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Leonardo Da Vinci
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1452-1519, Italian painter, sculptor, architect, musician, engineer, and scientist, b. near Vinci, a hill village in Tuscany. The versatility and creative power of Leonardo mark him as a supreme example of Renaissance genius. He depicted in his drawings, with scientific precision and consummate artistry, subjects ranging from flying machines to caricatures; he also executed intricate anatomical studies of people, animals, and plants. The richness and originality of intellect expressed in his notebooks reveal one of the greatest minds of all time.
Early Life and Work: Vinci and Florence
Leonardo was the illegitimate son of a Florentine notary and a peasant woman. Presumably he passed his childhood with his father's family in Vinci, where he developed an enduring interest in nature. Early sources describe his beauty, charm of manner, and precocious display of artistic talent. In 1466 Leonardo moved to Florence, where he entered the workshop of Verrocchio and came into contact with such artists as Botticelli, Ghirlandaio, and Lorenzo di Credi. Early in his apprenticeship he painted an angel, and perhaps portions of the landscape, in Verrocchio's Baptism of Christ (Uffizi). In 1472 he was registered in the painters' guild. The culmination of Leonardo's art during his first period in Florence is the magnificent unfinished Adoration of the Magi (Uffizi) commissioned in 1481 by the monks of San Donato a Scopeto. In this work is revealed the integration of dramatic movement and chiaroscuro that characterizes the master's mature style.
Middle Life and Mature Work: Milan and Florence
Leonardo went to Milan c.1482 and remained at the court of Ludovico Sforza for 16 years. In this time he composed the greater part of his Trattato della pittura and the extensive notebooks that demonstrate the marvelous versatility and penetration of his genius. As court artist he also organized elaborate festivals. Severe plagues in 1484 and 1485 drew his attention to problems of town planning, an interest which was revived during his last years in France. Many drawings of plans and elevations for domed churches reflect a concern with architectural problems that must have been stimulated by contact with Bramante during these years. He worked c.1488 on a model for the tambour and dome of the cathedral at Milan. In 1490 he was employed with Francesco di Giorgio as consulting engineer on the restoration of the cathedral at Pavia and later on the cathedral at Piacenza. In 1483, Leonardo, with his pupil Ambrogio de Predis, was commissioned to execute the famous Madonna of the Rocks. Two versions of the painting exist-one in the Louvre (1483-c.1486), another in the National Gallery, London (1483-1508). Leonardo's fresco of the Last Supper (Milan) was begun c.1495 and completed by 1498. This work is now badly damaged. Leonardo's own experiments with the fresco medium account in part for its disintegration, which was already noticed by 1517. Deterioration and repeated restorations have obliterated details and individual figures. Despite this, the composition and general disposition of the figures reveal a power of invention and a sublimity of spiritual content that mark the painting among the world's masterpieces.
While at Ludovico's court Leonardo also worked on an equestrian monument to the duke's father, Francesco Sforza. The work was never cast, and the model, admired by his contemporaries, perished during the French invasion of 1499. In 1511 he undertook a similar work with the commission of an equestrian monument for Gian Giacomo Trivulzio. This work was also never completed and known only through drawings related to the project. After the fall (1499) of Ludovico Sforza, Leonardo left Milan and, following brief sojourns in Mantua and Venice, returned to Florence in 1500.
Back in Florence Leonardo engaged in much theoretical work in mathematics and pursued his anatomical studies at the hospital of Santa Maria Nuova. In 1502 he entered the service of Cesare Borgia as a military engineer. His engagement took him to central Italy to study swamp reclamation projects in Piombino and to tour the cities of Romagna. At Urbino he met Niccolò Machiavelli, who later became a close friend. By 1503 he was back in Florence, where he was commissioned to execute the fresco of the battle of Anghiari. This work, like its companion piece assigned to Michelangelo, was never completed, and the cartoons were subsequently destroyed. The work exerted enormous influence on later artists, however,and some impression of the original may be had from anonymous copies in the Uffizi and Casa Horne (Florence), from an engraving of 1558 of Lorenzo Zacchia, and from a drawing by Rubens (Louvre). From about this time dates the celebrated Mona Lisa (Louvre), the portrait of the wife of a Florentine merchant.
