状语从句的用法讲解.doc

状语从句一、概述状语从句(adverbial clause)在句中作状语，可修饰主句中的动词、形容词和副词等。状语从句由从属连词引导。状语从句可放在句首或句末。放在句首时，从句后面常用逗号；放在句末时，从句前面往往不用逗号。When the plane arrived, some of the detectives were waiting inside the main building while others were waiting on the airfield.当飞机抵达时，一部分侦探等在主楼里面，而另一部分则等在停机坪上。When I came home， my wife was cooking dinner. 我回家时，妻子在做晚饭。Though he was poor， he was happy. 虽然他很穷却很快乐。If you ask him, he will help you. 如果你向他请求，他会帮助你。Since you ask, I will tell you. 你既然问，我就告诉你。I cant tell you when you wont listen. 既然你不想听，我就不告诉你了。He stopped trying, when he might have succeeded next time. 他不再试了，其实他可能下一次就成功。二、引导状语从句的连词分类状语从句根据它们的含义分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、让步、条件、比较等九种。状语从句连词时间when, whenever, as, since, till, until, before, after, as soon as, once, the moment, immediately, the day, no sooner than, hardly(scarcely) when, the minute, the second, every(each) time地点Where, wherever, everywhere条件if, unless, providing/provided that, as(so) long as, on condition that, suppose/supposing that, in case, only if, if only原因because, since, as, now that, seeing that, considering that, in that, in view of the fact that(鉴于)让步though, although, even if(though), as, while, whatever, wherever, whoever, however, no matter +wh词，for all that, granting/granted, whether or, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that比较asas, not the same as, not soas, than方式as, as if(though) the way目的that, so that, in order that, in case, for fear that, lest结果so that, so that, such that, but that三、时间状语从句1、 引导时间状语从句从属常用连词例析常用来引导时间状语从句的从属连词有:when(当的时候)，whenever(每当)，after(在之后)，before(在之前)，as(当 ;一边一边)，as soon as/hardlywhen/no soonerthan(一就)，while(在期间)，till/until(直到)，since(自从)，once(一旦就)。如果主句是一般将来时，在时间状语从句中用一般现在时。since 所引导的从句一般要用非延续性动词，主句用完成时态。Dont be afraid of asking for help when it is needed. 如果你需要时别不敢求援。Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as Father was away in France.妈妈很担心，因为小爱丽丝病了，尤其是在爸爸远在法国的这个时候。What have you been doing since I last saw you? 自我上次和你见面以后，你在做什么？-What was the party like?晚会怎么样？-Wonderful. Its years since I enjoyed myself so much.好极了。多年了我从未如此高兴。Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.直到河里的鱼都死了村民们才意识到污染的严重性。-Im going to the post office 我要到邮局去。-While you are there，can you get me some stamps？你在那时，能给我买些邮票吗？ Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up before I could answer the telephone.有人半夜给我打电话，但是我还没来得及接他们就挂断了。He had no sooner got to the lab than he set out to do the experiment.他一到实验室就着手工作。Ill go to the cinema after Ive finished the work. 完成作业后，我将去看电影。Ill give you a phone as soon as I come back. 我一回来就给你打电话。I havent heard from Tom since May. 自从五月份以来我就没有收到汤姆的信。He worked till midnight.他一直工作到深夜。Come to see me whenever you like.不论何时，只要你高兴就可以来见我。Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining.他刚一到, 她就开始抱怨起来。2、while, when, whenever和as的用法比较（1）while常表示一段较长的时间或一个过程，强调主句的动词和从句的动词所表示的动作或状态是同时发生的。