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第06单元指示词.doc

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第06单元 指示词   Ⅰ.引言   165 此后四个单元,我们将讨论一些可用作代词、形容词及副词,而有某些共同语法特点的词。例如which是代词,whose是形容词,where为副词,但都有关系词的共同特点。又如larg-er为形容词,sooner为副词,这两个词都具有比较级的共同特点。我们首先研究一组具有指示特点的词,如this,another,every,称为指示词(Demonstratives);然后讨论构成问句的词,如who,why,whose,称为疑问词(Interrogatives);接着处理表示“较……”及“最……”的一类词,如larger,soonest,faster,称为比较级(Comparatives)及最高级(Superlatives);再谈谈数词(Numericals)及量词(Quantitatives),如five,dozen,much;最后研究同时具有连词和代词(副词、形容词)作用的一组词,称为关系词(Relatives),如which,that,where。   Ⅱ.指示词的一般特点   166 1.指示词可以是单数也可以是复数,可以用作代词,也可用作形容词。有些指示词,如:this,that,用作代词时是单数,用作形容词时,后面跟单数可数名词(简称SCN)或是跟不可数名词(简称UN)。另一些,如there,those,用作代词时为复数,用作形容词时后面跟复数名词。另外,如any,两种情况都可以。下表中ink代表不可数名词(UN),pen代表单数可数名词(SCN),pens代表复数可数名词(PCN)。这个表可说明一个特定的指示词是单数(SD)还是复数(PD),后面跟不可数名词还是单数可数名词:   SD(+SCN or UN)........... PD(+PCN)   this(pen,ink)............ these(pens)   that(pen,ink)............ those(pens)   some(pen,ink)............ some(pens)   the same(pen,ink)........ the same(pens)   such(a pen,ink).......... such(pens)   no pen,no ink.............. no pens   none(X)(=无适当的词).... none(X)   any(pen,ink)............. any(pens)   all(the pen,the ink)..... all(the pens)   every pen................... X   X........................... both(pens)   either(pen)............... X   neither(pen).............. X   one(X).................... ones(X)   another(pen).............. other pens,others   a certain pen............... certain pens   在左边,例如this是单数指示词。它可用作单数代词,如:This is good.或跟一个单数可数名词或不可数名词,如:This book is good.或This milk is good.在this的右边为these,它的意思与this差不多,但是一个复数指示词。These可用作复数代词,如:These are good.或用作形容词,后面跟一个复数名词,如:These books are good.该表也说明some,the same,such,any既可作单数,也可作复数,又说明no,every,(a)certain不能用作代词,只能用作形容词,this,that,some,such,no,any及all可以跟一个不可数名词。   167 2.有些指示词表示“一个”,有些表示“两个”,有些表示“多个”。   所以有必要弄清每一指示词可表示共有多少东西或多少人:   数量 ..................... 指示词   three or more..................... all   two or more....................... these,those,some,same,   such,other(s),certain   one only.......................... this,that,some(body),same,   such a,another,a certain,one   two only.......................... both   zero.............................. none,no   one of the three or more.......... any,every   one of the two.................... either,neither   one of the two or more............ each   168 3.大多数指示词也可用作副词。   除了such,every,same,certain,one以外,所有指示词都偶尔可用作副词,如:He has some(=about)fifty good novels.The fish is that(=so)large?I don‘t believe.   169 4.有些指示词可与连词一起用,如:   either…or,both…and,neither…nor   Both John and David are stupid.This job is neither easy nordifficult.   170 5.单数可数名词一般须要加指示词。   单数可数名词前一般要加一个冠词a或the;物主代词或名词所有格,如your,John’s;或单数指示词,如this,that,one,every,any,each,some,no,either,neither,another,a certain,such a,或the same。   下面句子都是错的,因为名词前面未加上述这类词:   He saw house.   He has pretty dog.   He kept very lovely horse.   Good fountain pen is necessary.   Honest and faithful friend is better than anything.   171 6.指示词后跟着一个of短语时的情况:   指示代词(a)及指示形容词(b)后都可跟一个of引出的短语:   (a)all of them some of them   each of my friends either of his hands   none of your nonsense every one of those people   (b)no friend of mine any plan of David‘s   these houses of my aunt’s that dog of yours   every plan of his such friends of mine   172 “指示词+of-短语”,如each of us,most of them,可以放在系动词be或是助动词后面,甚至为了强调放在句子末尾,仿佛一个状语似的:   They are most of them foolish.   Those children will every one grow very quickly.   We should both of us advise him.   Teachers must none of them show impatience.   They are foolish,most of them.   We should advise him,both of us.   在用all,both,each时,of-短语可以省略,all,both,each的作用就像副词:   They will all come here.(Or:They all came here.)   