In 1506, Leonardo returned to Milan, engaged by Charles d'Amboise in the name of the French king, Louis XII. Here he again served as architect and engineer. Gifted with a gargantuan curiosity concerning the physical world, he continued his scientific investigations, concerning himself with problems of geology, botany, hydraulics, and mechanics. In 1510-11 his interest in anatomy quickened considerably. At the same time he was active as painter and sculptor, had many pupils, and profoundly influenced the Milanese painters. A painting generally ascribed to this period is the St. Anne, Mary, and the Child (Louvre), a work that exemplifies Leonardo's handling of sfumato—misty, subtle transitions in tone.
Late Life and Work: Rome and France
In 1513 Leonardo went to Rome, attracted by the patronage of the newly elected Medici pope, Leo X, and his brother Giuliano. Here he found the field dominated by Michelangelo and Raphael. The aging master was assigned to various architectural and engineering projects at the Vatican and received commissions for several paintings. It was perhaps in this period that he executed the enigmatic painting of the young St. John the Baptist (Louvre). Giuliano de' Medici left Rome in 1515 and died at Fiesole in the following year.
It is conjectured that Leonardo left with him, attached to his household, and that soon afterward he accepted an invitation of Francis I of France to settle at the castle of Cloux, near Amboise. Here the old master was left entirely free to pursue his own researches until his death. Although there is no certain record of his last years, he seems to have been active with festival decoration and to have been interested in a canal project. Notes and drawings ascribed to this late period show his continued interest in natural philosophy and experimental science.
Used with permission. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
Copyright © 2001 Columbia University Press
