英语构词法-PPT.ppt

,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,Word Formation,1.Affixation 词缀法,1.1 Prefixation 前缀法,在词前加前缀构成新词的方法。,prefixes,examples,un-,non-,dis,-,in-,im,-,il,-,ir,-,ab,-,1),否定前缀,unwise,uncertain,unwilling;unpack,undo,non-essential,non-standard;non-violence,dishonest;discontent;discolor,dishearten,informal,inhuman;injustice,incompetence,impolite,impatient;immature,immoral,illegal,illiterate,illogical,illegible,irregular,irreplaceable;irresponsibility,abnormal,abnormality,prefixes,meaning,examples,mis,-,错误的,mal-,坏的，不良的,pseudo-,假的,2)贬义前缀,mishear,mislead,misreport;,misinterpretation,misrule,malformed,malnourished;malfunction,malnutrition,pseudoscience,pseudo-friend,pseudo-democratic,prefixes,meaning,examples,pro-,支持,拥护,counter-,反对,anti-,反对,pro-democracy,pro-Chinese,counter-strike,counter-example,counter-revolution,anti-social,anti-national,anti-slavery,anti-government,3)表态度的前缀,prefix,mean,examples,fore-,之前,pre-,提前,post-,之后,ex-,前任,re-,再次,foreword,forefather,foreknowledge,prewar,pre-prepared;,pre-retirement,preschool,4)表时间和顺序的前缀,postwar;postgraduate,post-election,ex-president,ex-husband,reconsider,readmit,reallocate,prefix,mean,examples,semi-,half,uni,-,mono-,one,bi-,two,tri-,three,multi-,many,super-,huge,out-,over,semi-feudal,semi-colonial;semi-annual,uniform,unicorn,uni-directional;,monotone,monorail,bicycle;bilingual,bilateral,tricycle,triangle;trilingual,multi-media;multi-national,5)数字前缀,supernatural;supermarket,superhero,outlive,outweigh,outsmart,2.Suffixation 后缀法,Suffixation is,the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases,.,后缀法是在词上加后缀进行构词的方法。,9,1)名词后缀,构成人的主要后缀,-,er,person,-,ee,person,-,ess,female,-,ant,person,-,ist,person,employer,examiner,interviewer,payer,employee,examinee,interviewee,payee,actress,waitress,hostess,airhostess,applicant,assistant,defendant,capitalist,artist,novelist,artist,pianist,10,构成抽象名词的主要后缀,-,dom,condition,-ism,doctrine of,-ship,job/position,-,tion,process/state,-,ness,state/quality,-al,process/state,-,ment,result of,-,ity,-able,al,-,ar,-,age,action,officialdom,kingdom,freedom,terrorism,sexism,racism,friendship,relationship,hardship,realization,starvation,invention,kindness,selfishness,weakness,survival,arrival,approval,movement,resentment,equality,responsibility,possibility,marriage,linkage,shortage,11,2)形容词后缀,由名词构成的形容词后缀,-,ful,full of,-,less,without;numerous,-,like,like,-,ly,quality;frequency,-,ic,involving,-,ous,a particular quality,-,al,relating to,-,y,somewhat like,faithful,meaningful,animal-like,dreamlike,hopeless,priceless,friendly,weekly,smoky,bloody,economic,poetic,ambitious,marvelous,musical,philosophical,12,来自动词的形容词后缀,-,able,-,ible,-,ive,washable,drinkable,renewable,changeable,respectable,avoidable;,permissible,visible,sensible;,attractive,productive,negative,relative,creative,sensitive,aggressive;,13,3),动词后缀,-,en,make or become,deepen,strengthen,loosen,tighten,heighten,weaken,sharpen,widen,-,ify,make,beautify,classify,unify,intensify,-,ize,-,ise,related to,symbolize,legalize,characterize,standardize,modernize,2.其他的构词法,1.Blending(,拼缀法,),2.Clipping(,截短法,),3.Acronymy(,首字母拼音法,),4.Back-formation(,逆生法,),2.1 Blending 拼缀法,Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.,拼缀法是将两个词的某一部分合并，或者将一个词加上另外一个词的一个部分而构成新词的方法。,Point out how the following words are made,.,smog,smo,ke+,fog,(,烟雾,),bookmobile,book,+auto,mobile,(,流动汽车图书馆,),sci-fi,sci,ence+,fi,ction(,科幻小说,),skylab,sky,+,lab,oratory(,太空实验室,),拼缀法的分类,1)head+tail,the first part of word 1+the last part of word 2,breakfast+lunch,brunch(,早午餐,),motor+hotel,motel(,汽车旅馆,),channel+tunnel,chunnel(,海峡隧道,),2)head+head,the first part of word 1+the first part of word 2,situation+comedy,sitcom(,情景喜剧,),communications+satellite,comsat(,通讯卫星,),psychological+warfare,psywar(,心理战,),2.2 Clipping 截短法,Clipping is the formation of new words by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.,截短法是截取原词的某一部分的构词法。,Front clipping,截除首部,quake (earthquake),copter(helicopter),bus(omnibus),phone(telephone),Back clipping,截除尾部,ad(advertisement),prof(professor),dorm(dormitory),lab(laboratory),telly(television),Front and back clipping 截除首尾,flu(influenza),tec(detective),fridge(refrigerator),jams(pajamas),2.3 Initialisms,首字母缩略词,首字母缩略词由首字母构成,按字母发音,。,EU,European Union,GPS,Global Positional System,IOC,International Olympic Committee,ID card,identity card,CIA,Central Intelligence Agency,IELTS,International English Language,Testing System,Task,IQ,EQ,MBA,MPA,WHO,WTO,WB,Intelligent Quotient,Emotional Quotient,Master of Business Administration,Master of Public Administration,World Health Organization,World Trade Organization,World Bank,2.4 Acronymy 首字母拼音法,由首字母构成,但,作为一个普通词来发音,。,NATO,the North Atlantic Treaty,Organization,radar,radio detecting and ranging,AIDS-acquired immune deficiency syndrome,SARS-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome,Task,PIN,VAT,CALL,TOEFL,UNESCO-,personal identification number,value added tax,Computer Assisted Language,Learning,Test of English as a Foreign,Language,United Nation Educational,Scientific&Cultural Organization,2.5 back-formation 逆生法,Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.,去掉,所谓的后缀,而产生新词的方法。许多被去掉的后缀不是真正的后缀，而是单词不可分割的部分。,television,televise vi.,editor,edit vi.,sculptor,sculpt vi.,peddler,peddle vi.,babysitter,babysit vi.,spring-cleaning,spring-clean vi.,free association,free-associate vi.,mass production,mass produce vi.,enthusiasm,enthuse vi.,calmative,calm vi./adj.,