九年级英语Unit 11 Let's Protect the Environment北京版.doc

Unit 11 Let's Protect the Environment
一、学习目标
Topic
Let's Protect Environment
Functions
Emphasizing facts; expressing arguments
Grammar
Object clauses
Garget language
Do you think that life is easier for us today?
He didn't know what the topic of the composition was.
I don't know who cleaned the classroom.
I wonder if you have completed the housework.
I don't know when we will have our English party.
He asked where I found his lost pen.
Vocabulary
shortage, pollution, forest, melt, Alpine Glacier, prevent, litter, global, ocean, billion, disease, natural, factor, primary, abroad, realize, destroy, land, garbage, stream, careless, beach, rubbish, carbon, dioxide, heat, level, temperature, disturb, flood, storm, absorb, coal, solar, energy, hydrogen, environmental
二、课文解释
    1．At least 5 million people die of water born diseases per years.
    at least至少
    At least four people went into the big hole. 至少有4个人进入大洞。
    注意：at last最后
    At last, he worked out the problem. 最后他解决了这个难题。
    2．Most scientists have been saying that human activity, not natural factors, is the primary cause of the warming. 大多数科学家一直在强调全球变暖的主要原因是人类活动，而不是自然因素。
    have been saying是现在完成进行时，现在完成进行时的用法如下：
    （1）构成：have(has)+been+现在分词
    （2）用法：现在完成进行时表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。现在这个动作可能刚刚终止，也可能仍在进行。
    I have been sitting here all afternoon.
    我在这儿坐了一下午了。
    How long has it been raining?
    雨下了多久了?
    They have been fighting for independence since 1960s.
    他们从60年代以来一直为独立而斗争。
    （3）现在完成进行时和现在完成时的区别
    ①现在完成进行时一般强调过去发生的动作现在仍在继续。
    现在完成时强调过去发生的动作现在已经完成或表示曾经发生过。
    I have been writing an article.
    我一直在写一篇文章。(仍在)
    I have written an article.
    这已写好一篇文章。(已完成)
    I have been reading that book since last week.
    上周以来，我一直在读那本书。(还在读)
    I have read that book before.
    以前我曾读过那本书。(动作在过去曾经发生过)
    ②现在完成进行时表示刚刚结束的动作，强调动作在不久前持续进行，带有感情色彩。
    现在完成时表示已经结束的动作，强调动作的结果。
    Where have you been? We have been looking for you everywhere.
    你到哪里去了?我们到处在找你。(表示刚刚结束的动作)
    We have looked for him, but haven't found him.
    我们找过他，但没有找到他。(表示动作已结束，强调动作的结果)
    ③现在完成进行时表示现在以前的这段时间内反复发生的事情。
    All these years they have been contributing articles to our magazine.
    这些年来，他们一直为我们杂志写稿。
    We have been seeing quite a lot of each other recently.
    最近我们常常见面。
    3．Light from the sun heats the earth's atmosphere, oceans and land, making life on the earth possible.
    太阳光使得大气层、海洋和陆地表面的温度升高，这使地球上有了产生生命的可能。
    making life on the earth possible是伴随状语，意思是“使地球上有了产生生命的可能”。
    4．The warming increases with time, and could have many side effects. 全球变暖现象越来越严重，而且产生了许多负面影响。
    （1）with表示“随着”。例如：
    Good wine will improve with age. 佳酿越陈越醇。
    The bad weather comes with the dark night. 恶劣的天气伴随着漆黑的夜晚来临。
    （2）side effects常用来指药物等的副作用。
    5．What is more, it disturbs weather and causes floods and storms. 更严重的是，（全球变暖）影响了气候，导致洪水和暴风雨的发生。
    what is more表示后者比前者更重要或更严重。例如：
    She admitted she had spoken to them, and what is more, she had told them about our discussion. 她承认和他们谈过，更为甚者，她把我们的讨论透露给了他们。
    6．We are also destroying the land on which we are living. 我们也在破坏我们居住的地球。
    The land on which we are living. 我们居住的陆地。
    这是一个定语从句，它的用法主要有以下几个方面：
    （1）定语从句的概念
    在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
    （2）定语从句的关系词
    引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that，which，who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where，when，why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
    （3）定语从句的分类
    根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。
    （4）关系代词的用法
    ①that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：
    Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle. 玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that作主语）
    The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）
    ②which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：
    The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket. 位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（作主语）
    The film （which） we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。（作宾语）
    ③who，whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom，也可省略。例如：
    The girl who often helps me with my English is from England. 经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语）
    Who is the teacher （whom） Li Ming is talking to？ 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？（作宾语）