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《蒙娜丽莎》 This oil painting of a woman with her enigmatic smile by Leonardo Da Vinci has captured the imagination of many and is one of the most famous paintings in Western art history; Da Vinci reportedly began painting the Mona Lisa in 1503, finishing it four years later; the woman is thought to be Lisa Gherardini, the daughter of one of the friends of Leonardo Da Vinci's father.
Feengrotten
世界上没有任何一件艺术品能像《蒙娜丽莎》那样誉满全球，同时引来各式各样的说法和评价。我们根据瓦萨里的记载，可以确定，画中人为佛罗伦萨银行家弗朗斯柯·捷列·佐贡多的妻子丽莎。她出生于1479年，达·芬奇为她画像时间是1503年，正是丽莎24岁的时候。画中人的主要神情是“微笑”，世人称之为“神秘的微笑”。
银行家佐贡多以丰厚的酬金请达·芬奇为夫人作画。当夫人出现在画家面前时，她身着华贵的连衣裙，梳着时髦的发式，一绺绺卷发散在双肩，明亮的眼睛闪闪发光，身体显得丰满，两颊绯红，颈项和手臂佩带着名贵珠宝，全身充溢着唯美但奢靡的贵族气息。当她用目光注视
Mona Lisa - Leonardo da Vinci
着这位鼎鼎大名的画家时，一颗能容无限智慧的苏格拉底式的脑袋映入眼帘，面孔下面布满银白色的胡须，看上去像是暂留人间的神，这与她终日见到的粗俗商人大不相同。一瞬间发自内心的微笑，使她的脸显出夺人的光彩，令人神往，腼腆、调皮，似乎失去的青春又回来了。模特灵魂深处的奥秘，被观察敏锐的画家一下子抓住了。“我同意马上着手工作。”达·芬奇向蒙娜丽莎点了点头。
为了维持丽莎的微笑，画家动用了智慧的脑袋，为她讲了精彩的愉快的故事，还请了各式各样的小丑、琴师、街头艺人为夫人表演，借以唤醒这位消沉、淡漠、昏昏欲睡的少妇。丽莎坐定以后把一只手放在另一只手上，作出一个少妇的姿态，画家注意到夫人裸露的颈项和丰腴双手，可惜被金银珠宝所占有，画家对丽莎说：“如果夫人不反对的话，我想描绘不加任何装饰的颈项和手臂，这是属于您最纯真的美，请夫人去掉一切象征财富的饰物，让我尽情描绘属于你本人的一切丽质。”于是丽莎急忙褪掉所有饰物。我们现在看到的正是一位毫无修饰、情趣天然的少妇。
蒙娜丽莎勾起了达·芬奇对后母阿格琵耶娜的回忆。有一次，画家深情地向少妇倾诉了自己的身世，似乎从丽莎的身影中看到后母的形象。当讲到母亲在24岁就死去时，他的声里充满怜悯和悲痛。丽莎说：“我也是24岁，我使你想起了她”，丽莎成了阿格琵耶娜的神秘化身。因此，达·芬奇在画丽莎时，是用真诚而纯洁的情感去描绘的，他用对母亲和情人的双重情感来尽情描绘此人的肖像。不仅如此，他还把她作为一种理想，一种美的象征，作为人类世界的欢乐和光明来描绘。他要把自己的美感和体验，用画笔传达给所有的人。文艺复兴的到来使神从神坛上走下来，成为有血有肉、有情有欲的人。达·芬奇的《蒙娜丽莎》成为这一新时代的标志而载入史册。
最后的晚餐
It is in Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan where one of the most enigmatic paintings in the history of art is on display: The Last Supper (1495-1498) by Italian Renaissance genius, Leonardo da Vinci. Despite being a biblical theme, it intrigues us more than La Gioconda, as it is a work that inspires fiction, historians and leaves many a spectator fascinated. Leonardo captures in this painting a crucial moment in the life of Christ, the very moment in which he states: “One of you shall betray me”.
