linux_内核移植方法及错误.doc

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出现问题: ## Starting application at 0x30008000 ... Uncompressing Linux............................................................. 解决方案: setenv bootargs console=ttySAC0,115200 mem=64M ;console明令在哪暂时还没解决??? setenv TCP cubic registered NET: Registered protocol family 1 NET: Registered protocol family 17 Root-NFS: No NFS server available, giving up. VFS: Unable to mount root fs via NFS, trying floppy. VFS: Cannot open root device "<NULL>" or unknown-block(2,0) Please append a correct "root=" boot option Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(2,0) 解决方法：把 08.05.11、<*> RAM disk support 09.27.07、<*> Compressed ROM file system support (cramfs) 1. 问题一　　下载内核到flash中，运行到如下即停止没有下文： Uncompressing Linux……………………done,booting the kernel 卡在这里不动了原因分析：可能是内核的启动参数传递时没有填写正确, 也可能是在linux内核中没对flash分区, 还有另一可能原因是在内核编译配置时没将串口驱动勾选。解决办法：如果是命令参数问题，则作如下修改：注释掉arch/arm/kernel/setup.c文件中的parse_tag_cmdline()函数中的strlcpy()函数，这样就可以使用默认的CONFIG_CMDLINE了，在.config文件中它被定义为"root=/dev/mtdblock2 ro init=/linuxrc console=ttySAC0,115200"(视具体情况而定)，在内核配置文件的Boot options中填入也可。如果是内核NAND flash分区的问题，则作如下修改： 1. 1 修改文件arch/arm/mach-s3c2410/devs.c,添加如下信息： #include <linux/mtd/partitions.h> #include <asm/arch/nand.h> #include <linux/mtd/nand.h> static struct mtd_partition partition_info[]= { { name:"bootloader", size:0x00040000, offset:0, }, { name:"kernel", size:0x001c0000, offset:0x00040000, }, { name:"rootfs", size: 0x01e00000, offset:0x00200000, }, { name:"ext-fs1", size: 0x01000000, offset:0x02000000, }, { name:"ext-fs2", size: 0x01000000, offset:0x03000000, }, }; //以上分区和NAND flash物理分区一样，分区不一样没试过，根据自己板子情况而定 struct s3c2410_nand_set nandset= { nr_partitions:5, partitions:partition_info, }; struct s3c2410_platform_nand s3c_nand_info= { tacls:0, twrph0:30, twrph1:0, sets:&nandset, nr_sets:1, }; 以上分区和NAND flash物理分区一样，分区不一样没试过，根据自己板子情况而定 struct s3c2410_nand_set nandset= { nr_partitions:5, partitions:partition_info, }; struct s3c2410_platform_nand s3c_nand_info= { tacls:0, twrph0:30, twrph1:0, sets:&nandset, nr_sets:1, }; struct platform_device s3c_device_nand={ .name="s3c2410-nand", .id = -1, .num_resources = ARRAY_SIZE(s3c_nand_resources), .resource = s3c_nand_resource, /*黑体为新加内容*/ .dev = { .platform_data=&s3c_nand_info } }; 1.2 在arch/arm/mach-s3c2410/mach-smdk2410.c文件中添加&s3c_device_nand,如下所示： static struct platform_device * smdk2410_device[] _initdata= { &s3c_device_usb, &s3c_device_lcd, &s3c_device_wdt, &s3c_device_i2c, &s3c_device_iis, &s3c_device_nand, }; 配置好以上内容后重新编译内核即可。如果是串口驱动没有勾选,则一定记住将勾上如下选项: Character devices -> Serial Drivers下的项勾上. 2. 出现如下错误：VFS:Cannot open root device "mtdblock/2" or unknown-block(0,0) Please append a correct "root=" boot option. Kernel panic not syncing,VFS Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(0,0) 原因分析：出现这种情况一般有两种情况：没有文件系统或boot options参数不正确，如我的系统文件系统为cramfs格式，存放文件系统的分区为第三个分区，启动参数为： "noinitrd root=/dev/mtdblock2 ro init=/linuxrc console=ttySAC0,115200 rootfstype=cramfs mem=64M" 其中文件系统使用busybox-1.10.1制作重新编译即可。 3. 系统启动后出现如下错误： Kernel panic -not syncing:VFS:Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(31,2) 或者类似的错误。