新概念第二册L71-L80.doc

Lesson 71 A famous clock
【课文讲解】
1、the B.B.C. =British Broadcasting Corporation 英国广播公司
2、If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834, the great clock would never have been erected.
the Houses of Parliament 国会大厦（英国议会是由上议院（House of Lords）和下议院（House of Commons）组成）
burn down （使）烧成平地，烧毁 eg.The hospital was burned down last month.
3、Big Ben takes its name from Sir Benjamin Hall who was responsible for the making of the clock when the new Houses of Parliament were being built.
take one’s name from 以……命名
Sir用于英国人的全名（或名字）之前时表示“爵士”（不单独用于姓之前），如Sir John Gilbert（约翰.吉尔伯特爵士）或 Sir John（约翰爵士），但不能称为Sir Gilbert。
be responsible for 对……需负责任/承担责任的
Who is responsible for the accident? John is responsible for the building.
-ing形式前面无冠词时可直接跟宾语：making the clock；-ing前有冠词时则其后不能直接跟宾语，而必须用of：the making of the clock。
4、It is not only of immense size, but is extremely accurate as well.
be of… 表示人或物的特征
We are of the same age/size. This letter is of great importance.
5、Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.
go wrong （机器等）发生故障，出毛病
Something has gone wrong with my car.
6、A painter who had been working on the tower hung a pot of paint on one of the hands and slowed it down!
slow down （使……）慢下来/减速（可分开使用）
He slowed his car down while driving in heavy traffic.

【Special Difficulties】
Official, Employee and Shop assistant
1.official n. 官员，公务员，高级官员
Bank officials get high salaries.
Before he retired, Jeremy had been a government/city official.
2.employee n. 雇员，雇工（包括各个层次的）
Later he became a government employee.
3.shop assistant 零售店的店员（美语中用 salesclerk）
The shop assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed.
Hang/Hung and Hang/Hanged
1.hang（hung，hung） vt. 悬挂
I’m hanging this picture on the wall.
2.hang（hanged，hanged） vt. 绞死，吊死，上吊
As he has murdered three men, he ought to be hanged.
I wonder why she hanged herself.
Lesson 72 A car called bluebird
★burst v. 爆裂
① vi. 爆炸，爆裂
A tyre burst during the second run.
The balloon burst.
② vt.& vi. 突然打开
We burst the door open.
While I was reading, the door burst open and John came in.

【课文讲解】
1、The great racing driver, Sir Malcolm Campbell, was the first man to drive at over 300 miles per hour.
在the second，the next/the last以及表示最高级的如the best，the most intelligent 等后可以用to引导的不定式短语做定语，这些词语后面可以接名词或one(s)，也可以不接：
She’s always the first to arrive and the last to leave.
You’re the best person to advise me about buying a house.你是我买房的最好顾问。
the only后必须接一个名词或one(s)：
You’re the only person/one to complain.
per 表示“每一，每”，通常用于商业及技术用语，日常用语大多用a/an：
You can stay at the hotel at $10 per person per night.
You must have been driving at seventy miles an/per hour.
2、It was over 30 feet in length and had a 2,500-horsepower engine.
30 feet in length 30英尺长
3、Although Campbell reached a speed of over 304 miles per hour, he had great difficulty in controlling the car because a tyre burst during the first run.
have difficulty (in) doing sth. 做……有困难
He has grown a beard and I had difficulty (in) recognizing him.
the first run 开始的行程
the next run is forty miles. 下一段赛程为40英里。
4、Following in his father's footsteps many years later, Sir Malcolm's son, Donald, also set up a world record.
follow in one’s footsteps 步某人的后尘，仿效某人，继承某人的事业
He intends to follow in his father’s footsteps and to become a dentist.