    注意：①当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who，that，which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：
    This is the house in which we lived last year. 这是我们去年居住的房子。
    Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel. 请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
    ②含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：
    This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。
    ③that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：
    The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。
    ④关系词只能用that的情况：
    a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
    He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
    b. 被修饰的先行词为all，any，much，many，everything anything，none，the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which。例如：
    Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？ 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？
    c. 先行词被the only，the very，the same，the last，little，few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：
    This is the same bike that I lost. 这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
    d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that，而不用which。例如：
    I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room. 我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
    e. 以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that。例如：
    Who is the girl that is crying？ 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？
    f. 主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：
    There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
    ⑤关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：
    a. 先行词为that，those时，用which，而不用that。例如：
    What's that which is under the desk？ 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？
    b. 关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that。例如：
    This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。
    c. 引导非限制性定语从句，用which，而不用that。例如：
    Tom came back, which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。
    （5）关系副词的用法
    ①when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：
    This was the time when he arrived. 这是他到达的时间。
    ②where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：
    This is place where he works. 这是他工作的地点。
    ③why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：
    Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。
    7．Cars that people drive pour gases into the air. 人们驾驶的汽车向大气中排放着废气。
    pour…into向……倾倒
    ①Don't pour waste water into the river. 不要把废水倒入河中。
    ②We can pour the clean water into the sail. 我们可以把干净的水倒入土壤中。
    8．All of this pollution gives out a lot of Carbon dioxide which prevents heat from escaping. 所有这些污染都释放出大量的二氧化碳，阻止了热量的释放。
    prevent…from…阻止做某事。此句型也可换成stop /keep…from…
    The trees can prevent the sand from blowing. 树能阻止沙子不被吹走。
三、语法
宾语从句
    宾语从句是初中英语一个重要的语法内容，同时它也是中考必考的容易失分的一个项目。 要学好宾语从句，必须掌握好它的基本概念，基本特点和有关难点。
    基本概念：在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。它是众多从句中的一员，它在复合句中作主句谓语动词,介词或某些形容词的宾语。
    I think (that) you will like the students.
    They often worry about whether they can get the jobs.
    基本特点：
    （1）选择合适的连结词。
    ①词that（在口语、非正式文体中可以省略，本身没有意义）。引导陈述句做宾语从句。如：
    I tell him that I have read the story.
    ②连词if或whether（是否）；引导一般疑问句做宾语从句。
    Do you know if he will go to school tomorrow?
    ③代词who（作主语）、whom（作宾语）、whose（定语）、which（主语、定语）；连接副词when, why, how, where, (均作状语)。引导特殊疑问句做宾语从句。
    He didn't know when he would leave for Shanghai.
    （2）宾语从句要用陈述句语序。
    所谓陈述句语序就是指宾语从句中主语一定要放在谓语动词之前。
    ①主句（主语＋谓语vt.）＋（that）从句（主语＋谓语……）；
    ②主句＋if/whether从句（主语＋谓语…）；
    ③主句＋连接代词who/whom/whose/what/which+陈述句语序（主语＋谓语…）；
    ④主句＋连接副词when/where/why/how+陈述句语序。使用时就注意连词的意义，是否担任成份。例如：
    1）Can you hear___?
    A. what did he say   B. that he said     C. what he said
    答案：C
    2）Can you tell me ? What's your name? (宾语从句)  
    Can you tell me what your name is?
    3）He didn't under stand .. Can this machine work? (宾语从句)
    He didn't understand if this machine could work.
    经典例题：
    （1）连词错误
    例1  He asked ________ there was a bookshop in the street.
    A. that   B. what   C. how    D. whether
    错解：A；正解：D
    解析：ask 表明了宾语部分含有询问的意思。而that不能引导疑问语气的句子。
    例2  Tell me ______ you will go with us or stay at home.
    A. if   B. whether   C. that   D. how
    错解：A；正解：B
    解析：引导宾语从句时，if和whether常可以互换，但有些情况是不能互换的。当从句中提出了两种选择，或从句位于介词后面，只能用whether。
    （2）语序错误
    例1  He wanted to know_______.