The expressions on the apostle’s faces are amazing: each reacts differently to this statement, something that is noticed by the grimaces and gestures of the hands. From left to right, we can recognize four groups of three apostles and at the centrre of the table, separated from the others, Jesus Christ. On one side we see Bartholomew, James the Less and Andrew, Judas Iscariot with black hair and a beard, Simon Peter and John, Thomas , James, and Philip, Matthew, Thaddeus and Simon the Zealot. The twelve are gathered around the table to share the bread and wine of the Last Supper of Christ, where he announces the forthcoming betrayal of one of them. Each one wonders if it’s them or not and are anxious. The Catholic Church considers this dramatic moment as the institution of the Eucharist.
One of the enigmas of this masterpiece is the hand that appears between Simon and John, and seems to come from nowhere. There are also questions as to the character of John, who looks female; a figure reminiscent of the Mona Lisa. This painting has been restored seven times since the technique used was not one of the best. One of the restorations however, lasted 21 years!
《最后的晚餐》是基督教传说中最重要的故事，几乎被所有宗教画
家描绘过。但在达·芬奇为米兰格雷契修道院饭厅画《最后的晚餐》之前，所有的画家对画面艺术形象处理都有一个共同的特点：那就是把犹太与众门徒分隔开，画在餐桌的对面，处在孤立被审判的位置上。这是因为画家们对人的内心复杂情感无法表现，从形象上难以区别善恶。由于达·芬奇对人的形象和心理作过深入的观察和研究，能从人物的动作、姿态、表情中洞察人物微妙的心理活动并表现出来。
画家选择的瞬间情节是耶稣得知自己已被弟子犹大出卖，差弟子彼得通知在愈越节（犹太民族的主要节日）的晚上与众弟子聚餐，目的并非吃饭，而是当众揭露叛徒。当耶稣入座后即席说了一句：“你们中间有一个人出卖了我。”说完此话，引起在座的众弟子一阵骚动，每个人对这句话都作出了符合自己个性的反映：有的向老师表白自己的忠诚；有的大感不惑要求追查是谁；有的向长者询问，整个场面陷于不安之中。过去的画家无法表现这一复杂的场面和弟子们各不相同的内心精神活动，唯达·芬奇从现实生活中对各种不同个性人物的观察，获得不同的个性形象，于是在画中塑造了各不相同的人物形象。
在耶稣右边的一组中，我们看到一个黑暗的面容，他朝后倚着，仿佛从耶稣前往后退缩似的。他的肘部搁在餐桌上，手里抓着一只钱袋。我们知道他就是那个叛徒，犹大·伊斯卡里奥特。
犹大手中的钱袋是他的象征，它使我们想起，他就是为耶稣和其他门徒保管钱财的人，钱袋里装着出卖耶稣得来的三十块银币的赏钱。
即使他没有拿着那只钱袋，我们也能通过达·芬奇的绘画方式，辨别出这个罪恶的敌人犹大。
犹大的侧面阴影旁是圣·彼得，我们也可以看见他一头银丝与一副白皙的手，他向年轻的圣·约翰靠去。彼得垂在臀部的右手握着一把刀，仿佛在偶然中，刀尖对着犹大的背后。
圣·约翰的头朝彼得垂着。在所有门徒中，他是耶稣最喜爱的一个。约翰象耶稣那样平静，他已经领悟了他主人的话。
耶稣左边是小雅各，他力图去理解他所听到的可怕的话，他两手摊得大大的惊叫了起来。
