(1)Establishment understand puts thought afresh, practical and realistic of Marxist thought route.
(2)Abandonned the false policy of"take class struggle as a key link", practiced to bring order out of chaos.
(3)Transfer the work center of gravity of the party and the nation to economic development to come up.(4)Practice reform to open
Meaning:The formation takes Deng Xiaoping as core of party the center lead collectively, this is to found a nation a great turn of the history of party is also a great turn of republic history and become the point of departure that the our country develops Chinese special feature socialism road and found the great point of departure that Chinese socialism modernizes.