四级阅读方法.doc

四级传统阅读部分
如何提高阅读
读                     解
                       细节推理题
词汇                   主旨题（大意，目的，标题）

句法                   猜词题

篇章                   态度题

词汇：4500w
常考词汇6000—基本词汇2000 = 4000
4000—不用背的词汇500 = 3500 如：oceanography，socialization，platypus等
3500—同词根重复词汇1000 = 2500 如：theory → theoretical理论上的，
   effect → effective → effectively → effectiveness → ineffective → ineffectiveness（×17次），
   stable → instable → stability稳定性，vary → various → variety多样性 → variation，
   create → creative → creativity → creativeness创造力，等
高频词汇700个

怎么背
1.       词根词缀：vis- = see 如：vision视力，视野；television电视；visible可视的；visibility可视性；invisible隐形的；visual视觉的；visit → Go and see
词根：单词最核心的含义
词缀：单词的附属含义或词性
2.       激情联想：worm蠕虫；swamp沼泽；reluctant勉强的，不情愿的（94年做过注释）；apparent明显的；monologue自言自语；peep偷窥；whimsy奇思怪想；meticulous小心谨慎
3.       根源记忆：Destroy gorgon    Achilles’ heel
4.       阅读记忆：在做练习时遇到不认识的单词，查出并熟记
5.       类比记忆：同义词分类

不认识词汇怎么办？
1.跳：adj. adv.
若该词出现频率较高
↓
2.代：n. → 人物，动物，学科 等
若该词为重要词汇
↓
3.推：
①词根词缀推测法：如：
Page 1 Paragraph 2 line 2：theoretical理论上的→theory理论；
Page 4 line 2：energetic精力充沛的→energy能量；
Page 10 line 1：mercilessly无情→mercy同情，怜悯
Page 25 line 3：fishless没有鱼，birdless没有鸟
Page 27 line 2：fridgeless没有冰箱
②连接词and / or / but推测法：and / or为顺接词；but为转接词。如：
  Page 1 line 2：few and far between极少
  Page10 Paragraph 4 line 3：inconstancy and instability不稳定
Page 90 the Last paragraph line 1：fun and rewarding有益的
Page 91 Paragraph 1 line 1：practicality and rationality实用性
                 line 2：idealist and a fool傻瓜
③从句法：behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences.
④例子：there are many kinds of animals like crocodiles, wren and  rats ；physiological needs such as thirst or hunger

句法
逗号原则：
1.       两逗号间的句子可跳过
注：跳过1 2之间，其后每隔一个逗号再跳过，以此类推。
_________(,_________,)______________.
_________(,_________,)__________,_______________.
2.       逗号后出现的分词，短语，从句可跳过
如：Page 25 line 3~line 4：Man (, however much he may like to pretend the contrary,) is part of nature.
破折号后为插入语，可以跳过
如：Page 23 line 1~line 2：Attention to detail is something everyone can and should do(—especially in a tight job market).

长难句分析：
1.拆分：从关系词处拆开
2.连接：自问自答
3.整合：言语逻辑整合
如：Page 4 line 7：Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.
1.拆分：Much family quarrelling ends
when husbands and wives realize
what these energy cycles mean, and
which cycle each of the family member has.
2.连接：很多家庭争吵结束了－什么时候就结束了？－当丈夫和妻子认识到―意识到什么了？―什么是能量循环的意义―同时意识到什么了？―每个成员拥有怎样的能量循环。
3.整合：当丈夫和妻子都意识到能量循环的意义和每个家庭成员拥有怎样的能量循环的时候，很多家庭争吵就结束了。

篇章：文章—主旨段—主旨句判断法
文章主旨段：先看第二段段首有无否定词，如：not；no；wrong，有，则第二段为全文主旨段；无，则看文章首末两段哪一段长度小于等于全文的1/4；若首末两段长度极为相似，则取首不取末。
段落主旨句：段落中是否有转折词，如：but；however；yet，有，则其后为段落主旨句；无，则取首不取末。

细节推理题黄金原则：
一、位置对应原则：正确选项应与问题处在同一段落
  例：Page 2 第21题
  The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly __C__.
A.      for oceanographic studies
B.      for military purposes → 对应原文Paragraph 4 ×
C.      for business considerations → 对应原文Paragraph 3
D.     for investigating the depths of the oceans