从小雅各的肩上望去，我们看到了圣·托马斯，疑惑不解的托马斯，他怀疑的神色通过他竖起的手指表现出来。
小雅各的另一边，圣·菲利普往耶稣靠去，双手放在胸前似乎在说：“你知道我的心，你知道我是永远不会出卖你的。”他的脸由于爱和忠诚而显出苦恼的神情。
围着耶稣的这三个门徒，处于故事的发生的中心。
巴塞洛缪与老雅各的身体向他们倾着，而他们身旁的老安德鲁并没有站起来，但他想听听，于是便举起手似乎要求安静。
右边还剩下最后三个门徒，他们正在讨论有关耶稣说的那句话，他们的手指也指向餐桌的中央。
他们所看到的这一切，均发生在这幅伟大的作品之中，但每次当我们欣赏它时，都会从门徒的感情与性格中获得新的含义。
历史价值
达.芬奇毕生创作中最负盛名之作。在众多同类题材的绘画作品里,此画被公认为空前之作,尤其以构思巧妙,布局卓越,细部写实和严格的体面关系而引人入胜。构图时,他将画面展现于饭厅一端的整块墙面,厅堂的透视构图与饭厅建筑结构相联结,使观者有身临其境之感。画面中的人物,其惊恐,愤怒,怀疑,剖白等神态,以及手势,眼神和行为,都刻划得精细入微,唯妙唯肖。这些典型性格的描绘与画题主旨密切配合,与构图的多样统一效果互为补充,使此画无可争议地成为世界美术宝库中最完美的典范杰作。
画作赏析
在这幅画上，达·芬奇是这样来构思这一题材的，他对称地设计了两边六个门徒的形体动作：
沿着餐桌坐着十二个门徒，形成四组，耶稣坐在餐桌的中央。他在一种悲伤的姿势中摊开了双手，示意门徒中有人出卖了他。大多数门徒在激动中一跃而起，而耶稣的形象却是那么的平静。我们可以看到他明晰的轮廓衬托在背景墙的窗子里，通过窗子，我们看见恬静的景色，湛蓝的天空犹如一只光轮环绕在耶稣的头上。
围着耶稣的这六个门徒，处于故事的发生的中心。
耶稣左手边一组是多马、老雅各、腓力。疑惑不解的多马，他怀疑的神色通过他竖起的手指表现出来，好像在问老师：“有一个人要出卖你？”和他并坐的老雅各张开两手，他试图去理解他所听到的可怕的话，他两手摊得大大的，惊叫了起来表示：“这是多么可怕呀！”年轻的腓力则用双手掩着胸部，似乎说：“难道在怀疑我对老师有背叛行为吗？”他的脸由于爱和忠诚而显出苦恼的神情。
他右手边一组的彼得、约翰和犹大三人最富有表情，也是画上的主要角色。坐在耶稣旁边的约翰圣.约翰的头朝彼得垂着。在所有门徒中，他是耶稣最喜爱的一个。约翰像耶稣那样平静，他已经领悟了他主人的话。而犹大手中的钱袋是他的象征，它使我们想起，他就是为耶稣和其他门徒保管钱财的人，钱袋里装着出卖耶稣得来的三十块银币的赏钱，达·芬奇采取了特别的表现手法：听了耶稣的话后，犹大情绪紧张，身子稍向后仰，右臂支在桌上，右手紧握钱袋，露出一种抑制不住的惊恐。这十三个人中，只有犹大的脸色是灰暗的。犹大的侧面阴影旁是圣.彼得，我们也可以看见他一头银丝与一副白皙的手，他向年轻的圣.约翰靠去。彼得垂在臀部的右手握着一把刀，仿佛在偶然中，刀尖对着犹大的背后。火性的彼得，则情绪激昂，他从座位上跳起，似乎在问约翰，叛徒是谁？他手中已握着一把刚切了面包的刀，无意地靠近了犹大的肋部。
在耶稣右边的外面一组是由巴多罗米奥、安德烈、小雅各三人组成。巴多罗米奥好像怀疑自己的耳朵听错了，从座位上跳起来，手按在桌上，面对耶稣，情绪激动；安德烈双手张开，手指向上。夹在中间的小雅各紧张地由背后伸手到第四个人的肩上，形成两组间的联系。这三个人都面向耶稣。
耶稣左手边还剩下最后三个门徒，由马太、达太和西门组成。三个人听了这骇人听闻的消息后，自发地谈论起什么来，三人的手都指向餐桌的中央。
坐在正中央的耶稣摊开双手，把头侧向一边，作无可奈何的淡漠表情，加强了两边四组人物的变化节奏感，使场面显得更富有戏剧效果。而这十二个人，由于各自的年龄、性格和身份不同，他们的惊讶与疑虑表情也得到各自贴切的表现。人物之间互相呼应，彼此联系，感情不是孤立的，这是达·芬奇最重要的、也是最成功的心理描写因素。古代所谓“多样统一”的美学原则，在达·芬奇的这幅画上得到了空前有效的体现。这幅杰作的艺术成就也正在此处。
在空间与背景的处理上，达·芬奇利用食堂壁面的有限空间，用透视法画出画面的深远感，好像晚餐的场面就发生在这间食堂里。他正确地计算离地透视的距离，使水平线恰好与画中的人物与桌子构成一致，给观众造成心理的错觉，仿佛人们亲眼看见这一幕圣经故事的场面。在这幅画的背景上有成排的间壁、窗子、天顶和背后墙上的各种装饰，它那“向心力”的构图是为了取得平衡的庄严感的对称形式，运用得不好，很容易形成呆板感。明暗是利用左上壁的窗子投射进来的光线来表现的。所有人物都被画在阳光中，显得十分清晰，惟独犹大的脸和一部分身体处在黑暗的阴影里。这种象征性的暗示手法，在绘画上是由达·芬奇开始的。
编辑本段达·芬奇画作
基本信息
最后的晚餐
