第三章英译汉的层次--句子的翻译.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,1,第三章 英语句子段落篇章的翻译,2,三大从句的翻译方法,名词性从句,定语从句,状语从句,3,Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well.,凡是值得做的事，就值得把它做好。,Whether an organism is a plant or an animal sometimes taxes the brain of a biologist.,一种生物究竟是植物还是动物，有时候会使生物学家颇伤脑筋。,4,遇到以,it,做形式主语而将真正的主语置后的句型，翻译时可采用分译、合译或插译的方法。,It can be seen that precleaning alone would not reduce the total sulfur content of the four coals to level anywhere near the standards.,可以看出，这,4,种煤的总含硫量仅靠预洗是不能降低到接近标准规定的水平的。,5,It doesnt matter whether we start now or later.,我们现在开始还是以后开始都没有关系。,It happened that I had bought the book.,我碰巧买了这本书。,6,I dont remember whether I cried at that moment,but my sister did.,译文一：当时我究竟哭没哭，我不记得了。但我妹妹的确哭了。,译文二：我不记得当时我究竟哭没哭，但我妹妹的确哭了。,Your assumption,that things will improve,is unfounded.,译文一：你的设想，认为事情都会改进，是没有根据的。,译文二：你认为事情都会改进的设想是没有根据的。,He is not who he was thought to be.,他不是人们过去所想的那种人。,7,what,how,whether,that,where,when,(1),主语从句的译法,(2),表语从句的译法,(3),宾语从句的译法,(4),同位语从句的译法,主语从句和后面的成分都不长 顺序法,主语长，其他成分短 逆译法,二者长度相当且都较长 分译法,顺译法,在主句谓语动词和宾语从句间断开,处理成含“的”字结构的定语,分译法,名词性从句,8,This trend began during the Second World War,when several governments came to,the conclusion,that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishments cannot generally be foreseen in detail,.,译文这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出什么样的具体要求，通常是无法详尽预见的。,9,定语从句,一、前置法,He is wisest who is honest.,All is not gold that glitters.,We will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who,harbor,them.,对参与此次袭击的恐怖分子和那些庇护他们的人，我们都将严惩不贷。,诚实的人最聪明。,发光的不都是金子。,供给避难所,前置法、后置法、融合法、状译法,/,偏正、调整,10,Try to translate:,He who has never tasted what is bitter,does not know what is sweet.,没有吃过苦的人,不知道什么是甜。,Space and oceans are,the new world which scientists are trying to explore,.,太空和海洋是,科学家们努力探索的新领域,。,His laughter,which was infectious,broke the silence.,他那富有感染力的笑声,打破了沉寂。,11,二、后置法,两种方法,:,（一）重复先行词,Elizabeth was determined to make no effort for conversation with a woman,who was now more than usually,insolent,and disagreeable.,伊丽莎白不肯再和这样一个女人说话，这个女人现在异常无理，十分令人反感。,The eagle catches the snake that,gobbles,the,toad,that swallows the insect that,nibble,at green leaves.,老鹰抓蛇，蛇吞蛤蟆，蛤蟆吃虫子，虫子啃绿叶。,I told the story to,John,who told it to his brother,.,他把这件事告诉了约翰，,约翰又告诉了他的弟弟,。,We wish to express our satisfaction at this to,the Special Committee,whose activities deserve to be encouraged,.,我们对特别委员会表示满意，,特别委员会的工作应该受到鼓励,粗野的，无礼的,急急捉住,蛤蟆,连续地轻咬,12,Try to translate:,You,whose predecessors scored initial success in astronomical research,have acquired a greater accomplishment in this respect.,你们的先辈在天文学研究方面取得了初步的成功,，而你们现在则在这一方面获得了更大的成就。,Although he lacks experience,he has,enterprise and creativity,which are decisive in achieving success in the area.,他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心和创造力，,而这正是在这一领域获得成功的关键,。,天文学的,积极性；进取心,13,（二）省略先行词,He received,the letter that announced the death of your uncle,.,他接到那封信，,说你的叔叔去世了,。,Try to translate:,They worked out,a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased,.,他们制定出一种新方案，,采用之后生产已迅速得到提高,。,After dinner,the four key negotiators resumed,their talks,which continued well into the night.,饭后，四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈，,一直谈到深夜,。,继续,14,三、融合法,There is a man,downstairs,who wants to see you,.,楼下有人要见你。,We used,a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity,.,我们驾驶的,飞机几乎每一个部件都有一些国籍标志,。,15,Try to translate:,As she turned the corner a new idea occurred to her,which made her stop dead.,走到拐弯处，她突然想到了一个新主意，立刻停了下来。,In our factory,there are,many people who are much interested in the new invention,.,在我们工厂里，,许多人对这项新发明很感兴趣,。,She had,a balance,at her bankers,which would have made her beloved anywhere,.,她在银行里的,存款足以使她到处受到欢迎,。,余额,16,四、状译法,/,偏正,（一）译成表示“时间”的分句,A driver who is driving the bus,mustnt talk with others or be absent-minded.,司机在开车时,，不许和人谈话，也不能走神。