二、主旨矛盾原则：正确选项不能与文章主旨或段落主旨相矛盾
  例：Page 4 第31题
  If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably ___D___.
  A. he is a lazy person → 与主题相矛盾 ×
  B. he refuses to follow his own energy cycle
  C. he is not sure when his energy is low
  D. he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening

三、反义选项答案在其一：若两选项意义相反，则答案在其中产生
例：Page 15 第35题
Some people feel that __B__.
A.      artificial hearts are seldom effective
B.      the country should not spend so much money on artificial hearts
C.      the country is not spending enough money on artificial hearts
D.     America’s health-care programs are not doing enough for the nation’s health
  PS：“钱不够”原则→Scientists：fund资金；finance财政；money钱

四、同义选项同错：若两选项意义相近或相同，则同为错
  例：Page 7 第23题
  A primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatment when ___C___.
  A. present one is refused by the patient
  B. the patient complains about the present one
  C. the present one proves to be ineffective
  D. the patient is found unwilling to cooperate

五、未提及原则：文章未提及选项不选
  例：Page 4 第31题
  If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably ___D___.
  A. he is a lazy person
  B. he refuses to follow his own energy cycle ×
  C. he is not sure when his energy is low ×
  D. he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening
     B、C为未提及选项

六、绝对词原则：选项中含有绝对词，如：only；never；every；each；all；~ever等为错
  例：Page 7 第21题
  Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of the nursing system at Beth Israel Hospital?  A
  A. The doctor gets more active professional support support from the primary nurse.
  B. Each patient is taken care of by a primary nurse day and night. ×
  C. The primary nurse writes care plants for every patient. ×
  D. The primary nurse keeps records of the patient’s health conditions every day. ×

七、包含选项一般为对：若一个选项包含了其它一个或多个选项，则该选项一般为正确选项。
  例：Page 6 第38题
  The author argues that a teacher’s chief concern should be the development of the student’s __B__.
A.      personal qualities and social skills
B.      total personality
C.      learning ability and communicative skills
D.     intellectual ability
A+D=B

八、词汇(同意)替换原则：正确选项会用同义词讲原文替代。
  推论：与原文过于接近的选项，即连续重复3词以上，或总共重复5词以上，一般为错。
  例：Page 9 第30题
  According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of __A__.
A.      a basic human desire to understand and physiological needs
B.      the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C.      their strong desire to solve complex problems
D.     a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills  与原文过于接近 ×

态度题做题原则：
一、中立选项不选
1.       表示中立的词汇：objective客观的；neutral中立的；compromising折衷的；defensive保守的；indifferent漠不关心的；cautious谨慎的
2.       表示正面的词汇：positive正面的；optimistic乐观的；approval同意，赞成；supportive证实的
3.       表示负面的词汇：negative负面的；pessimistic悲观的；critical批评的；questioning怀疑的；doubtful怀疑的；prejudiced有偏见的
二、同感情色彩同错

猜词题做题原则：
1.       根据词汇猜测：and；or / but前后意思相近 / 相反
2.       通过句子推测：含有被猜词汇的语句
3.       感情色彩推测：通过判断词汇感情色彩，给予相应感情色彩解释
4.       排错原则：
①     正确选项不能含有被猜词汇或其衍生词汇
 例Page 63 第23题
 The word “bested” (Line 3, Para. 5) most probably means __A__.
A.      beat
B.      envied
C.      caught up with
D.     made the best of
原句：… and deprived smokers bested those who had smoked a cigarette just before testing.

②     主语逻辑上要搭配合理
   例Page 2 第24题
   ‘Defied’ in the 5th paragraph probably means __C__.
A.      ‘doubted’ → 逻辑搭配不合理，defied的主语是which ×
B.      ‘gave proof to’
C.      ‘challenged’
D.     ‘agreed to’
 原句：… a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea.
③     中学词汇要猜测其引申含义
 例：Page 34 第59题
 The word “burnout” (Line 4, Para.5) here refers to the state of __D__.
A.      being seriously burnt in the skin
B.      being unable to burn for lack of fuel
C.      being badly damaged by fire → 原文解释 ×
D.     being unable to function because of excessive use
原句：Overall, half the participants did about as well on the last round of tasting as on the first, so fatigue, or taste burnout, was not a factor