原因分析：我在这里耗了大量的时间，这种情况一般是NAND flash分区未能分正确，或者所在的分区上没有文件系统，当启动中出现类似如下信息时表明分区正确了 Scanning device for bad blocks Creating 5 MTD partitions on "NAND 64MiB 3,3V 8-bit": 0x00000000-0x00040000 : "boot" mtd: Giving out device 0 to boot 0x00040000-0x00200000 : "kernel" mtd: Giving out device 1 to kernel 0x00200000-0x02000000 : "rootfs" mtd: Giving out device 2 to rootfs 0x02000000-0x03000000 : "ext-fs1" mtd: Giving out device 3 to ext-fs1 0x03000000-0x04000000 : "ext-fs2" mtd: Giving out device 4 to ext-fs2 从上面看出我的文件系统放在第三个分区rootfs上，其设备号为2,启动后文件系统能挂上,如下所示 Reading data from NAND FLASH without ECC is not recommended the error code is:0,name=/dev/root,fs=cramfs,flags=32769 VFS: Mounted root (cramfs filesystem) readonly. Freeing init memory: 104K Reading data from NAND FLASH without ECC is not recommended init started: BusyBox v1.10.1 (2008-04-23 23:20:41 CST) starting pid 229, tty '': '/etc/init.d/rcS' Reading data from NAND FLASH without ECC is not recommended the error code is:0,name=/dev/root,fs=cramfs,flags=32769 VFS: Mounted root (cramfs filesystem) readonly. Freeing init memory: 104K Reading data from NAND FLASH without ECC is not recommended init started: BusyBox v1.10.1 (2008-04-23 23:20:41 CST) starting pid 229, tty '': '/etc/init.d/rcS' Please press Enter to activate this console. 4. 系统启动到到如下语句即停止不前，停在那里： VFS:Mounted root (cramfs filesystem) readonly. Freeing init memory:104 卡在这里没有下文原因分析：系统在启用init函数时有这么一句，粗体所示 static int init(void * unused) { if(execute_command) { run_init_process(execute_command); } ……………… ｝在这句里面出错就会没有下文解决办法：在配置内核时少选了几句，将如下选择全选上 Floating Point emulation ->At least one emulation must be selected: NWFPE math emulation Support extended precision FastFPE math emulation(EXPERIMENTAL) 5. 关于文件系统问题：在有些资料上提到在配置内核时选上devfs，如果不存在时则手动在文件里加上。但我在内核里面和busybox-1.10.1中都未加devfs支持，文件系统运行正常。在linux-2.6.14.1及以后版本中已去掉devfs。 6. linux-2.6.15.4这个版本也能成功在s3c2410上运行. 内核编译成功后，启动后出现如下提示后就停住了。。。。。。 Freeing init memory: 72K Warning: unable to open an initial console. !C+Q7f W ][0这个也是控制台console的问题，linux-2.6.13以后的内核都支持devfs，而之后版本的内核就把devfs这块去掉了，虽然还能在内核源码中找到对应的源码，你也可以把它加进内核，但是也不是太好用。2.6.13 后的版本改为支持udev了，udev这块我也没太弄懂，正在研究。- --> Kernel Features --> Preemption Mode .config 里面的 CONFIG_PREEMPT_NONE 选项决定了kernel在挂在文件系统后可不能进入shell。 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --> Floating point emulation FPE_NWFPE 选项如果未选上现象： ………… IPv4 over IPv4 tunneling driver TCP bic registered NET: Registered protocol family 1 IP-Config: No network devices available. RAMDISK: ext2 filesystem found at block 0 RAMDISK: Loading 4196KiB [1 disk] into ram disk... done. EXT2-fs warning: mounting unchecked fs, running e2fsck is recommended VFS: Mounted root (ext2 filesystem). Freeing init memory: 96K kernel 启动到这里就停止了。 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- --> Device Drivers --> Block devices CONFIG_BLK_DEV_RAM选项未选上 CONFIG_BLK_DEV_INITRD选项未选上现象： ……………… loop: loaded (max 8 devices) nbd: registered device at major 43 mice: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice IPv4 over IPv4 tunneling driver TCP bic registered NET: Registered protocol family 1 IP-Config: No network devices available. Root-NFS: No NFS server available, giving up. VFS: Unable to mount root fs via NFS, trying floppy. VFS: Cannot open root device "ram0" or unknown-block(2,0) Please append a correct "root=" boot option Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(2,0) 1. 加载kernel后出现如下错误： NET: Registered protocol family 1 Root-NFS: No NFS server available, giving up. VFS: Unable to mount root fs via NFS, trying floppy. VFS: Cannot open root device "mtdblock3" or unknown-block(2,0) Please append a correct "root=" boot option Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(2,0) 其中，linux command line is: "noinitrd root=/dev/mtdblock3 init=/linuxrc console=ttySAC0,115200" 解决方法，在make menuconfig 后，选中mtd支持，cramfs支持，/dev fs支持。