The students must each do the exercise.(Or:The studentseach…)   We shall both study astronomy.(Or:We both…)   173 7.合成的指示词   下面代词及副词为合成词,它们不可分写成两个字,如some body,no thing.   代词:   someone anyone everyone noone(or no one)   somebody anybody everybody nobody   something anything everything nothing   副词:   somewhere(someplace—美国用法),somehow(someway—美国用法),sometimes,sometime,someday,somewhat   anywhere(anyplace—美国用法),anyhow(anyway),any-time(美国用法)   everywhere(everyplace—美国用法)   nowhere(noplace—美国用法),nohow(不规范)   Someone,anyone和everyone只表示人。如果后面跟有of引起的短语,这类词的两部分必须分开写,这时可指人也可指物:   Any one of us has done his best.   Some one of his dogs is lovely indeed.   Every one of the books I have read is interesting.   但:None(不要说No one)of the members came.   174 上面所列表示人的代词,一般都作单数看待,可以用he,his,him代替。但在现代口语中,人们更倾向于用they,their,them代替,以避免涉及性别问题:   Someone(or Somebody)will do it although they know it isdangerous.   Anyone(or Anybody)can speak Chinese if they have learned itsome years.   Everyone(or Everybody,Every[member])expressed theirviews.   No one(or Nobody)is willing to criticize themselves.   175 8.In,at或on的省略   在表示时间的状语中,指示形容词前的at,in,on等介词   常常被省略掉,虽然在某些情况下也可以不省:   He came one afternoon,every month,the other day,eachnoon,the same week.(不要说 on one afternoon,in ev-ery month,at each noon.但可说on Sunday afternoon,in a rainy month,at noon)   He slept all day.   He will repent it some day.   You can come any Sunday.   I played tennis this(or that)morning.   He died(on)the following day,(on)the morning whenit rained hard,(in)the year when the war broke out,(at)the moment he received the news.   He came last night,and will come again next week.   What time did he come?   The,last,next,what都可看作指示词:   I saw him(on the)last voyage.(可当作时间)。   We were classmates(in)that term.   I will speak to him(at)the first chance.   Nothing can be done(in)this weather.   They watch him(at)every step.   176 指示词和否定词一起使用时需要小心。下面都是否定词:no,nothing,nobody,no one,no where,never,seldom,none,not,scarcely,hardly,neither,nor,little,few.这类词在和指示词一起用时,可能对(简写为R),也可能不对(简写为W)。在正确使用时,可表示完全否定(TN)或部分否定(PN)。[R=right,W=wrong,TN=total negative,PN=partial negative]   177 Nobody in England cannot speak English.(重复否定)(W)   Everybody in England can speak English.(R)   Nothing in this garden is not pretty.(W)   Everything in this garden is pretty.(R)   但是:   He did it not without regret,not without shame.(R)   No-one is unselfish.(虽然重复否定,但有一个否定词是由否定前缀或后缀构成)(R)   None of them are dis tasteful.(R)   He is not homeless.(R)   I do not know that he has not come home.(每个从句中只有一个否定词)(R)   I can never understand why Mary said nothing about herwrongs.(R)   I shall criticize nobody,neither at present nor in future.(后面的否定词重复前面的否定词是为了强调)(R)   I can never say anything,not even for myself.(R)   He doesn‘t see nothing.(=He sees nothing)(俚语)(R)   He can never say nothing.(=He can never say anything.)(R)   178 I do not like both of them.(=I like only one of them.)(PN)   I like neither of them.(=I don’t like those two persons.) (TN)   All of them are not honest.(=Only some of them are hon-est.)(PN)   Not all of them are honest.(较上句强)(PN)   None of them are honest.(TN)   I cannot see any of them.(Not…any)(TN)   Any of them cannot see me.(Any…not)(W)   None of them can see me.(TN)   179 以副词(状语)从句结尾的否定句可能有两种意思。哪个是正确意思得由上下文来决定:   I haven‘t played the violin for ten years.   =For ten years I haven’t played the violin.   Or=I have played the violin,but not for ten years.   I didn‘t sleep all night.   =All night I didn’t sleep.   Or=I did sleep,but not all night.   He wasn‘t well-groomed when she suddenly dropped in.   =When she suddenly dropped in,he wasn’t well-groomed.   Or=He was well-groomed,but not when she suddenly dropped in.   