,（二）译成表示“原因”的分句,He showed no further wish for conversation with,Mrs.Smith,who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable,.,他似乎不愿再和史密斯太太讲话，,因为她现在异常无礼，令人厌烦,。,17,（三）译成表示“条件”的分句,People become desperate for work,any work,which will help them to keep alive their families,.,人们极其迫切地要求工作，,不管什么工作，只要它能维持一家人的生活就行,。,Try to translate:,In a dispute between two states with which one is friendly,try not to get involved.,两国相争，若与之相友好，则力避卷入。,拼命的；非常的,18,（四）译成表示“让步”的分句,He insisted on buying,another house,which he had no use for,尽管他并没有这样的需要,，他坚持要再买一幢房子。,（五）译成表示“目的”的分句,He wishes to write,an article that will attract the public attention to the matter.,为了引起公众对这一事件的注意,，他想写一篇文章。,He is collecting,authentic material that proves his argument,.,为了证明他的论点,，他正在收集确凿的材料以。,可靠的；有根据的,19,（六）译成表示“结果”的分句,They tried to stamp out,the revolt,which spread all the more furiously throughout the country,.,他们企图镇压反抗，,结果反抗愈来愈烈，遍及全国,。,（七）译成表示“转折”的分句,She was very patient towards the children,which her husband seldom was,.,她对孩子们很有耐心，,而她丈夫却很少这样,。,镇压；消灭,叛乱,20,五、调整,They remarked now he took a different seat from that which he usually occupied when he chose to attend divine worship.,他往常做礼拜时总坐在固定的座位上，可是那天他们发现他不坐老位置了。,Try to translate:,The sun,which had hidden all day,now came out in all its splendor.,太阳整天都躲在云层里，现在露面了，光芒四射。,神的；神圣的,礼拜,21,状语从句,状语从句包括表示时间、原因、条件、让步、目的等各种从句，位置灵活，放在主句的前面、后面或中间都可以。,（,1,）时间状语从句,When you apply for a job,you must present your resume.,译文：当你应聘一份工作时，必须提交简历。,Michael used to look hurt and surprised when scolded.,译文：麦克尔过去受到责难时，看起来又伤心又惊讶。,22,As soon as I have finished it,Ill give you a call.,译文：,我一做完就给你电话。（一,就,）,Until you told me,I had heard nothing of what happened.,译文：,一直到你告诉我，我才知道发生了什么事。（直到,才,）,23,（,2,）原因状语从句,He threw off his coat because he felt hot.,译文：他觉得很热，把上衣脱掉了。,I have kept that portrait where I can see it every day,as it always reminds me of my university days in London.,译文：我把那幅画像摆在每天能看得见的地方，因为它总是让我想起在伦敦上大学的那些日子。,24,（,3,）条件状语从句,You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting provided you dont mind taking the night train.,译文：如果你不介意坐夜车的话，你可以早一点到北京去参加那次会议。,If I were you,I would not go.,译文：我要是你我就不去。,If punished,they will not cooperate.,译文：他们如果受到损害，将不予合作。,25,（,4,）让步状语从句,Ive already told you that Im going to buy it,however much it costs.,译文：已经告诉过你了，不管花多少钱，我都打算买它。,Even if the calculation is right,scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately.,译文：即使计算是正确的，科学家们也无法肯定他们已经把所有的变量都包括进去并精确地模拟了它们。,26,（,5,）目的状语从句,I was advised to arrange for insurance in case I needed medical treatment.,译文：有人劝我投保，以防治病之需。,I was looking for a temporary job so that I could save up some money to go traveling.,译文：我在找一份临时工作，以便积攒些钱去旅游。,27,（,6,）其他状语从句,They usually have less money at the end of the month than they have at the beginning.,译文：通常到了月底，他们的钱就比月初少了。,In the course of a day,students do far more than just attend classes.,译文：在一天的学习生活中，学生所做的远不止听课。,Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of patients do not take drugs as directed.,译文：周密的调查已经表明：多达,50%,的病人没有按照医嘱服药。,28,Translating long English sentences involves not only a mixed application of various techniques but also a careful analysis of their grammatical structures and logical sequences.,That is to say,on the one hand,to achieve accurate comprehension a translator should take pains to decode the logical sequence of a long sentence in addition to its grammatical relation.,on the other,to achieve appropriate reproduction a translator should make no less efforts to rearrange various parts according to the Chinese way of thinking than to apply translation techniques.,英语长句的翻译,29,1.Features of Long English Sentences,The basic structures of long English sentences are as follows:,S+V,S+V+P,S+V+O,S+V+o+O,and,S+V+O+C,as mainstays,with