    A. when would the holiday begin
    B. that he had come back from Beijing
    C. which one did I like best
    D. how he could get to the station
    错解：A/C；正解：D
    解析：宾语从句必须用陈述句语序。
    例2  I wonder____.
    A. who broke the window
    B. who the window broke
    C. whose coat is this
    D. what is the population of China
    错解：B；正解：A
    解析：B貌似陈述句语序，但在这里连接词who是从句的主语，而不是the window。
    （3）结构错误
    例1  I don't know________.
    A. which room I can live
    B. which room can I live
    C. which room I can live in
    D. which room can I live in
    错解：A；正解：C
    解析：如果连接词在宾语从句中充当不及物动词后介词的宾语，并被放到从句句首时，不及物动词后的介词不能少。
    （4）时态错误
    例1  Long, long ago, people didn't know the earth___ round the sun.
    A. moving  B. moved  C. moves  D. went
    错解：B/D；正解：C
    解析：在学习宾语从句时，我们知道主从句的时态要考虑“一致”的原则。但当从句表示的是科学真理、格言、客观事实或其他不受时间限制、影响而客观存在的事物时，宾语从句的动词时态不受主句时态的限制，仍可用一般现在时。
    例2  Could you tell me_______?
    A. how I can get to the post office
    B. how can I get to the post office
    C. how could I get to the post office
    D. how I could get to the post office
    错解：D；正解：A
    解析：主句中的Could在这里不是表示过去时态，而是表示语气的委婉。
四、翻译
    主课文译文：
大家一起保护环境
    全球变暖是我们在21世纪面临的最严重的问题。大多数科学家认为人类活动，而不是自然因素，是引起全球变暖的主要原因。中国和其他国家的人们也都意识到，在发展世界的同时我们也在毁坏我们居住的陆地。
    人们生产出越来越多的漂亮汽车，修建了很多高楼大厦。来自工厂的废料污染了水，来自工厂的废气污染了空气。人们驾驶的汽车向大气中排放着废气。垃圾有时被填充到供应饮用水的河流中。粗心的宿营者也时常引起火灾。海滩和城市大街上到处散落着垃圾。所有这些污染都释放出大量的二氧化碳，阻止了热量的释放。
    太阳的射线给地球大气、海洋和陆地提供了热量，使地球上的生命得以衍生。由于二氧化碳所散发的一些物质，一定量的热量无法散发出去。二氧化碳的含量在急剧提高。在过去的一个世纪中，地球表面的温度大幅度上升。全球变暖在随着时间日趋严重，同时也带来许多副作用。
    全球变暖的副作用令人警觉。地球气温上升使冰盖融化，海平面上升。而且，它会扰乱天气状况，并引起洪水和暴风雨。
    我们应该做些什么来拯救我们的环境呢？首先，我们可以多种树。树木可以吸收二氧化碳并产生氧气。其次，我们必须寻找新的能源。人们应该尽可能少地燃烧煤和石油，因为这些能量会向大气排放大量的废气。我们应该尽量使用太阳能、风能、氢以及其他新的能源。第三，我们应该成立环保小组，以告知所有人保护地球的重要性。
    副课文译文：
三个声音的诗
    和声：听我说孩子们。听听我要说什么。我们要开始循环使用。这是为子孙后代拯救地球的唯一方式，游戏的名字叫“大声疾呼”。
    声音1：来吧，开始回收废物。今天就开始。留存旧报纸，而不是将它们扔掉。不要仅仅把它们扔在垃圾场。把它们捆好，放在垃圾箱里。
    声音2：开始收集吧，保护未来取决于你。留存你所有的旧的瓶瓶罐罐。把它们拿到收瓶中心，在工厂里，玻璃能够被循环使用，节约能量。
    声音3：不要丢弃空的饮料罐。记着我要说的内容。开始回收，朋友。把它们清洗、压扁，把它带到存罐中心，投到桶里。
    和声：听我说孩子们。听听我要说的话。我们要开始循环利用。这是为子孙后代拯救地球的唯一方式。游戏的名字叫“大声疾呼”。
五、练习
Ⅰ、单项选择
    1．—Could you please give this book to Jim? I don't know if he ____ today.