它不能表示一时性或短暂的动作。Dont talk so loud while( as) others are working.别人工作时，请勿大声说话。While he was eating, I asked him to lend me $2.当他正在吃饭时,我请他借给我二英镑。We should strike while the iron is hot.我们要趁热打铁。（2）when引导的时间状语从句，可指时间的一点，也可以指一段时间，从句的谓语动词可用终止性动词，也可用持续性动词。when引导的从句表示的具体的时间，从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时，也可以先于主句的动作。Whenever指任何一个不具体的时间。It was raining when we arrived. 我们到达时，天正下着雨。（动作同时，指时间点）When you read the poem a second time, the meaning will become clearer to you.当你再读一遍这首诗，你就更清晰它的含意。（动作有先后，指时间点，不能用while）Come whenever you like. 你爱什么时候来就什么时候来。（3）as用as时主句和从句的动作往往同时发生，具有延伸意义，一般同延续性动词连用，有时可译作“一边一边”。As time went on, his theory proved to be correct.随着时间的推移，他的理论被证明是正确的。As we walked, we talked.我们边走边谈。As（when）he finished the speech, the audience burst into applause.他讲话结束的时候，听众掌声雷动。（指一点时间不能用while）3、名词词组引导时间状语从句有时名词every time(每次)，the next time(下一次)，the next day(第二天)，the moment(一就)， the instant, the second, the year等，也可起从属连词的作用，引导时间状语从句。Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her？你记着还给玛丽的欠款了吗？YesI gave it to her the moment I saw her是的。我一见到她就还给她了。I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her. 我第一次见她就对她印象很好并认为她很诚实。Every time you get back at night, you drop your shoes on the floor.你每一次晚上回来，都把鞋子丢在地板上。I didnt have a penny the last time I saw you.上一次见你时，我身无分文。4、副词作连词用引导时间状语从句有些副词如instantly, immediately，instantly，directly, presently等也可起从属连词的作用，引导时间状语从句，表示一就的意思。I recognized her instantly I saw her.我一看见她就把她认出来了。The young lady rushed into the room immediately she heard the noise.那位年轻女士一听到响声就冲进房间。Directly the master came in, everyone was quiet.校长一进来，大家就安静下来。5、since和before的用法比较两者均可用于“It+ be.+since/before-从句”的句型。区别在于since表示“自从以来”，所在主、从句的谓语动词的时态关系是:It is/has been sometime since sb. did sth.。而before的含义是 “(过了多久)才”，主、从句的时态关系是:It was/had been some time before sb. did sth.。表过去和将来时，两者相应的句型分别是:It was some time since sb. had done sth.和It will be some time before sb. does sth.It is 30 years since he joined the revolution. 他参加革命己三十年了。It was three days before he came back. 他三天后才回来。It was not long before he came back. 不久他就会来了。四、地点状语从句地点状语从句一般由where(在地方; 那里)，wherever(无论哪里)和everywhere(在每一个地方)引导。After the war, a new school building was put up where there had once been a theatre. 战后，一所新学校在以前的剧院处建成。You should make it a rule to leave things where you can find them again. 你应当养成惯例，将东西放在你能找到的地方。She found her calculator where she lost it. 他在她丢的地方找到了计算器。Everywhere they went, the distinguished guests were warmly welcomed.贵宾每到一处都受到了热烈的欢迎。Sit wherever you like.请随便坐。You can take it with you wherever you go.不论走到什么地方，你都可随身携带它。注意：where除了表示地点外，还可以表示条件、对比和让步。Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。（条件）We want to stay at home, where children would rather spend the holiday in the country.我们想留在家里，而孩子们却愿到乡间度假。（对比）Wherever I went, the dog followed me. 无论我走到哪里，这只狗总跟着我。