意大利伟大的艺术家莱昂纳多·达·芬奇所创作，是所有以这个题材创作的作品中最著名的一幅。此画无可争议地成为世界美术宝库中最完美的典范杰作。这幅画，是他直接画在米兰一座修道院的餐厅墙上的。沿着餐桌坐着十二个门徒，形成四组，耶稣坐在餐桌的中央。他在一种悲伤的姿势中摊开了双手，示意门徒中有人出卖了他。该画420X910厘米，现藏于米兰圣玛利亚德尔格契修道院 (Milan Santa Maria delle Grazie)。
画面利用透视原理，使观众感觉房间随画面作了自然延伸。为了构图使图做得比正常就餐的距离更近，并且分成四组，在耶稣周围形成波浪状的层次。越靠近耶稣的门徒越显得激动。耶稣坐在正中间，他摊开双手镇定自若，和周围紧张的门徒形成鲜明的对比。耶稣背后的门外是祥和的外景，明亮的天空在他头上仿佛一道光环。他的双眼注视画外，仿佛看穿了世间的一切炎凉。
达.芬奇毕生创作中最负盛名之作。在众多同类题材的绘画作品里,此画被公认为空前之作,尤其以构思巧妙，布局卓越，细部写实和严格的体面关系而引人入胜。构图时，他将画面展现于饭厅一端的整块墙面，厅堂的透视构图与饭厅建筑结构相联结，使观者有身临其境之感。画面中的人物，其惊恐，愤怒，怀疑，剖白等神态，以及手势，眼神和行为,都刻画得精细入微、惟妙惟肖。这些典型性格的描绘与画题主旨密切配合，与构图的多样统一效果互为补充，使此画无可争议地成为世界美术宝库中最完美的作品。
题材取自圣经故事。犹大向官府告密，基督在即将被捕前，与十二门徒共进晚餐，席间耶稣镇定地说出了有人出卖他的消息，达·芬奇此作就是耶稣说出这一句话时的情景。画家通过各种手法，生动地刻画了耶稣的沉静、安详，以及十二门徒各自不同的姿态、表情。此作传达出丰富的心理内容。
达·芬奇改变了文艺复兴早期对这一题材的传统处理方式，图中人物列为一排，以耶稣为中心，十二门徒分为四组，对称分列两侧，形成了一个穿插变化又相互统一的整体。达·芬奇成功地运用构图和用光等手段，塑造了一系列个性鲜明的人物形象。
题材和记载
《最后的晚餐》壁画取材自圣经马太福音第26章，描绘耶稣在遭到罗马兵逮捕的前夕和十二门徒共进最后一餐时预言“你们其中一人将出卖我”后，门徒们显得困惑、哀伤与骚动，纷纷询问耶稣：“主啊，是我吗？”这时，唯有坐在耶稣右侧（即画面正方左边第三位）的叛徒犹大惊慌地将身体往后倾，一手抓着出卖耶稣的酬劳、一个装有三十块银币的钱袋，脸部显得阴暗
《达芬奇自画像》
意大利绘画大师达·芬奇的素描精品。他的素描作品的艺术水平已达极高的境地，被誉为素描艺术的典范。在这幅《自画像》中，画家观察入微，用的线条丰富多变，刚柔相济尤其善用浓密程度不同的斜线表现光暗的微妙变化。此画用线生动灵活，概括性强，简单的寥寥数笔却包含许多转折，体面关系，发线代面，立体感很强，还有人物的表情也很传神。
维特鲁威人
《岩间圣母》
这是达·芬奇的一幅传统宗教题材画作。画中人物虽然被一团潮湿的空气所包围，但是人体的轮廓在昏暗山岩的衬托下还是能明显地辨析出来，尤其是画家着力描绘的面庞被刻意营造出的神秘气氛所笼罩，人物轻柔、温存、纯真的表情栩栩如生地突显出来。奇怪形状的悬石从湿漉漉的岩体上垂下，具有植物学准确性的花草从岩缝里穿凿而出，竟然能辨别出鸢尾花、银莲花、紫罗兰和一些蕨类植物。远处蓝色的天空透过岩体之间的孔洞和夹缝呈现在人们的眼前，年轻的圣母玛利亚以温柔的手搂抱着下跪的幼婴约翰，她的另一只手则向儿子耶稣伸过去，天使乌列面向着观众，把他们引向画中，用手指示着这个场面，一连串手势代表保护、指示、祝福等含义。这一组动作是按金字塔的构图原理组建安排的，塔顶是圣母的头，侧边是他伸出的双手，底角是天使和婴儿。列昂纳多把结构看作打开作品意图的钥匙，这很大程度上形成了文艺复兴盛期的古典主义金字塔式的人物构图。
知名故事
(1). 达·芬奇画蛋
达·芬奇从小就表现出了绘画天赋，他画的小动物惟妙惟肖。于是父亲就把他送到好友，著名画家和雕塑家韦罗基奥的作坊当学徒。
达·芬奇来到作坊以后，老师韦罗基奥就拿来一个鸡蛋让他画。达·芬奇很快就画了几张，可是老师让他继续画，一连几天都是如此。达·芬奇终于不耐烦了，认为老师小瞧了他，让他画这么简单的鸡蛋。老师看出了他的心思，意味深长地说：“这个蛋可不简单，世上没有两个完全相同的蛋，即使是同一个蛋，由于观察角度不同，光线不同，它的形状也不一样啊。”
达·芬奇恍然大悟，原来老师是为了培养他观察事物和把握形象的能力呀！从此以后，他废寝忘食地训练绘画基本功，学习各类艺术与科学知识，为他以后在绘画和其它方面取得卓著的成就，打下了坚实的基础。
(2). 完成《基督受洗》
达·芬奇:基督受洗关于《基督受洗》的创作，
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