写作经典完全版（5-8）.doc

第五部分 写作常用句型与过渡词语

英语的句型千姿百态，就像一个词可以有许多同义词一样，一种句型也可以有许多具有相同意思但不同模式的类型。我们只有对这些变化多端的句型千锤百炼，烂熟于心，才能在具体运用时应付自如，随意调遣。因此，在日常训练中，应多做一些句型之间的转换、不同句式的造句练习及相同句式不同意思的翻译等等。以下的就是各种并排的句型和造句。

1．表示开头的句型
·with the
development
improvement
rise
growth
recognition
realization
acknowledgement
of ..., we
learn
know
see
find
feel
that ...

例文
With the development of traffic tools, the communication between us becomes more and more frequent. No matter where your friends and relatives live, it is always very easy to pay a visit to them if you would like. Therefore, when you meet an old friend on a strange street, you may exclaim: " Oh, what a small world."

·With the
rapid
amazing
marked

development
increase
growth
expansion
of economy, China has become
increasingly prosperous

例文
With the help of the computer, this project was completed much earlier than planned.
With a will of iron and a heart of love, Mother Teresa served the dying and desperate in India and around the world.

·Some people
believe
say
maintain
advocate
advise
hold
think
claim
that..., while
others
say
believe
maintain
think
claim
advocate
argue
propose
that...

例文
Some people say the most important element to success is the luck, while others claim it is hard work. There is no doubt that successful people take advantage of opportunities. But if a man does nothing but wait for the chance to come will achieve anything but success.

·Now people in
growing
increasing
significan
numbers are
beginning
coming
to
realize
recognize
understand
accept
be aware

that...

例文
Now people in growing numbers are coming to recognize that the business spirit, which carries in its torrential course so many of the talents and energies of men into money - making, has shaped our culture and influenced our ideals and aspirations as a people.

For some time..., it has been...

例文
For some time in the past it has been widely accepted that babiesand other creatureslearn to do things because certain acts lead to "rewards": and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective reward, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological(生理)"drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink of some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.

·According to recent
survey
poll
study
report
research
, there have occurred...

例文
According to a Worldwide Wildlife Fund report, by 1970, only about 4,500 tigers survived throughout the world-half of them in India.

·
as far as...is concerned
When it comes to...
In the case of
就……来说

例文
In the case of man, the difficulties with the environmental concept are even more complicated because we have to deal with man as an animal and with man as a bearer of culture.

·Researchers have
established
proved
indicated
shown
declared
claimed
found
announced
made it known
that...

例文
Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory. This is true regardless of age.

·It has been
well known
believed
found
proved
reported
estimated
demanded
agreed
that...人们发现，据报道，据估计

例文
It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on. But since these cannot be said to show the baby's intention to communicate, they can hardly be regarded as early froms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new sounds to their repertoire.

·
A proverb says...
As the old Chinese saying goes...
Many people often ask this question...
As we all know...
As far as I know...
常言道……
中国有句古话……
许多人常提出这个问题……
据我所知……

·
Various views exist as to...
It goes without saying...
No one can deny that...
There is no doubt that...
We must recognize that...
What is more serious is that...
Others may find this to be true, but I
do not. I believe that...

关于……有许多说法
人们都承认……

毫无疑问……
我们必须认识到……
更为严重的是……
别人也许觉得这个主张是正确的,但我不,我认
为……

·
We might marvel at
In spite of/despite
the
great
giant
extraordinary
tremendous

progress
stride
advance
made in

science and technology
nearly every field
, but...remain
basically unchanged
the same as it was
as...as ever they were

例文
We might marvel at the progress made in every field of study, but the methods of testing a person's knowledge and ability remain as primitive as ever they were. It is extraordinary that after all these years, educationists have still failed to devise anything more efficient and reliable than examinations.

· “...”
how often we hear
we are used to hearing
many people have heard
such
statement
words
complaint
as this

·“...”That's how one
college student
official
housewife
father

described
commented
complained
criticized
...

例文
"All I have learnt in college is junk." -- That's how one college graduate described his frustration in looking for a job. He is hardly alone in the experience. Actually there are thousands of college graduates who complain that the degree they took away can't help them to secure a rewarding job, and the knowledge they acquired in class can't be transformed into useful job skills.

·
“Why
do
have

...？”Many people often
ask
pose
raise

the question like this

例文
"Why does the idea of progress loom so large in the modern world?"

Many people often ask the question like this. Surely it is because progress of a particular kind is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more manifest. Although mankind has undergone no general improvement in morality, it has made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology.

·
Perhaps
Maybe
，
we should
it is time to

rethink
reexamine
have a fresh look at
the
idea
value
attitude
wisdom
desirability
of...

·One of the
biggest issues
hottest topics
most popular things
most serious problems
many people
talk
complain
argue
about now is ...

例文
One of the most popular topics many city residents talk about now is the tide of the rural poor flooding the cities. They complain that the migrants have brought crime and prostitution, that they are putting pressure on population control and social order: that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs and exacerbating housing shortages; and that they have worsened traffic and sanitation problems. True, these are the problems posed by the migration, but what about the contribution the rural workers have made to the city's development and prosperity?

