人体解剖学：4肌学.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,肌学及实习,Myology and Practice,人体解剖学教研室,提问,Answer questions,滑膜关节的基本结构有哪些？,关节面,关节囊,关节腔,韧带，关节内软骨，滑膜囊和滑膜襞,提问,Answer questions,滑膜关节的基本结构有哪些？,具有关节内软骨、关节内韧带的关节分别有哪些？,提问,Answer questions,滑膜关节的基本结构有哪些？,具有关节内软骨、关节内韧带的关节分别有哪些？,膝关节的组成、结构特点、运动方式？,内侧,半月板,外侧,半月板,腓侧,副韧带,胫侧,副韧带,外侧髁,髌韧带,髌骨,膝关节,knee joint,组成,股骨下端、胫骨上端和髌骨,特点,关节面不相适应有内、外侧半月板和翼状襞改善,关节囊薄而松弛有韧带加强（髌韧带，胫、腓侧副韧带，前、后交叉韧带）,关节面与肌腱间有髌上囊和髌下深囊,运动：,屈伸，半屈位时可少许旋转运动,根据其结构不同分,平滑肌,smooth muscle,内脏、血管壁,心 肌,cardiac muscle,心,骨骼肌,skeletal muscle,骨骼、皮肌,（随意肌,600,多块）,肌学,Myology,躯干肌,m.of trunk,颈肌,m.of neck,胸肌,m.of thorax,膈,diaphragm,腹肌,m.of abdomen,背肌,m.of back,会阴肌,m.of perinium,头 肌,m.of head,上肢肌,m.of upper limb,下肢肌,m.of lower limb,斜方肌,trapezius,背阔肌,lattissimus dorsi,背肌,浅、深层,肩胛提肌,levator scapulae,菱形肌,rhomboidus,使肩胛骨向脊柱靠拢两侧收缩，使头后仰,使肱骨内收、旋内和后伸,上提肩胛骨,使肩胛骨向脊柱靠拢并略向上,使脊柱后伸，并仰头,竖脊肌（骶棘肌）,erector spinae,颈肌,颈浅肌群,舌骨上肌群,舌骨下肌群,颈深肌群,颈浅肌群,胸锁乳突肌,sternocleidomastoid,颈阔肌,皮肌，薄、宽阔,单侧收缩使头斜向同侧,脸转向对侧，两侧同时收缩使头后仰,Sternocleidomastoideus,The sternocleidomastoideus,passes,obliquely across the side of the neck.It,arises,from the sternum and clavicle by two heads,is directed upward,lateralward,and backward,and is,inserted,by a strong tendon,into the lateral surface of the mastoid process.,When only one sternocleidomastoideus acts,it draws the head toward the shoulder of the same side.At the same time it rotates the head so as to carry the face toward the opposite side.,舌骨上、下肌群,二腹肌、,下颌舌骨肌、,茎突舌骨肌、颏舌骨肌,胸骨舌骨肌,肩胛舌骨肌,胸骨甲状肌,甲状舌骨肌,舌骨上肌群（后内面观）,下颌舌骨肌,颏舌骨肌,颈深肌群,后斜角肌,中斜角肌,斜角肌间隙,前斜角肌,椎前肌,外侧群,内侧群：,胸肌,胸上肢肌,胸大肌,pectoralis major,使臂内收、旋内、屈肩,胸小肌,胸大肌深面,前锯肌,胸廓侧壁，拉肩胛骨向前和紧贴胸廓,肋间外肌,肌束斜 向前下，,提肋以助吸气,肋间内肌,肌束斜向后上,降肋以助呼气,胸固有肌,胸肌,-,胸上肢肌,胸大肌,pectoralis major,使臂内收、旋内、屈肩,胸小肌,胸大肌深面,前锯肌,胸廓侧壁，拉肩胛骨向前和紧贴胸廓,胸肌,-,胸上肢肌,胸大肌,pectoralis major,使臂内收、旋内、屈肩,胸小肌,pectoralis,minor,胸大肌深面,前锯肌,serratus anterior,胸廓侧壁，拉肩胛骨向前和紧贴胸廓,肋间外肌,intercostales externi,肌束斜 向前下，,提肋以助吸气,肋间内肌,intercostales interni,肌束斜向前上,降肋以助呼气,胸肌,-,胸固有肌,Muscles of Thorax,Muscles of thorax are divided into two groups,extrinsic and intrinsic.,Extrinsic muscles including the,pectoralis major,pectoralis minor,serratus anterior,arise from the outer surface of the thorax and are inserted into the shoulder girdle or the humerus.,Intrinsic muscles are located between the ribs.The chief muscles of this group are the,intercostales externi and intercostales interni,.,作用,：最重要的呼吸肌,与腹肌同时收缩，增加腹压,膈,diaphragm,三裂孔,腔静脉孔,食管裂孔,主动脉裂孔,位置,形态,：向上穹窿,两部,：,肌性部,中心腱,上面观,膈,diaphragm,三裂孔,腔静脉孔,食管裂孔,主动脉裂孔,下面观,腹肌,前外侧群,层次,腹内斜肌,obliquus internus abdominis,腹外斜肌,obliquus externus abdominis,腹横肌,transversus abdominis,腹直肌,rectus,abdominis,功能：,保护内脏，维持腹内压，助呼气，使脊柱前屈、侧屈与旋转,Muscles