其中，添加/dev fs支持具体操作如下: 修改fs/Kconfig，支持启动时挂载devfs $vim fs/ Kconfig 找到menu “Pseudo filesystem” 在其中添加： config DEVFS_FS bool “/dev file system support (OBSOLETE)” default y config DEVFS_MOUNT bool “Automatically mount at boot” default y depends on DEVFS_FS 之后，boot信息如下： boot Copy linux kernel from 0x00030000 to 0x30008000, size = 0x00100000 ... done zImage magic = 0x016f2818 Setup linux parameters at 0x30000100 linux command line is: "noinitrd root=/dev/mtdblock/3 init=/linuxrc console=ttySAC0,115200" MACH_TYPE = 193 NOW, Booting Linux...... Uncompressing Linux................................................................... done, booting the kernel. Linux version 2.6.15.4 (zjw@zjw.linux) (gcc version 4.1.1) #5 Thu Aug 2 20:47:27 CST 2007 CPU: ARM920Tid(wb) [41129200] revision 0 (ARMv4T) Machine: SMDK2410 ATAG_INITRD is deprecated; please update your bootloader. Memory policy: ECC disabled, Data cache writeback CPU S3C2410A (id 0x32410002) S3C2410: core 200.000 MHz, memory 100.000 MHz, peripheral 50.000 MHz S3C2410 Clocks, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics CLOCK: Slow mode (1.500 MHz), fast, MPLL on, UPLL on CPU0: D VIVT write-back cache CPU0: I cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 64, 32 byte lines, 8 sets CPU0: D cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 64, 32 byte lines, 8 sets Built 1 zonelists Kernel command line: noinitrd root=/dev/mtdblock/3 init=/linuxrc console=ttySAC0,115200 irq: clearing subpending status 00000007 irq: clearing subpending status 00000002 PID hash table entries: 256 (order: 8, 4096 bytes) timer tcon=00000000, tcnt a2c1, tcfg 00000200,00000000, usec 00001eb8 Console: colour dummy device 80x30 Dentry cache hash table entries: 8192 (order: 3, 32768 bytes) Inode-cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes) Memory: 32MB = 32MB total Memory: 30248KB available (1676K code, 376K data, 88K init) Mount-cache hash table entries: 512 CPU: Testing write buffer coherency: ok NET: Registered protocol family 16 S3C2410: Initialising architecture S3C2410 DMA Driver, (c) 2003-2004 Simtec Electronics DMA channel 0 at c2800000, irq 33 DMA channel 1 at c2800040, irq 34 DMA channel 2 at c2800080, irq 35 DMA channel 3 at c28000c0, irq 36 NetWinder Floating Point Emulator V0.97 (extended precision) devfs: 2004-01-31 Richard Gooch (rgooch@atnf.csiro.au) devfs: devfs_debug: 0x0 //可以看出，已经支持devfs devfs: boot_options: 0x1 io scheduler noop registered io scheduler anticipatory registered io scheduler deadline registered io scheduler cfq registered Console: switching to colour frame buffer device 80x25 fb0: Virtual frame buffer device, using 1024K of video memory s3c2410-uart.0: s3c2410_serial0 at MMIO 0x50000000 (irq = 70) is a S3C2410 s3c2410-uart.1: s3c2410_serial1 at MMIO 0x50004000 (irq = 73) is a S3C2410 s3c2410-uart.2: s3c2410_serial2 at MMIO 0x50008000 (irq = 76) is a S3C2410 RAMDISK driver initialized: 16 RAM disks of 4096K size 1024 blocksize S3C24XX NAND Driver, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics s3c2410-nand: Tacls=1, 10ns Twrph0=4 40ns, Twrph1=1 10ns NAND device: Manufacturer ID: 0xec, Chip ID: 0x75 (Samsung NAND 32MiB 3,3V 8-bit) NAND_ECC_NONE selected by board driver. This is not recommended !! Scanning device for bad blocks Creating 5 MTD partitions on "NAND 32MiB 3,3V 8-bit": 0x00000000-0x00020000 : "loader" 0x00020000-0x00030000 : "param" 0x00030000-0x001f0000 : "kernel" 0x00200000-0x00600000 : "root" 0x00600000-0x04000000 : "user" mtd: partition "user" extends beyond the end of device "NAND 32MiB 3,3V 8-bit" -- size truncated to 0x1a00000 mice: PS/2 mouse device common for all mice NET: Registered protocol family 2 IP route cache hash table entries: 