新东方IELTS雅思讲义A&G类大作文.doc

新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 雅思写作A、G大作文雅思写作A、G类大作文讲义主讲： 何刚欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材学术类写作共两道题目，写作任务1和写作任务2。你必须回答这两道题目。任务2比任务1分值比重大。任务用时长度我应该做什么？评估任务120分钟150字描述图画，例如流程图，曲线图，柱状图，饼状图和表格l 任务完成情况l 连贯与衔接l 词汇资源l 语法范围与准确性任务240分钟250字写一篇议论文。要求提供解决方法，评估问题，比较对比不同的观点或看法，或者反驳论点或观点l 任务回应l 连贯与衔接l 词汇资源l 语法范围与准确性近几年中国学生雅思总分5.4-5.5，写作5.1-5.2雅思议论文How are Task 2 answers assessed?Examiners assess the answers according to these criteria: Task Response (i.e. how fully and appropriately the candidate has answered all parts of the task; the extent to which the candidates ideas are relevant, developed and supported; the extent to which the candidates position is clear and effective) Coherence and Cohesion (i.e. how well the information and ideas are organised and presented i.e. paragraphing; how well the information is linked) Lexical Resource (i.e. the range of vocabulary used, how accurately it is used and how appropriate it is for the task) Grammatical Range and Accuracy (i.e. the range of structures used, how accurately they are used and how appropriate they are for the task)5分作文要求：对于任务的回应l 只是部分回应题目要求，格式在有的地方不得体l 有立场，但论证并不总是清晰，可能没写结论l 提出了一些主要观点，但这些观点有限，论证不够充分；可能有无关细节连贯与衔接l 信息的呈现有些组织，但缺少整体延续性l 衔接手段的使用不充分，不准确或者过度l 缺少指代和替换关系，导致重复l 没有分段，或者分段不充分词汇资源l 词汇有限，仅仅满足最低要求l 在拼写和构词法方面有明显错误，以至于导致阅读的部分困难语法结构的范围和准确性l 只能使用有限的句型l 试图使用复杂句，但准确度不如简单句l 语法和标点经常错误，这些错误导致阅读部分困难6分作文要求：对于任务的回应l 回应题目要求，虽然有的部分涵盖不够完整l 立场切题，虽然结论可能不清晰或重复l 主要观点切题，但有的观点可能论证不够充分或不清晰连贯与衔接l 信息和观点组织连贯；文章有延续性l 衔接手段使用有效，但是句子内部和句子之间的衔接可能有误或过于机械l 指代关系可能不能总是清晰、合理地使用l 有分段，但不总是有逻辑性词汇资源l 使用适当范围的词汇l 试图使用较不常见词汇，但有一些不准确l 在拼写和构词法上有错误，但这些错误不至于影响交际语法结构的范围和准确性l 能使用简单和复杂句子结构l 语法和标点出现一些错误，尽管这些错误很少导致交流障碍。7分作文要求：对于任务的回应l 涵盖题目要求l 文章立场清晰l 提出、引申、并支持主要观点，但可能有过度概括，分支观点不够紧凑连贯与衔接l 信息和观点组织有逻辑性；文章从头至尾有延续性l 衔接手段使用合理，虽然可能有一些使用过少或过多l 每个段落都有明确的主题词汇资源l 词汇使用丰富、有一定的准确性和灵活性l 能使用较不常见词汇，对语体和搭配有所了解l 在词汇的选择、拼写和构词法上偶尔有错误语法结构的范围和准确性l 使用多种复杂结构l 多数语句无误l 语法和标点掌握较好，但可能会犯一些错误250字，4段至5段话，4段更容易操作第一段：2至4句第二段：4至6句第三段：4至6句第四段：2至4句Introduction: state your view 改写题目内容，进行背景信息交待/中心思想的写作，对题目一句话的回应。Body: support your view with reasons, arguments, examples 主体段落：Topic sentence + supporting sentences1 主题句紧扣中心思想，紧扣主题。2 各主题句之间应有鲜明的逻辑关系。3 主题段落的组织：并列、递进、对比。Conclusion: restate your viewArgumentative devices - Ways to develop a paragraph（论证方法）:1. exemplification（举例说明），2. explanation（解释说明），3. cause and effect（因果论证），4. comparison and contrast（比较与对比）5. concession and refutation（让步与反驳），6. classification（分类）ExemplificationExample: a specific fact, idea, person, or thing that is used to explain or support a general idea, or to show what is typical of a larger group举例相关关联词：For exampleFor instanceTake (Consider)as an exampleA case in pointsuch asincludingSome people think that animals should be treated as friends. Yet others only consider animals as sources of food and clothing. What is your opinion?Sample AnswerThere is a growing tendency nowadays for some people to treat animals as living meat and walking fur. This leads to the cruel slaughter of animals all over the world every year. Yet, in my opinion, instead of killing animals, human beings should treat them as their friends.It is an undeniable fact that animals play a vital role in maintaining the subtle balance of the earths ecological system. The lack of this essential part will bring about the destruction of the whole world. Therefore, to some extent, killing animals is equal to digging our own graves.For thousands of years, many animals have given loyal service to humans. Pigeons convey messages in wartime, and dogs help to detect crime. Even pigs, which many people think are the most stupid animals, are used in the battle against drugs. There is no doubt that our lives would be far less convenient without a little help from our animal friends. Animals also help humans in a spiritual way. There is nothing better than keeping a cat or a dog if you want your kids to be more independent and responsible. It is also noted that senior citizens live longer if they keep pets after their retirement.To sum up, animals are human beings friends. Those who regard animals as merely a source of food and clothing should at least bear one thing in mind: Being kind to animals is being kind to ourselves. Therefore, for our own future benefit, please treat animals with love and care.Topic sentence:A growing number of environmental problems are no longer confined to a certain region or country. For example, oil spills can pollute international waters and the loss of the ozone layer may lead to the melting of ice caps and glaciers, which in turn, may raise sea levels worldwide.Topic sentence:The advertisements on TV, newspaper and other kinds of media may confuse consumers and make them rush to purchase products which they dont really need.Take