of abdomen,The four sets of muscles,the external oblique,internal oblique,transverse abdominis,and rectus abdominis muscle,form the lateral and anterior walls of the abdominal cavity.Contraction of these muscles increases abdominl pressure and thus aids in expelling substances from the abdominal cavity as in urination,defecation,vomiting,and childbirth.These muscles also pull the trunk forward by flexing the vertebral column.,腹股沟管,inguinal canal,腹直肌鞘,腹股沟管深（腹）环,腹股沟管浅（皮下）环,后群,下降和固定第,12,肋，并使脊柱侧屈,腰方肌,腰大肌,眼轮匝肌,口周围肌,颅顶肌,枕额肌,头肌,面肌（表情肌）,咀嚼肌,m.of mastication,翼外肌,lateral pterygoid,翼内肌,medial pterygoid,颞肌,temporalis,咬肌,masster,上肢肌,上肢带肌,（肩肌）,三角肌,deltoid,使臂外展,前屈旋内,后伸旋外,Deltoid muscle,The deltoid muscle extends over the shoulder joint connecting the clavicle and scapula with the humerus.Contraction of the entire muscle raises the arm laterally(abduction);contraction of the anterior portion pulls the arm forward whereas contraction of the posterior portion pulls the arm backward.,上肢肌,大圆肌,上肢带肌,（肩肌）,三角肌,deltoid,使臂外展,冈上肌,:,臂外展,冈下肌,小圆肌,肩胛下肌,后面观,臂内收内旋,臂外旋,肱二头肌,biceps brachii,肱肌,喙肱肌,臂肌,前群,后群,肱三头肌,triceps brachii,屈肘、肩，旋后,作用：,屈腕、屈指、旋前,前臂肌 前群,浅层,肱桡肌,旋前圆肌,桡侧腕屈肌,掌长肌,指浅屈肌,尺侧腕屈肌,深层,拇长屈肌,指深屈肌,旋前方肌,作用：,屈腕、屈指、旋前,前臂肌 前群,浅层,肱桡肌,旋前圆肌,桡侧腕屈肌,掌长肌,指浅屈肌,尺侧腕屈肌,深层,拇长屈肌,指深屈肌,旋前方肌,作用：,伸腕、伸指、旋后,前臂肌,后群,浅层,桡侧腕长伸肌,桡侧腕短伸肌,指伸肌,小指伸肌,尺侧腕伸肌,深层,旋后肌,拇长展肌,拇短伸肌,拇长伸肌,示指伸肌,手肌,外侧群：鱼际肌,4,块,拇短展肌、拇短屈肌,拇对掌肌、拇收肌,使拇指展、屈、对掌和收,内侧群：小鱼际肌,3,块,小指展肌、小指短屈肌,小指对掌肌,使小指屈、外展和对掌,中间群：,蚓状肌,4,块、骨间肌,7,块,屈掌指、伸指间、收展指,下肢肌,髋肌 前群,髂腰肌,髋关节屈、旋外,阔筋膜张肌,紧张阔筋膜并屈髋关节,腰大肌,髂肌,髋肌 后群,臀大肌,gluteus maximus,臀部浅层,伸、外旋髋关节,臀中肌,臀小肌,髋关节,外展,梨状肌,梨状肌上孔,梨状肌下孔,闭孔内肌,股方肌,臀小肌,外旋髋关节,闭孔外肌,缝匠肌,sartorius,屈髋、屈膝、膝关节旋内,股四头肌,quadriceps femoris,股直肌,股内侧肌,股外侧肌,股中间肌,作用,：,伸膝，,股直肌可屈髋关节,大腿肌 前群,Quadriceps femoris,The quadriceps femoris extends from the pelvis to the tibia.This muscle,consisting of four parts,covers the anterior and lateral surface of the femur.Contraction of the quadriceps extends the lower leg,as in kicking,and flexes the thigh.,股薄肌,长收肌,耻骨肌,短收肌,大收肌,作用,：髋关节内收,大腿肌内侧群,股二头肌,半腱肌,半膜肌,伸髋屈膝，,小腿旋内、旋外,大腿肌后群,小腿肌,胫骨前肌,mu,长伸肌,趾长伸肌,腓骨长肌,腓骨短肌,前群,伸踝关节（背屈），伸趾,胫骨前肌可使足内翻,外侧群,足外翻，屈踝关节（跖屈）,浅层,小腿三头肌,triceps surae,深层,胫骨后肌,mu,长屈肌,趾长屈肌,后群,屈踝关节（跖屈）、屈膝、屈趾、足内翻,腓肠肌,比目鱼肌,肌群的名称、组成、位置,(,所跨关节,),和作用,足肌,足背肌,足底浅层肌,足底深层肌,肌的配布与肌群概念，肌群与神经支配关系。,腱鞘的构造、作用。,肌学要点：肌位置、形态、起止（跨关节）、作用、活体触摸。,参与呼吸运动、维持腹压肌，前者止于肋，后者构成腹壁。,腹前外侧壁肌组成，经麦氏点行阑尾术、腹直肌切口的解剖层次。,运动颞下颌关节的肌；肘关节、膝关节和踝关节的组成、结构特点、运动方式及参与各运动的相关肌；参与以下运动的肌：旋前，旋后，内翻，外翻。,小腿前后肌群位置的差别。,小 结,复习思考,经麦氏点行阑尾术、腹直肌切口的解剖层次。,2.,膝关节内有哪些基本结构和辅助结构？它们分别有什么功能？参与关节运动的肌有哪些？,预习：内脏学总论，消化、呼吸系统,（理论,P78-108,）,讨论题,军训时易损伤的骨、关节和肌结构,及其解剖学基础？,全身肌性标志及其临床意义。,课外讨论，下次讨论,ppt,文件,See you,