512 (order: -1, 2048 bytes) TCP established hash table entries: 2048 (order: 1, 8192 bytes) TCP bind hash table entries: 2048 (order: 1, 8192 bytes) TCP: Hash tables configured (established 2048 bind 2048) TCP reno registered TCP bic registered NET: Registered protocol family 1 Root-NFS: No NFS server available, giving up. VFS: Unable to mount root fs via NFS, trying floppy. VFS: Cannot open root device "mtdblock/3" or unknown-block(2,0) Please append a correct "root=" boot option Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on unknown-block(2,0) 根据网上的一些指导，将linux_cmd_line设置为"noinitrd root=/dev/mtdblock/3 init=/linuxrc console=ttySAC0,115200"，问题依旧。尝试了几乎所有网上的办法，问题没有得到解决。于是尝试换一个内核，下载了2.6.22的内核，按照2.6.15.4一样配置编译了内核，当然，该版本的移植步骤有点变化，最主要的区别是，2.6.22的内核已经没有了/arch/arm/mach-s3c2410/dev.c文件，所以，分区信息要在arch/arm/mach-s3c2410/common-smdk.c中修改static struct mtd_partition smdk_default_nand_part[] 。 boot后： boot Copy linux kernel from 0x00030000 to 0x30008000, size = 0x001d0000 ... done zImage magic = 0x016f2818 Setup linux parameters at 0x30000100 linux command line is: "noinitrd root=/dev/mtdblock3 init=/linuxrc console=ttySAC0,115200" MACH_TYPE = 193 NOW, Booting Linux...... Uncompressing Linux.................................................................................................. done, booting the kernel. Linux version 2.6.22 (zjw@zjw.linux) (gcc version 4.1.1) #3 Sun Aug 5 16:00:32 CST 2007 CPU: ARM920T [41129200] revision 0 (ARMv4T), cr=c0007177 Machine: SMDK2410 ATAG_INITRD is deprecated; please update your bootloader. Memory policy: ECC disabled, Data cache writeback CPU S3C2410A (id 0x32410002) S3C2410: core 200.000 MHz, memory 100.000 MHz, peripheral 50.000 MHz S3C24XX Clocks, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics CLOCK: Slow mode (1.500 MHz), fast, MPLL on, UPLL on CPU0: D VIVT write-back cache CPU0: I cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 64, 32 byte lines, 8 sets CPU0: D cache: 16384 bytes, associativity 64, 32 byte lines, 8 sets Built 1 zonelists. Total pages: 8128 Kernel command line: noinitrd root=/dev/mtdblock3 init=/linuxrc console=ttySAC0,115200 irq: clearing subpending status 00000007 irq: clearing subpending status 00000002 PID hash table entries: 128 (order: 7, 512 bytes) timer tcon=00000000, tcnt a2c1, tcfg 00000200,00000000, usec 00001eb8 Console: colour dummy device 80x30 Dentry cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes) Inode-cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 1, 8192 bytes) Memory: 32MB = 32MB total Memory: 29224KB available (2780K code, 309K data, 132K init) Mount-cache hash table entries: 512 CPU: Testing write buffer coherency: ok NET: Registered protocol family 16 S3C2410 Power Management, (c) 2004 Simtec Electronics S3C2410: Initialising architecture S3C24XX DMA Driver, (c) 2003-2004,2006 Simtec Electronics DMA channel 0 at c2800000, irq 33 DMA channel 1 at c2800040, irq 34 DMA channel 2 at c2800080, irq 35 DMA channel 3 at c28000c0, irq 36 usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs usbcore: registered new interface driver hub usbcore: registered new device driver usb NET: Registered protocol family 2 IP route cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes) TCP established hash table entries: 1024 (order: 1, 8192 bytes) TCP bind hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes) TCP: Hash tables configured (established 1024 bind 1024) TCP reno registered NetWinder Floating Point Emulator V0.97 (double precision) JFFS2 version 2

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