words,phrases,or clauses as members of sentences,then join,directly or indirectly,various kinds of nexuses composed of words,phrases,or clauses as modifiers,to the mainstays of the basic structures.,英语长句的翻译,30,2.Features of Chinese Equivalents to Long English Sentences,We Chinese like to build our sentences in chronological order(,流水纪事法,).In other words,we usually arrange our ideas according to temporal or logical sequences:,earlier actions later actions,由先到后,specific general,由具体到一般,cause effect,由因到果,phenomena nature,由现象到本质,condition(concession)facts,由条件（让步）到事实,facts conclusion,由事实到结论,31,3.Common Ways to Translate Long Sentences(,长句的常用译法,),The following are the major steps to translate a long sentences:,Step 1 Find out the basic pattern(,查明基本句型,),：,SV,SVP,SVO,SVoO,SVOC?,Step 2 Find out the subordination(,查明从属结构,),：,modifier or the modified?,Step 3 Find out the meanings of words(,查明词义,),：,meaning in a given context?,32,Step 4 Find out the grammatical relations(,查明语法关系,),：,tense,aspect,voice,mood,etc.?,Step 5 Find out the focus,temporal or logical sequences(,查明重心，时间或逻辑顺序,),Step 6 (Re)arrange various parts according to Chinese ways of thinking and modes of expression(,按照中国人的思维方式和表达习惯，安排或调整语序,),Step 7 Revise,modify and polish the draft(,修订、润饰初稿,),33,英语长句的翻译,1),英语长句的分析,造成长句的原因有三方面,:(1),修饰语过多,;(2),并列成分多,;(3),语言结构层次多。,34,采用的方法,:,(1),找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,从整体上把握句子的结构。,(2),找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。,(3),分析从句和短语的功能,例如,是否为主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句等,若是状语,它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等,),。,(4),分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系,例如,定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。,(5),注意插入语等其他成分。,(6),注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。,35,Try to translate:,例,1.Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.,译文行为主义者的看法是：如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境中成长，而这些刺激物又能够发展其适应反应能力的话，那么这个儿童在智力方面将会得到更大的发展。,刺激物；激励,36,例,2.For a family of four,for example,it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home,with almost unlimited entertainment available,than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.,譬如,对于一个四口之家来说,舒舒服服地在家中看电视,就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目,这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。,37,二、长句的翻译方法,(1),顺序法,例,1.Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep,electricity is working for us,driving our refrigerators,heating our water,or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.,即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时,电仍在为我们工作,:,帮我们开动电冰箱,把水加热,或使室内空调机继续运转。,38,例,2.But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited,and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their“expectation of life”,the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.,可是现在人们意识到,其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的,人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”,也就是说,经过若干年后,这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。,39,Translate:,1.Prior to the twentieth century,women in novels were stereotypes of lacking any features that made them unique individuals and were also subject to numerous restrictions imposed by the male-dominated culture.,在,20,世纪以前,小说中的妇女像都是一个模式。她们没有任何特点,因而无法成为具有个性的人,;,他们还要屈从于由男性主宰的文化传统强加给他们的种种束缚。,2.This method of using“controls”can be applied to a variety of situations,and can be used to find the answer to questions as widely different as“Must moisture be present if iron is to rust?”and“Which variety of beans gives the greatest yield in one season?”,这种使用参照物的方法可以应用于许多种情况,也能用来找到很不相同的各种问题的答案,从“铁生锈,是否必须有一定的湿度才行,?”,到“哪种豆类一季的产量最高,?”,40,3.Up to the present time,throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,this new tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs,but concentrated manufacturing activity,business relations,government,and pleasure in the centers of the cities.,到目前为止,经历了,18,和,19,两个世纪,这种新的倾向是把住宅安排在城市的近郊,而把生产活动、商业往来、政府部门以及娱乐场所都集中在城市的中心地区。