the cell phone for example. Its functions and practical use are often exaggerated in advertisements. Whats more, the advertisements even create a fashionable atmosphere for cell phones which appeals to young people to change their phones continuously while ignoring the basic service of cell phones is just to make a phone call.Explanation解释：It meansThat is to sayIn other wordsTo put it another wayBy that I meanI believe the traditional family, with both parents providing emotional support and role-models for their children, is the most satisfactory way of bringing up children.Education after birth plays a significant role in ones development. Education, which helps children develop their thinking and accumulate their knowledge, is a deciding factor of ones success. For example, a high-school level person commonly may not succeed to the extent of a person who has received a university education. This is not only because of the greater breadth of knowledge acquired, but also due to a more critical and focused way of thinking that is imparted and refined during ones senior education.I think an ability to keep clear perspectives in life is a more essential factor in achieving happiness. By that I mean an ability to have a clear sense of what is important in our lives (the welfare of our families, the quality of our relationships, making other people happy, etc.) and what is not (a problem at work, getting annoyed about trivial things, etc.)Cause and EffectCause:because ofas a result ofdue tothanks toowing tobecauseassinceforResult:as a resultas a consequenceaccordinglyin this waythushencesotherefore妇女不应该当兵，因为她们的体力不如男子。Women should be join in the armyWomen should not be a member of the armyWomen should not take up a military career because they are not as strong as menbecause they are inferior to men in physical strengthbecause of their physical inadequaciesIn many countries schools have severe problems with student behaviour.What do you think are the causes of this?What solutions can you suggest?范文：Poor student behaviour seems to be an increasingly widespread problem and I think that modern lifestyles are probably responsible for this.In many countries, the birth rate is decreasing so that families are smaller with fewer children. These children are often spoilt, not in terms of love and attention because working parents do not have the time for this, but in more material ways. They are allowed to have whatever they want, regardless of price, and to behave as they please. This means that the children grow up without consideration for others and without any understanding of where their standard of living comes from.在许多国家，由于出生率的下降，家庭规模越来越小。这些家庭里的孩子经常被大人宠坏，这倒不是说他们得到了太多的爱和关怀，因为外出工作的父母没有那么多的时间给与这些，而是更加物质的方面。父母允许这些小孩不管价格高低想要什么就得到什么，而且为所欲为。这意味着在这些孩子的成长过程中，他们没有学会考虑他人，也不知道自己所享受的生活来自哪里。When they get to school age they have not learnt any self control or discipline. They have less respect for their teachers and refuse to obey school rules in the way that their parents did.当这些孩子到了上学年龄，他们没有学会任何自制力。和父母相比，他们不那么尊敬老师，也不愿意遵守学校的规章制度。Comparison and Contrastsimilarlylikewisein the same mannerin the same waybutwhilewhereaswhilston the contraryin contrastby contraston the other handinsteadratherconverselyPlane is the fastest means of transportation. It used to take us about 10 hours to go to a place by car. Now, we can go there in no more than 1 hour by air. What used to take us 10 hours by car can now be covered within 1 hour by air. Concession and Refutationalthoughwhileadmittedlyit is true thatit is often the case thatbuthoweverneverthelessAlthough old people are unlikely to face physically challenging tasks, there are many jobs that are especially suitable for old people, such as jobs that call for more experience and wisdom than physical power. With their rich experience in both work and life, many old people would make good consultants, instructors, coaches, doctors and psychologists, to mention only a few. Girls also appear to be less aggressive than boys. In adulthood, it is men, not women, who prove to be the aggressors in crime and in war. Obviously, in raising children, a more patient, gentle manner is preferable to a more aggressive one. Although there are certainly gentle men and aggressive women, by and large, females are less likely to resort to violence in attempting to solve problems.论证方法总结及分类论证：妇女是否应当参军？In many countries, women are not able to join in the army to share equal basis with men and some people think that only men should be a member of the army, navy and air force. To what extent do you agree or disagree?应当；不应当；主体客体分类Why should?l 战争的状态和要求The way battles are fought has undergone dramatic changes and so women have an equal basis as men.l 参军的职责Just as men have the responsibility of bringing up children with women, so women should bear the burden of protecting their own country by joining in the army.Why should not?