（让步）五、原因状语从句原因状语从句一般由because(因为)，since(既然)，as(由于)，now that(既然，因为)等连词引导1、because, since, as, for和now that引导原因状语从句（1）because表示直接的原因或理由，表示原因的语气最强，常表示必然的因果关系。回答以why引起的特殊疑问句，只能用because。Jane wore a raincoat because it was raining.因为天下雨，所以詹穿着雨衣。He is absent today because he is ill.他今天缺课，因为他病了。（2）since表示对方已经知晓、无须加以说明的原因或事实，语气比because稍弱。Ill do it for you since you are busy.既然你忙，我来替你做吧。Since you insist, Ill go.既然你坚持，那我就去。Since you have seen both fighters, who do you think will win?既然两个拳击手你都见了，你认为谁会赢？（3）as表示的往往是十分明显的原因，听者或读者已经知道或能看得出来，语气较弱，只附带说明，比较口语化。We had better hurry as its getting dark.因为天快要黑了，我们最好快点。As you object, Ill change the plan.由于你反对，我将改变计划。As it is raining, Ill not go out. 因为正在下雨，我就不出去了。（4）forfor是并列连词，它引导的分句不表示直接的原因，而是用来附带解释或说明前面一句的情况。for引导的分句常位于第一分句之后，它们之间用逗号隔开。It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.昨晚准是下雨了，今天早上地面还是湿的。The day breaks, for the birds are singing.小鸟在歌唱，一定是天亮了。（5）now that意为“既然”，与since同义，但更突出事实本身。Now that youve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it. 既然你有了机会，你要充分利用它。Now that everyone is here, lets begin our meeting.既然大家都来了，我们就开始开会吧。Now that I am well again, I can go on with my work.我既然恢复了健康，那就可以继续工作了。2、seeing that, considering that和in that引导原因状语从句这几个连词同since, as 近义，都有“鉴于某个事实，原因”是之意。Considering that hes only been learning English a year, he speaks it very well.鉴于他只学了一年， 他英语讲得就是很好。Seeing that he was ill, they sent for the doctor.鉴于他病情严重，他们派人请医生。In that she is ill, she feels unable to do it.因为病了，她觉得不能做那件事。3、not thatbut that引导原因状语从句这是一种加强语气的表示原因的结构，意为“不是因为，而是因为”Not that I dont like the film, but that I have no time for it.不是因为我不喜欢这部电影，而是因为我没时间看。The soldiers essential honor was not that he killed his enemy, but that he was willing to die.军人的真正光荣不是杀敌，而是不惜牺牲。六、目的状语从句1、that，so that，in order that引导目的状语从句目的状语从句由that，so that，in order that等引导。从句中的谓语动词前常有情态动词may、might、can、could、will, would等。John shut everybody out of the kitchen so that he could prepare his grand surprise for the party. 约翰把其他人关在厨房外，目的是能够为晚会烹饪出人意料的东西。These men risk their lives in order that we may live more safely. 这些人甘冒生命危险，是为了让我们活得更安全些。Drive carefully (so) that everyone can enjoy a long life.开车小心点，让大家多活几年。辨析：in order that引导的状语从句可以放在句首、与句尾，而so that 引导的只能放在句尾；如果从句主语与主句主语一致都可转换成不定式。She went downtown so that/in order that she would buy some clothes.= She went downtown so as to /in order to buy some clothes.为了买些衣服她进城。In order that he could make himself understood, he explained it again.= In order to make himself understood, he explained it again.为了让大家理解，他又解释了一遍。2、lest, for fear that和in case引导目的状语从句这三个连词词组的意思是“以防，以免”。lest的从句一般要用虚拟语气，形式是“should+动词原形”或省掉should。for fear that和in case从句一般用虚拟语气，但有时也可以用陈述语气。I obeyed her lest she should be angry. 我得顺着她，免得她生气。Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot. 倘若太阳很利害，你就把帽子戴上。七、结果状语从句1、so that，sothat, suchthat引导结果状语从句So difficult did I feel it to live in an English-speaking country that I determined to learn English well.我感到在讲英语的国家里生活太难了，因此我决定学好英语。