,41,4.If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction,and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment,they would not be so hurt,and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.,如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有所准备,而且认为这是一个显示出孩子正在成长,正在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志,他们就不会感到如此伤心,所以也就不会因对此有愤恨和反对的情绪而把孩子推到对立面去,。,憎恶；愤恨,42,(2),逆序法,例,1.Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century,because nowhere in nature is it found free,owing to its always being combined with other elements,most commonly with oxygen,for which it has a strong affinity.,铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起,最普遍的是跟氧结合,;,因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力,由于这个原因,在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以,铝直到,19,世纪才被人发现。,铝,亲和力,43,例,2.It therefore becomes more and more important that,if students are not to waste their opportunities,there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.,因此,如果要使学生充分利用他们,(,上大学,),的机会,就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息,作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。,44,Translate:,1.It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood.,一旦了解英语的基本结构和句型,再往下学似乎就越来越难了,这其中的原因,也许教师比学生更容易理解。,2.Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.,许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位,这在西方倒是人之常情。,45,(3),分句法,例：,The number of the young people in the United States who cant read is incredible about one in four.,没有阅读能力的美国青年人的数目令人难以相信约为,1/4,。,大约有,1/4,的美国青年人没有阅读能力,这简直令人难以置信。,46,例,:Television,it is often said,keeps one informed about current events,allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics,and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.,人们常说,通过电视可以了解时事,掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。,47,Translate:,All they have to do is press a button,and they can see plays,films,operas,and shows of every kind,not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.,他们所必须做的只是按一下开关。开关一开,就可以看到电视剧、电影、歌剧,以及其他各种各样的文艺节目。至于政治问题的辩论、最近的激动人心的足球赛更是不在话下。,48,(4),综合法,按照时间的先后,或按照逻辑顺序,顺逆结合,主次分明地对全句进行综合处理,49,例,:People were afraid to leave their houses,for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency,they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.,尽管警察已接到命令,要作好准备以应付紧急情况,但人们不敢出门,因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。,50,Translate:,Modern scientific and technical books,especially textbooks,requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas,observations and discoveries.,对于现代科技书籍,特别是教科书来说,要是作者希望自己书中的内容能与新概念、新观察到的事实和新发现同步发展的话,那么就应该每隔较短的时间,将书中的内容重新修改。,51,Assignment:,It was our view that the United States could be effective in both the tasks by the President-that is,of ending hostilities as well as of making a contribution to a permanent peace in the Middle East-if we conducted ourselves so that we could remain in permanent contact with all of the parties in that region.,如果我们采取行动以便能继续与中东各方始终保持接触，那么我们美国就能有效地担当起总统所提出的两项任务，那就是在中东结束敌对行动以及对该地区的永久和平作出贡献。这就是我们的观点。,Next Page,52,The president said at a news conference dominated by questions on yesterday,s election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat,which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of its long-held superiority in the House.,记者招待会上，问题集中于昨天的选举结果，总统就此谈了他的看法。他说他无法解释为什么共和党遭此惨败。这种一败涂地的局面最终将导致共和党失去在众议院长期享有的优势。,53,段 落 的 翻 译,段落是具有明确的始末标记的、语义相对完整、交际功能,相对独立的语篇单位；是小于语篇的语义单位，是一个在,概念上比句子更大的翻译分析单位。,54,英汉段落比较,英语段落,汉语段落,“,主题句,-,阐述句,-,总结,句,”,结构,以某一中心思想统领的,形散神聚结构,围绕一个较为含蓄的中心思想,迂回式和流散式,形分意合,55,Gold,a,prec