I don‘t love him because he is rich.   =Because he is rich,I don’t love him.   or=I do love him,but not because he is rich.   Ⅲ.指示词的用法   A.This,That,These,Those   1.This,These,That,Those作代词的用法   180 “What is this(指近处的东西)?”“It‘s an apple.”(在回答时不要再重复this)   “What is that(指远处的东西)?”“It(不要说That)is a pear.”(对比)   “What are these(this的复数形式)?”“They(不要说These) are horses.   “What are those(that的复数形式)?”“They are donkeys.”   “What is this,and what is that?”“This is an apple and that is a pear.”(对比)   181 A beggar came,and he(不能说this或that)asked for money.   (除了下面情况外从不用this或that代表人)   This is Mr.Tanaka.This is Mr.Sasaki.(介绍见面)   Hello,is that Jane?(英国说法)Hello,is this Jane?(美国说法)(电话用语)   Stop crying and that(or there)is a good boy!   Those who(为he who或one who的复数形式)come are my friends.   Those(=The people)there(or coming here)are Jews.   (He is)Handsome boy,that!(为了强调而重复)   182 This和that可以指具体的东西:He gave me one dollar,and this(more emphatic than it)was all he had.   183 This和that也可表示抽象的东西:   He talked of freedom,justice and all that.   也可指品质:   I like a man(or men)like this(or that),such a man(or men)as this(or that).   184 还可和某些介词连用,有特定的意思:   At this(=Seeing or hearing this),he became angry.With this(=So saying),he left.   Upon this(=And then),he shook his head.   After this(=After this incident,this time),he became more careful.   Since that(=Since that time),I have never met any friend.185 偶有下面用法:   Get out of this(=this place).(少见)   He must have arrived by this(=this time).(少见)186 也可表示某些事物:   He knows this,that and the other(matter).   Some believe in this,some believe in that.   I don’t say anything against Mr.this or Mrs.That.These came for paper,those for pens,others for ink.187 也可指前面刚提到的东西:   He has good intention,but that(指前句表示的内容)is not e- nough.   I will learn music,I know this(=learning music)is not easy.188有时和and连用:   You must do it,and that(=and you must do it)immediately(or at once).   He decides to be a doctor and that(=and he decides to be a doctor)after he gets married.   He has many good dogs and these(=and he has)very small ones.   He is a doctor and a well-known one at that(而且又是一个有名的医生).   He has a car,and a very large car at that.   He knows nothing except music,and very little at that.   People were killed and thousands of them at that.   189 That可以代表前面所提的东西,而this代表即将谈的东西:   To be or not to be,that is a question.(that指to be or not tobe.)   “You can depend on me.”That was what he said.   This is a question:to go or to stay?(this指to go or to stay)   What I can say is this:You can depend on me.   Coffee,cigars and liquor:these are my friends.   190 在某些词组中,that比this用得多:   That is because you don‘t know yourself.   That is why you failed.That is how I made it.So(or And)that’s that.   That‘s all.That will do.)That’s a good boy.What of that?   That is(to say).For all that.And that.And all that.   191 That和those还有下面这些特殊用法:   He has that(=He has something)in his character which puz-zles me.(书面语)   There was that(=There was something)in his way of speak-ing.   He saw that(=something)in her face which made him afraid.   There is that(=There is someone)who knows the secret.(少见)   There were those(=people)who said“no”.(这样用时较多)   He knew those who were opposed to him.   192 This有时用来表示“后者”,that表示“前者”:   The gun is more important than the pen.This(=The latter,The pen)cannot do without that(=the former,the gun).   English and Chinese are our school subjects.This seems harder than that.   We study English,Chinese,geography,history and mathemat- ics.This last(=or This latter)is the hardest.   193 That和those若跟有介词短语,可用来代表前面提的东西,以避免重复,等于“the+前面那个名词”:   The novel by Dickens is better than that(=the novel)by Wells.(that代表“the+noun”)   The novels by Dickens are better than those by Wells.   