Lesson 73 The record-holder
★record-holder 纪录保持者
n.+ v.+ er 构词法 tennis player
★truant n. 逃学的孩子，逃学者
The three boys who are fishing over there are truants and ought to be sent back to school.
play truant 逃学（英）
the boy who played truant 逃学的孩子
play hooky 逃学（美）
be absent from class unpurpose 逃学 （unpurpose adv. 故意的）
He did it unpurpose.
evade school 逃学
★unimaginative adj. 缺乏想象力的
imagine v. 想象，设想
imaginative adj. 有想象力的
She is an imaginative painter.
Painters should be imaginative.
imagination n. 想象力
-tive 一般是形容词的后缀；-tion 一般是名词的后缀
★shame n. 惭愧，羞耻
What a shame! 真可耻！
Shame on you! 替你感到可耻！
shameful adj. 令人羞愧
ashamed adj. 感到羞愧
put sb. to shame 让某人感到羞愧
对别人赞美的回答：
Thank you. You are flattering me. （你过奖了。）
You put me to shame. （你比我好的意思）
put sb. to trouble 给某人带来麻烦
★hitchhike v. 搭便车旅行
hitchhike = take a lift 搭便车
hitchhiker n. 搭便车的人
★meantime n. 其间
in the meantime = meanwhile 与此同时
★evade v. 逃避，逃离
① vt.（巧妙地）逃脱，躲开
She evaded a blow from the man and then called out for help.
② vt. 回避，逃避（尤指不当地）
evade doing sth. 逃避做……
He always tries to evade paying taxes.
Many children dream of evading school.
avoid v. 逃避，逃离，避免
avoid 指通过一种合理的，正当的手段来避免做某事；evade 指通过欺骗的手段来避免做某事。
tax avoidance 避税 tax evasion 逃税

【课文讲解】
1、Children who play truant from school are unimaginative.
play truant from school = play truant 逃学
As a boy, Tom used to play truant (from school).
2、A quiet day's fishing, or eight hours in a cinema seeing the same film over and over again, is usually as far as they get.
动词ing前面如果出现定语，若是名词，则采用名词所有格或名词短语本身。
eight hours' seeing the film
非谓语动词做主语，一律作单数看。
Three hours in the room，It is tiring.
Three hours(') listening to the teacher is tiring.
Three hours in the room listening to the teacher is tiring.
Events such as the March 5th shooting at a high school in San Diego bring the problem into focus.
比如三月五日圣地亚哥一所高中学校发生的枪击事件问题成为焦点。
over and over again = again and again 一次又一次，一再地，反复许多次地
As my grandmother can’t hear very well, I had to say it over and over again.
as far as +从句 最大程度……，到……程度，就……而言
As far as I know, his operations successful.
3、They have all been put to shame by a boy who, while playing truant, travelled 1,600 miles.
while 引导时间状语从句，一般放在前面或后面，放在中间就加上逗号。while doing 省略句，省略了主语和be 动词，这个主语一定就是主句的主语。
put…to shame 使……蒙羞，使……相形见绌
What he has done put his parents to shame.
He saved the child at the risk of his own life and put all those who looked on to shame. 他冒着生命危险救了那个孩子，使所有旁观者都相形见绌。
4、He hitchhiked to Dover and, towards evening, went into a boat to find somewhere to sleep.
hitchhike to… 搭便车去……
Dover n. 多佛（英国著名的港口）
towards evening 快到晚上
somewhere to sleep 可以睡觉的地方
anything to do/drink 可以做的事/可以喝的东西（这里 to do 做定语）
5、When he woke up next morning, he discovered that the boat had, in the meantime, travelled to Calais.
wake up 自己醒来
Calais n. 加来（法国城市）
in the meantime 在此期间
I feel tired and would like to take a nap. In the meantime, you may do some reading.
6、No one noticed the boy as he crept off.
creep off = creep away
★creep
① vi. 爬行，匍匐，（像爬行似地）慢慢前进
The old car crept along the country road.
A snake crept into the garden while she was writing a letter.
② vi. 悄悄地/蹑手蹑脚地走；渐渐产生/出现
We crept upstairs so as not to wake Grandpa.
He noticed that age had crept on him.
7、The next car the boy stopped did not take him into the centre of Paris as he hoped it would, but to Perpignan on the French-Spanish border.
take … into 带到……
not…but… 不是……而是……
as sb. hoped 正如某人所希望的
I became a good teacher as my mother hopes.
than sb. expected 比某人所期待的还……
Don't ask what the country do for you, but ask what you do for the country.
the French-Spanish border 法国与西班牙的边界
8、There he was picked up by a policeman and sent back to England by the local authorities.
pick up 逮捕，拘捕
After the accident, he was picked up by the police.