（军人必备的条件？物质/非物质？）l 妇女体力不行（妇女不应当当兵是因为她们的体力不如男子。）l 男女分工不同Culturally speaking, women are not fit for the position of killing.分类：主体/客体主体分类：什么妇女？客体分类：当什么兵？完整文章分析：Many people believe that women make better parents than men and that this is why they have the greater role in raising children in most societies. Others claim that men are just as good as women at parenting. Write an essay expressing your point of view.Sample Answer:The view that women are better parents than men has shown itself to be true throughout history. This is not to say that men are not of importance in child-rearing; indeed, they are most necessary if children are to appreciate fully the roles of both sexes. But women have proven themselves superior parents as a result of their conditioning, their less aggressive nature and their generally better communication skills.From the time they are little girls, females learn about nurturing. First with dolls and later perhaps with younger brothers and sisters, girls are given the role of career. Girls see their mothers in the same roles and so it is natural that they identify this as a female activity. Boys, in contrast, learn competitive role far removed from what it means to nurture. While boys may dream of adventures, girls conditioning means they tend to see the future in terms of raising families.Girls also appear to be less aggressive than boys. In adulthood, it is men, not women, who prove to be the aggressors in crime and in war. Obviously, in raising children, a more patient, gentle manner is preferable to a more aggressive one. Although there certainly exist gentle men and aggressive women, by and large, females are less likely to resort to violence in attempting to solve problems.Finally, women tend to be better communicators than men. This is shown in intelligence tests, where females, on average, do better in verbal communication than males. Of course, communication is of utmost importance in rearing children, as children tend to learn from and adopt the communication styles of their parents.Thus, while it is all very well to suggest a greater role for men in raising children, let us not forget that women are generally better suited to the parenting role.雅思议论文论证结构ArgumentSome people think that Others believe that Discuss and give your opinion.题目特点：题目当中包含着针锋相对的两种观点。要求讨论并且提出你自己的观点。平衡式l 交代双方观点l 观点一及其理由l 观点二及其理由l 我的观点（倾向性-一或二或折中）注意：中心思想常在末段首句Some people believe that money spent on space research benefits all of humanity. Others take the opposite view and say that money for this type of research is wasted. Discuss these views and give your opinion.Sample Answer：For over fifty years, a number of nations have been involved in the exploration of outer space. This research has been very costly, of course. Has this money been well spent or wasted?Some people believe that all or most space research should be eliminated because of its incredible expense, not only in terms of money, but also in terms of scientific and human resources. These people point out the fact that it cost billions of dollars to send astronauts to the moon, but all they brought back were some worthless rocks. These people say that the money and effort now being wasted in outer space could be spent on more important projects right here on earth, such as providing housing for homeless people, improving the education system, saving the environment, and finding cures for diseases.However, other people believe that space research has provided many benefits to mankind. They point out that hundreds of useful products, from personal computers to heart pacemakers to freeze-dried foods, are the direct or indirect results of space research. They say that weather and communication satellites, which are also products of space programs, have benefited people all over the globe. In addition to these practical benefits, supporters of the space program point to the scientific knowledge that has been acquired about the sun, the moon, the planets, and even our own earth as a result of space research.I agree with those people who support space research and wish to continue. Space research, as shown, has already brought many benefits to humanity. Perhaps it will bring even more benefits in the future, ones that we can not even imagine now. Moreover, just as individual people need challenges to make their lives more interesting, I believe the human race itself needs a challenge, and I think that the peaceful exploration of outer space provides just such a challenge.Successful sports professionals can earn a great deal more money than people in other important professions. Some people think this is fully justified while others think it is unf