The door of his house is like that of a church.   The ears of a reabit are longer than those of a cat.   This house is larger than that of my younger brother.   The greatest tragedy is that(=the tragedy)of a miser.   John‘s name is below those of Mary and James.   That和those后面有时跟有一个作定语的分词短语或从句:   This house is larger than that(=the one在口语中用得更多一些)standing on the other side,located on the corner.(that+分词)   This road is the same as those(用the ones更好)leading to the Capital.   This house is better than that(用the one更好)I saw yester-day.(That+从句)   194 That有时用来代表前面提到的动作:   “Did he learn music?”“Yes,he did sometimes,or Yes,hedid that sometimes.”(that代表learn music)   “Will his mother punish him?”“She won’t.”or“That she won‘t.”(that代替punish him)   “He will punish them.”“That he will(=So he will=He will).”   He has eaten it,that he has.   195 That 有时用来代替前面的补语,比go更为确定:   He is my friend,that(=my friend)he is.   Dishonest?Yes,he is that(=dishonest).   He is a fool.He looks that.I find him that,and everybody calls him that.   John is selfish,cunning and cruel,but his brother is not all that.You know he cannot be that.   2.This,These,That,Those作形容词的用法   196 这几个指示词都可用作形容词,修饰后面的名词:   These four pretty gold rings are hers.(this,these,that,those通常放在其他形容词前面)   This Shakespeare’s last work is called‘The Tempest’.   That fiftieth year of service was truly long.   197 有时和very连用,表示强调:   You shall be punished this very hour.(比this hour更强调)   That very accident cost him his life.   This very house is what I have been looking for.   They were ready to kill him,but he decided to see those very people.   198 有时和there,here一起用,there,here要放在名词后面:   Do you see that man there(不要说that there man).   This lady here(不要说this here lady)is pretty.   199 This和that可以同时用,中间用and或or连接,表示随随便便,东一下,西一下:   Don‘t run this way and that way.(不要瞎跑。)   He falls in love with this girl and that.(一会儿爱上这个,一会儿爱上那个)   He falls in love with this or that girl.   The child broke this thing or that.(一会儿打破这,一会儿打破那)   This,that,or the other(or anothe)(=Some or other) reader will agree with the author of this book.(总有读者赞同)   有时表示对比(有的……有的):   Many guests came:this one alone,that one with his wife,and another one with three or four friends.   200 有时表示数量:   He needs a million dollars to do it,but half this money(=halfa million dollars)is enough for me.   Some rooms have sixty students in them;others have half that number(=thirty).   It is three feet,but twice this length(=six feet)would be bet-ter.   201 有时表示“我(们)的”:   This(=My,Our)city has eight high schools in it.(本市)   This country has to import a lot of rice.(本国)   These eyes have seen it.   Reply as soon as you receive this letter.   The principal of this school is sixty years old.   202有时表示某种情绪:   Forget that matter.(鄙视)   Look at that son of yours.(兴趣)   Don’t mention those days again.(遗憾)   O those eyes!O that silvery voice!(赞美)   Who is this Lilian Wang?(看不起)   I am sick of these artists.(鄙视)   203 用在时间词组中,表示特定的意义:   Be gone this minute(=at once).   He has won for this once(=at least on this occasion).   They must have arrived by this time.   You shouldn‘t say such foolish things at these(late)years(or at your great age).   204 可以和month一起用:   I am(or was)busy this month(or these months),in the pre-sent month(or in the present months),in the month(or inthe months).   I was(or shall be)busy that month(or those months).   205 可以和hour和day连用:   We have been miserable to this hour(or day,year),and from this hour(forward)we shall be happy.   I shall see you one of these days.   206 可以和week,day等词连用,表示“……以后(前)的……”:I left Hong Kong this day week(or month,year)(=this daylast week,etc.)(英国用法)   I shall leave Hong Kong this d
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