【Key structures】
简单句、并列句和复合句
简单句是英语中最小的句子单位，一般有一个限定动词，它有一个主语和一个谓语，但可以用连词and将两个或两个以上的动词合并为一个简单句。根据动词后所使用的不同成分，简单句可有5种基本句型：
① 主语 +动词 ② 主语 +动词 +主语补足语：
③ 主语 +动词 +直接宾语： ④ 主语 +动词 +间接宾语+直接宾语
⑤ 主语 +动词 +宾语 +宾语补足语
将几个简单句连接起来构成并列句。在并列句中不存在单独的主句和从属于它的从句；各小句根据上下文的要求按逻辑次序排列，但各小句都同等重要并独立存在。我们常常把并列句中的各小句看成是并列主句。可采用下列任何一种方式构成并列句：
① 用分号
We fished all day; we didn’t catch a thing.
② 用分号，后面跟一个连接副词(短语)，如however、above all、in addition、as far as等
We fished all day; however, we didn’t catch a thing.
③ 用并列连词，如 and、but、so、yet等，前面常加逗号：
We fished all day, but (we) didn’t catch a thing.
复合句的构成方法可以是把简单句连接在一起，但复合句的各个组成部分并非同等重要(此点与并列句不同)，其中总有一个独立小句(或称“主句”)和一个或一个以上的从属小句(或称“从句”)；主句往往可以独立存在。复合句的构成方法：
① 用连词将从句与主句连接起来：
If you’re not good at figures, it is pointless to apply for job in a bank.
如果你不擅于计算，向银行求职就毫无意义。
② 用动词不定式或分词结构。它们是非限定性动词，是短语而不是从句，但它们构成复合句(而非简单句)的一部分。 之所以如此是因为它们可以用从句的形式表现出来。
To get into a university you have to pass a number of examinations.
从句可分为：名词性从句；关系/形容词从句；副词从句。
Holiday resorts which are very crowded are not very pleasant.
那些拥挤的度假场所令人感到不很愉快。
Howerver hard I try, I can’t remember people’s names.

Lesson 74 out of the limelight
【课文讲解】
1、Out of the limelight
limelight 的原义为舞台照明用的“石灰光”，其引申意义为“众人注目的中心”，这里的 limelight 是指舞台。
She has been in the limelight since she became an actress.
Although he is a government official, he tries to keep out of the limelight.
2、An ancient bus stopped by a dry river bed and a party of famous actors and actresses got off.
river bed指河床，名词river 作形容词用，类似的还有flower bed（花坛）
party作量词用时表示“一行，一伙，一群”等，如 a party of tourists/boys（一群旅游者/男孩）等。
3、Why don't we come more often?
“Why +don’t/doesn’t +主语 +动词？”结构可用来提出建议：
Why don’t you change a watch?
4、'Now you get out of here, all of you!' he shouted.
get out of here 从这里走开，滚出去，滚开
get fuck out of here 给我从这滚出去
5、'I'm sheriff here. Do you see that notice? It says "No Camping" -- in case you can't read!'
I'm sheriff here. （sheriff 是一种官衔，官衔前面不加冠词）
He is president. 总统（官衔）
Who is monitor? 谁是班长（官衔）
I am a teacher. teacher 不是官衔，加不定冠词
in case +从句 假使，万一……的话，免得，以防万一（常用于引导条件或目的状语从句，当句子表示将来的时间时，in case后面必须用现在时态或 should/might）
in case you can't read 除非你们不识字。
I’m taking a raincoat with me in case I need it.
In case he comes/should come, give him this letter.
6、'don't be too hard on us. I'm Rockwall Slinger and this is Merlin Greeves.'
be hard on… 对……（过分）严厉
Don’t be too hard on that child.
He is always hard on his employee.

【Special Difficulties】
与get有关的一些短语动词
1.get out
① （使）出去/出来（反义词为get into）
Why don’t you get the dog out?
The door is locked. I can’t get out.
② 走开，滚开（常用于祈使句）
Now you get out of here fast!
2.get into 进来
I’ve lost my key. I can’t get into the house.
3.get on
① 前进，进展（与get along同义）
He is getting on quite well in his new job.
② 继续干；相处融洽（常与 with连用）
Tom talked with his brother for a while, and then got on with his homework.
He’s so difficult. I can’t get on with him. 他这个人这么别扭，我无法和他相处。
4.get…off 脱下，除去/取下
Please help me to get the box off the boat.
When he got the lid off the box, he saw a man lying in it.
5.get off 没受重伤/重罚而逃脱（常与with连用）
Tom was punished, but Jim go off lightly.
I can hardly believe that the thief got off with just a warning.
6.get over
① 恢复过来，痊愈
Has your mother got over her illness?
② 解决/结束（某件不愉快但必要做的事）（ 常 与 with连用）
They wanted to get the job over as quickly as possible.
7.get though
① 通过（考试、测验等）
Have you got through your driving test last week?
② 吃掉，喝完，用光
Fancy Helen getting through all the food!