    —OK, I'll give it to him if he _____.
    A. will come, will come   B. comes, comes   C. will come, comes   D. comes, will come
    2．—What do you do on the farm, Li Lei?
    —My job is to feed animals such as ____ and ____.
    A. horses, sheeps   B. horse, sheep    C. horse, sheeps    D. horses, sheep
    3．—How long have you ____ a cold?
    —For two days.
    A. caught    B. got   C. had    D. begun
    4．Japan is ____ the east of China while Taiwan is ____ the east of China.
    A. in, to   B. to, in   C. to, to    D. in, in
    5．—Her brother is always asking questions.
    —But he is always full of ____ ideas.
    A. shinning   B. lively    C. bright   D. pleasant
    6．—Tom, is this ___ coat?
    —No, it's Tom's. ____ is over there.
    A. you, I    B. you, Me    C. yours, My    D. your, Mine
    7．—Which do you want, tea or milk?
    —_____. Just some water.
    A. Both   B. Either  C. Neither   D. Any
    8．—What's in your bag?
    —There is a book ____ medicine.
    A. with   B. in  C. for   D. on
    9．—How many students are there in your school?
    —The number of the students in our school ____ over two thousand. But a number of students ___ boys.
    A. are, are   B. is are    C. are, is   D. is, is
    10．—Jim won the first prize in math competition.
    —Right. He is ____ of our school and we are all ____ of him.
    A. the pride, proud   B. the pride; the pride    C. proud, the pride   D. proud, proud
    11．—Who is ____ man in the middle of the crowd?
    —Do you mean ____ one in blue?
    A. the, the    B. a, the    C. a, /    D. the, /
    12．—Where are you going to stay when you get to Beijing?
    —I may stay ____ in a hotel ____ in my friend's house.
    A. both, and    B. either, or    C. neither, nor    D. not only, but also
    13．The girl was often heard ____ in the room.
    A. sing   B. singing   C. to sing   D. to be sing
    14．—These coats are different ____ size.
    —Yes. But ____ of them fits me well.
    A. from, all    B. of, no one   C. in, none    D. from, none
    15．—You've done a good job.
    —______.
    A. I don't think so.    B. Certainly I have.
    C. No, I don't do well enough.   D. It's very nice of you to say so.
Ⅱ、完形填空
    The Klansmen（三K党徒）rode around Reverend Little's house. They were trying to frighten him so that he would  1  his speech.
    Suddenly a window was broken, and the glass  2   into the room. The Klansmen broke every window in the house that night. Then they  3  away. When Reverend Little returned home, he found his wife and children were  4  but there was broken glass all around them. He was glad they had not been  5 .
    Soon after that night, a fourth child was  6  to the Littles. The Littles named the baby boy Malcolm. While he was  7  a baby, the family moved to Michigan.
    But trouble  8  Reverend Little. In Michigan he went on to  9   all men were equal（平等的）. He told black people not to let while people  10  them like servants（仆人）. White men tried again to make him  11 . They had found his family and set fire to the house, and it was  12  to the ground because the fireman and police just  13  around and watched.
    Again the Littles had to  14 . They went far out into the countryside. They built a nice-looking house and  15  this time they would be safe.
    1．A. stop       B. finish     C. make      D. remember
    2．A. broke      B. rushed     C. fell      D. cut
    3．A. put        B. rode       C. sent      D. kept
    4．A. awake      B. missing    C. dead      D. safe
    5．A. caught     B. found      C. hurt      D. frightened
    6．A. given      B. born       C. known     D. mentioned
    7．A. still      B. yet        C. almost    D. also
    8．A. attacked   B. greeted    C. passed    D. followed
    9．A. speak      B. say        C. tell      D. talk
    10．A. agree     B. believe    C. treat     D. change
    11．A. angry     B. excited    C. sad       D. silent
    12．A. burned    B. broken     C. pushed    D. turned
    13．A. came      B. waited     C. stood     D. walked
    14．A. fight     B. stay       C. return    D. move
    15．A. hoped     B. believed   C. felt      D. realized
Ⅲ、阅读理解
A
    If you go into the woods with your friends, stay with them. If you don't, you may get lost. If you do get lost, this is what you should do.
    Sit down and stay where you are. Don't try to find your friends—let them find you. You can help them to find you by staying in one place.
    There is another way to help