He worked hard so that he passed the exam. 他学习很努力，结果通过了考试。The film was so wonderful that we wanted to see it again. 电影很精彩以致于我们还想看一次。He spoke for such a long time that people began to fall asleep.他讲了那么长时间，人们开始打起瞌睡了。2、sothat与suchthat的区别这两种结构都可引导结果状语从句。so是副词，后接形容词或副词；such是形容词，后接名词。（1）单数名词在so.that与such.that中间出现的是单数名词，且该名词前有形容词修饰时，这两种结构可互换，但要注意它们的词序不同:such+ a/an+形容词十名词=so+形容词+a/an+名词。She is such a good teacher that all of us love her.= She is so good a teacher that all of us love her.她是一位很好的老师，我们都敬爱她。（2）不可数名词或复数可数名词如果被修饰的是不可数名词或复数可数名词时，一般须用such.that。He made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles in English.他进步很快，不久就开始用英语写文章。(不可数名词)They are such interesting books that we all want to read them.这些书是那么有趣以致我们都想读一读。(复数可数名词)（3）名词前有many，much，little，few修饰时如果不可数名词或复数可数名词前有many，much，little，few修饰时，则用sothat。Ive had so many falls that Im black and blue all over.我摔了好多次跤，周身青一块紫一块的。(复数可数名词)George had so little money that he had to get a job.乔治没有钱，所以他不得不找工作干。(不可数名词)They are such little children that they cant do anything.他们是小孩，什么事情都干不了。巧记so和such引导结果状语从句名前such，形、副so，多多少少也用so。little属特殊，“小”用such，“少”用so。3、but, but that 和but what 如果主句中含有never, never so, not so, not such等否定词，可用but, but that 和but what引导结果状语从句，构成双重否定，相当于thatnot或unless，可以译成“没有不”。She never comes but she borrows. She never comes unless she borrows.她不借东西不来。She is so old but that she can read.她并未老到不能读书的地步。There is no man so learned but what he can learn something from this book.再博学的人都会本书学到一些东西。4、如何判断so that引导的目的状语从句与结果状语从句（1）当表达的含义是“为了”、“以便”时，为目的状语从句；当表达的是“以至于”、“因此”含义时，为结果状语从句。If you do know, answer in a loud enough voice so that all the class may hear.(目的状语从句)如果你的确知道，应大声回答，以便让全班学生都可以听见。It rained hard the day before yesterday, so that she had to stay at home.(结果状语从句)前天雨下得很大，因此她只好呆在家里。（2）当从句的谓语动词有情态动词can, could, may, might等时，是目的状语从句；当从句里没有情态动词，且谓语动词是一般现在时（过去时）、现在完成时等时态时，是结果状语从句。We stopped at Salt Lake City so that we could(might)visit the monument to seagulls. (目的状语从句)我们在盐湖城逗留，以便可以参观为海鸥修的纪念碑。They have walked a long way, so that we are all tired. (结果状语从句)他们走了很长的路，所以都很累。（3）当从句之前的so that可用in order that代替时，是目的状语从句；反之，是结果状语从句。We now study hard so that we may work well in the future.(=We now study hard in order that we may work well in the future. (目的状语从句)我们现在努力学习是为了将来更好地工作。(4)当so that之前有逗号时，是结果状语从句；反之，是目的状语从句The story is very interesting, so that I like it very much.(结果状语从句)这部小说很有趣，因而我非常喜欢。八、比较状语从句比较状语从句一般由asas(和一样)，not as/soas(与不一样)，than(比),the more, the more(越越)引导。The director gave me a better offer than he gave Dick.导师给我的提议比给狄克的好。In recent years travel companies have succeeded in selling us the idea that the further we go, the better our holiday will be.近几年旅游公司已成功地对我们灌输了去得越远，假日越好的观点。John plays football as well as, if not better than, David. 如果说约翰的足球踢的不比大卫好，至少和他踢的一样好。I cant run as/so fast as he can. 我不能跑得他那样快。巧学Than后面的代词是用主格还是用宾格?下列两句中，than分别用了I和me，两者都正确：She is older than me.