用于公共标语的 no
公共标语通常字数很少，语言精练。在表示“禁止……”时往往用no+名词/动名词或名词短语，如No Camping（禁止野营），No Smoking（禁止吸烟），No Parking（禁止停车），No Left Turn（禁止左转弯）。
在 真 正 的 公 告 牌 上 ，这些标语往往全部用大写字母，不加标点，如 NO SMOKING等。
On public notices we write No Camping instead of Do not camp.
在公告牌上我们不用Do not camp，而用 No Camping。

Lesson 75 SOS
★survivor n. 幸存者(指人)
survival n. 幸存的东西
survive v. 生存；存活下来
the person who survived
I learn how to live, but now I know how to survive. （生存）
I survived after the fire. （存活下来）
survive + sth.(灾难) 经过某种灾难还存在，还活着
I survived the fire.
The house survived the earthquake.
★scene n. 现场
① n.（事件发生的）地点，现场
A helicopter soon arrived on the scene to rescue the survivors.
一架直升飞机很快飞抵出事现场，搭救幸存者。
These things were found at the scene of the murder.
② n. 风景，景色；景象
A beautiful scene always makes me delighted.
I have just seen a sad scene.

【课文讲解】
1、When a light passenger plane flew off course some time ago, it crashed in the mountains and its pilot was killed.
off course 脱离轨道
fly off course 飞行偏离航线
During the storm, the ship went off course.
kill v. 杀（仅表示死了，不一定是人为的杀死,有可能是火灾等）
Fire in Tokyo. Five people killed. Ten persons injured.（受伤）
murder v. 谋杀（故意杀死）
2、It was the middle of winter.
middle of winter 隆冬
middle of summer 盛夏
3、Snow lay thick on the ground.
lay 是系动词,thick是形容词作表语，表示主语的状态或性质。
The old man lies ill and neglected in bed.
4、The woman knew that the nearest village was miles away.
miles away 几英里之外（距离的表达方式）
5、When it grew dark, she turned a suitcase into a bed and put the children inside it, covering them with all the clothes she could find.
turn…into… = change sth. into … 把……变成……
6、The woman kept as near as she could to the children and even tried to get into the case herself, but it was too small.
as…as sb. can/could = as…as possible 尽可能的……
He got through as much food as he could and set out.
Tell Jim to come to my office as soon as he can.
near to = close to
7、Early next morning, she heard planes passing overhead and wondered how she could send a signal.
hear sb. doing sth. 听见某人正在做某事
overhead adv. 从头顶
wonder = want to know
8、Then she had an idea. She stamped out the letters 'SOS' in the snow.
stamp out 踩出
out 在这里为副词，表示“出现，显露”等
The writer has brought out another book.
He wrote out a long list of all the foods which were forbidden.
SOS = Save Our Souls 国际通用的呼救信号
in the snow 在雪地上
9、Fortunately, a pilot saw the signal and sent a message by radio to the nearest town.
by radio 通过广播
10、It was not long before a helicopter arrived on the scene to rescue the survivors of the plane crash.
long before = long long ago 很久以前
It was not long before + 从句 不久就……（指过去）
It was not long before he went abroad.
It was not long before I finished my homework.
It will not be long before… 不久就……（将来可能发生的事）
It will not be long before he gets over his illness.
before long 不久以后（一般将来时,从现在算不久以后会怎么样）
Before long, he will go abroad.
shortly before ……之前不久
shortly after ……之后立即
on the scene 在现场（固定短语）

【Special Difficulties】
可以表示“变成”的一些动词
grow，turn，go，get，com，fall等动词均有“变成”的意思，但它们在用法上有时有差别。
1.grow表示“（逐渐）变得”，比get要正式些：
He has grown fat.
He has grown to like studying mathematics.
grow dark（变黑）
grow = get slowly慢慢变得
2.t