·One of the

searching
burning
pressing
interesting
exciting
urgent

problems
questions

facing
confronting
our
nation
society
world
today is ...

例文
One of the basic questions facing our society today is: What promise or threat does new technology hold for our global future? Since the decision our society makes about technological development will undoubtedly have tremendous consequences in the years to come it is urgently necessary to explore this question, especially by examining science and technology in their relationship to the development of humanity.

·There is a
public
general
much
considerable

debate
discussion
controversy
argument

nowadays
today
at present

concerning
on
about
over
as to

the problem of .... Those who

criticize
oppose
object to
...
contend
argue
say
maintain
that...

·
Now
Perhaps
Nowadays
, the most
dangerous
undesirable
harmful.
for our
nation
society
world
college
is the

trend
tendency
phenomenon

of ... which is

apparent
obvious
evident
pervasive
rampant
under way
in...

例文
perhaps most dangerous for our nation now is the official corruption which is rampant in nearly every field of our society. Once our officials were content with television sets or imported cigarettes as payment for official services, they now demand land rights, stock certificates, and even directly dollars.

·All

reliable data
statistic evidence
scientific observations
available information
undoubted facts

pile up to show
justify
points to
lend support to
the
fact
view
that...

例文
All available evidence points to the fact that more and more young people are declaring their allegiance to traditional values. Traditional weddings seem to be making a comeback, for example. But this is only a partial, not a complete, reversal.

·One may

attribute
ascribe
owe
the
increase
decrease
change
to...

·These factors, coupled with the

growth
change
recognition
realization
of…
lead to
contribute to
result in
help
...

·
Many
Various
Several
factors

weigh
affect

heavily
greatly

for
against
in favor of
...

例文
Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any study is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out with effective contact with their fellow scientists.

·Recently the
rise in
phenomenon of
problem of
questions of
... has
drawn/aroused
caused// aroused
loomed up

public/popular/grave/
wide/general/considerable
world-wide attention/concern

例文
Recently, the alarm about the problem of the use of genetic technologies on human beings have caused wide public concern, and understandably so. With nuclear energy threatening global catastrophe and with so many other technological advances visibly damaging the quality of life, who would wish to have scientists tampering with man's inner nature? Indeed, fear of such manipulation may arouse even more anxiety than fear of death.

·In
recent few years
the past few decades
, there
is
has been
a

sharp/ marked /
sudden / dramatic
increase / growth/ rise /
decline
in ...

astonishing / increasing /
sizable
number/ percentage/
proportion / population
of ...

例文
In recent years, there is an increasing number of people, especially young people, who show little interest in correcting social inequalities and injustices. According to a national poll last year, eighteen to twenty-nine year-olds agreed by large percentages that young people today are "less idealistic" and "more selfish", and that they are less concerned with the problems of society than with their own personal future.

·
Recently
Nowadays
Currently
In the past few years
So far
, there has been a
general
widespread
growing
widely-held
concern
worry
realization
belief
trend
feeling
attitude
that ...

·Recently the
problem
issue
question
of ... has been
in the limelight/brought into focus
brought public attention
posed among the general public

例文
The problem of development vs. environment has now been in the limelight. Nowhere is the clash more visible than in China, where the world's largest population faces pollution, deforestation and acid rain on a large scale.

·
How do you
What do you
Do you ever
think of ... ?
How do you
What do you
Do you ever
see ... ?

·In
answer
reply
to these questions, we must...

例文
How do we think of the heavy burden a student has to carry from kindergarten through graduate school? How do we measure success in education? How does education affect not only labour skills but the quality of life? In seeking answers to such questions, there is much room —— indeed necessity —— for consideration and robust debate.

·They believe that ... But people who
advocate
favour
..., on the other hand,

maintain
assert
that...

例文
There is much discussion today about whether fast economic growth is desirable. Those who criticize economic growth argue that we must slow down. They believe that society is approaching certain limits on growth. These include the fixed supply of natural resources, and the possible negative effects of industry on the natural environment. People who want more economic growth, on the other hand, argue that even at the present growth rate there are still many poor people.

·To
illustrate
prove
show
this point, let us

consider
ask why
look first at
develop argument

·There is/ are
a common belief that
reason why
a popular belief that
many factors that
no denying that

例文
There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling. No school I have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. There are, however, vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority it must be given over general language development and writing ability. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?

·It is a
curious
interesting
unusual
considerable
tremendous

paradox
discovery
finding

that ... .

It is
natural
interesting
for ... to ...

例文
It's very interesting to note where the debate about diversity is taking place. It is taking place primarily in political circles. Here at the College Fund, we have a lot of contact with top corporate leaders; none of them is talking about getting rid of those instruments that produce diversity. In fact, they say that if their companies are to compete in the global village and in the global market place, diversity is an imperative.

·
Many authors have argued for ...
We find/ feel/ know that

例文
Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise. that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group.

·
The question of whether war is inevitable
The concept/ question of "environment"
The significance/ importance of ...
is ...

例文
The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world's great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independe