(口语中常用)She is older than I(am)(较正式文体常用)但是，在有些句子中，用主格和用宾格，句子会截然不同。John likes Henry more than I. John likes Henry more than me.我们知道，than用作连词，它的后面省略了一个比较(方式)状语从句。现在我们把以上两句补充完整。John likes Henry more than I like Henry. John likes Henry more than he likes me.看得出，第一句的意思是：约翰比我更喜欢亨利。第二句的意思是：约翰喜欢亨利胜过喜欢我。那么，在什么情况下，than后面的人称代词用主格？什么情况下用宾格？一、如果主句谓语是不及物动词，than后面的人称代词用主格或宾格均可，且意义无区别。She draws better than I(me).它画得比我好。要注意：如果人称代词后面有all时，人称代词一般用宾格。She draws better than them all.二、如果主句谓语是及物动词，且than后面的名词或代词又与动词连用时，than后面的人称代词只能用主格。He loves the dog more than his wife does.他比他的妻子更爱这条狗。三、如果主句谓语是连系动词be, than后面的人称代词用主格或宾格均可，且意义无区别。He is taller than I(me).他比我长得高。四、如果主句谓语是及物动词，特别是like, love, hate等及物动词，than后面的人称代词用用主格或宾格均可， 但句意不同。逻辑上，这些及物动词既能与人称代词构成“主谓关系”，又能构成“动宾关系”。因此，用主格时，后面省去了主句中的谓语和宾语；用宾格时省去了句子的主语和谓语。I like the boy better than she.=I like the boy better than she likes the boy.我比她更喜欢那个男孩。I like the boy better than her.=I like the boy better than I like her.我喜欢那个男孩胜过喜欢她。九、让步状语从句让步状语从句由though，although，as，even if (though)，however，whatever，whoever，whenever，no matter +wh词，等引导。1、even if, even though, although，though引导的让步状语从句 这四个词（词组）都有“虽然、即使、尽管”的意思。even if和even though带有较强的意味，语气比although和though强。though比although通俗，但不如although正式,都不能和but连用，但可以和yet, still或nevertheless连用。可以放在主句前面也可以放在主句后面。even if，even though所接的句子常用虚拟语气。Although journalism seems like a good profession，I would prefer to be a teacher虽然新闻业好像是一个很好的职业，但是我更喜欢当老师。Although he is considered a great writer，his works are not widely read.虽然有人认为他是一个大作家，但是他的作品读得并不广泛。 We wont give up even if we should fail ten times.即使是我们失败十次，我们也不会放弃。He might have given you more help，even though he was very busy尽管他很忙，他可能给了你更多的帮助。2、as或though引导让步状语从句形容词+ as/though+ 主与+谓语副词动词分词名词（1）由as或though引导让步状语从句用倒装语序Much as I have traveled，I have never seen anyone whos as capable as John.我虽然取得地方多，但是我从来没见过像约翰这么能干的人。Proud as these nobles are, he is afraid to see me.这些贵族尽管很傲慢，他们却害怕见我。（2）如果表语为单数可数名词，这个名词不带冠词12-year-old girl as she is, she has had a good command of English.她虽然只是个12岁的女孩，但是她已经熟知英语。Child as he is，he knows a lot.虽然他还是个孩子，却懂的很多。(2)如果句中谓语包含情态动词或助动词，则将实意动词放在as之前Try as I might，I couldnt lift the stone.我使多大劲儿也搬不动这块石头。Praised as he was, he remained modest.他虽然受到表扬，但仍然保持着谦虚。（4）如果句中谓语仅有实意动词，则将实意动词(原形)放在as之前，并在主语后面加助动词do, does, did或will。Torture her as they did, the enemy got nothing out of her.虽然敌人拷打她，却没有能从她嘴里得到什么。Fail as he did, he would never give up.尽管他失败了，但他决不会放弃。注:但是，如果在这种情况下，句中谓语有副词修饰，则将副词放在as之前。Again and again as he failed, he didnt lose heart.他虽然多次失败，但仍不灰心丧气。Much as I admire his courage, I dont think he acted wisely.我虽然佩服他的勇气，但是我认为他这样做是不明智的。3、由no matter+ wh词和由疑问词ever引导让步状语从句由no matter引导，表示“不管；无论”；由疑问词ever引导，表示“不管，不论”。这类词有：whatever，whichever，whoever，however， whenever，wherever等,他们相当于no matter+ what（which，who，how，when， where），都不能与but，so，and等并列连词同时使用。Well have to finish the job, however(no matter how) long it takes. 不管需要多长时间，我们都一定完成这项工作。No matter what(Whatever) yo