1、儿童EBV感染相关疾病及诊断病毒室 谢正德常用名正式命名所属亚科生物学特性单纯疱疹V-1型人疱疹V1型在感染N节中潜伏单纯疱疹V-2型人疱疹V2型在感染N节中潜伏水痘-带状疱疹人疱疹V3型在感染N节中潜伏EBV人疱疹V4型在淋巴细胞中潜伏CMV人疱疹V5型在淋巴细胞及分泌腺体中潜伏人疱疹V6型人疱疹V6型同上人疱疹V7型人疱疹V7型同上人疱疹V8型人疱疹V8型同EBV人类疱疹病毒BurkittslymphomainKenyaEpstein-Barrvirus(EBV)1964,discoveredfromBurkittslymphomatissuebyEpstein,Achong,andBar
2、r1968,theetiologicagentforinfectiousmononucleosis1970,nasopharyngealcarcinoma1980,non-HodgkinslymphomaEBV双链DNA病毒,疱疹病毒科,亚科,基因组Genome:172282bp,有环状和线性两种形式人群感染率高,我国35岁儿童95%已血清转化EBV原发感染在婴幼儿及学龄前儿童主要为亚临床感染,在青少年和成人致IM(国外)EBV与许多疾病相关CircularformoftheEBVgenome(latentinfection)LinearformoftheEBVgenome(lyticinfe
3、ction)EBV 相关疾病传染性单核细胞增多症(Infectious mononucleosis,IM)慢性活动性EB病毒感染(Chronic active EBV infection,CAEBV)EB病毒相关性嗜血细胞综合征(EBV-associated hemophagocytic syndrome,EBVAHS)EBV相关疾病伴性淋巴增殖综合征(X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrom)鼻咽癌(Nasopharyngeal carcinoma)Burkitts 淋巴瘤(Burkitts lymphoma)何奇金淋巴瘤(Hodgkins lymphoma)
4、BCD21gp350MHC-IIEBVAsymptomaticinfectionSymptomaticinfection(IM)PrimaryEBVInfectionLatentinfectionEBV-relatedotherdiseasesSalivaOropharynxLymphoid tissue and peripheral bloodResting B cellEpitheliumLytic EBV-infected B cellEBV-infected B-cell blastReactivated EBV-infected B-cellLytic EBV-infected B
5、cellEBVEBVLatently infected,resting memory B cellsCytotoxic T cell Cytotoxic T cell Natural killer cell LMP-1LMP-1LMP-2LMP-2LMP-2LMP-2Primary infectionPersistent infectionEBNAsEBNAsEBNAsEBNAsEBNA-1EBNA-1Cohen,JINEnglJMed343:481-492,2004ModelofEBVinfectioninhumansModelofEBVinfectioninhumans传染性单核细胞增多症
6、(Infectious mononucleosis,IM)IMIM嗜异白细胞阳性:EBV 嗜异白细胞阴性:EBV CMV Rub HHV6 AdvEBV-IM的临床表现发热:约1周,严重者2周或更久,幼儿可不明显淋巴结肿大:任何淋巴结,颈部最易受累咽炎:50有渗出物,25上腭有瘀点脾肿大:病程23周,50出现肝炎:肿大1015,而GPT升高80皮疹:红斑、斑丘疹或麻疹样疹,50可有眼睑浮肿EBV-IM的临床表现其它:1.间质性肺炎2.CNS:脑炎、格林巴利综合征等3.心肌炎4.血液系统:溶血性贫血、再障、粒细胞减少5.肾炎6.关节炎7.胰腺炎IM的诊断IM的拟诊:临床表现(发热+渗出性咽峡炎+
7、淋巴结肿大、脾肿大)+异型淋巴细胞升高(10)EBV-IM的诊断嗜异白细胞凝集抗体特异性EBV抗原的抗体检测:衣壳抗原(CA)IgM荧光定量PCR检测外周血中EBV-DNA嗜异白细胞抗体IgM抗体IM病人的血清在经吸收几内亚猪肾抗原后引起山羊红细胞的凝集第12周出现,持续约6个月;小于5岁者,很可能阴性外周血中EBV-DNA检测普通PCR荧光定量PCR:荧光定量PCR检测 EBV-DNA(血清、血浆、全血、外周血单核细胞),急性期(病程10天内)敏感性和特异性100衣壳抗原(CA)IgM一般情况下:一周左右升高,持续存在48周,类风湿因子和IgG抗体可致结果假阳性临床要注意以下情况:1、有的病
8、人抗EB病毒CA-IgM产生延迟2、少部分病人感染EBV后,CA-IgM持续阴性3、也有的病人CA-IgM持续几个月阳性抗体亲合力检测机体在受到病原体入侵时首先产生低亲合力抗体,随感染的继续和进展,抗体亲合力升高。因此,低亲合力抗体的检出提示原发性急性感染。原发EBV感染,100的病人在第一个月内可检测到抗EB病毒CA-IgG低亲合力抗体原发性原发性EBV感染后的免疫抗体反应感染后的免疫抗体反应IMEBV抗体四项VCA-IgGVCA-IgMEA-IgGNA-IgGVCA-IgG亲合力EBNA-IgG阴性VCA-IgG阳性VCA-IgG阴性未感染VCA-IgM阳性原发感染VCA-IgM阴性EAI
9、gG强阳性原发感染(VCA-IgG低亲合力)、感染后复发、或感染晚期抗EBNA抗体降低(VCA-IgG高亲合力)EAIgG阴性感染后复发或感染晚期抗EBNA抗体降低(VCA-IgG高亲合力)EBNA-IgG阳性仅VCA-IgG阳性晚期感染VCA-IgG阳性和EA-IgG强阳性或VCA-IgA强阳性或VCA-IgM阳性感染后复发Cervical lymphadenopathyCervical lymphadenopathyHepatosplenomegalyEyelid edemaPalatal petechiaeAtypical lymphocytes慢性活动性EBV感染CAEBVischar
10、acterizedbysevere,chronicorrecurrentinfectiousmononucleosis-likesymptomsafteraprimaryEBVinfection,andhasahighmorbidityandmortalityfromhepaticfailure,lymphoma,sepsis,orhemophagocyticsyndrome.1.Unusualpatternofanti-EBVantibodies(highlevelsofIgGanti-VCAandEA,absenceofanti-EBNA)2.HighEBVviralloadinperip
11、heralblood3.ClonalexpansionofEBV-infectedTcellsandNKcellsHistorical milestones of CAEBV1948,Issacs:prolonged fever,malaise,lymphadenopathy,hepatosplenomegaly1975,Horwitz et al:such clinical manifestations with mildly or moderately high or positive IgG against VCA and EA1982,Tobi et al:similar atypic
12、al illness associated with serological evidence of persistent EBV infectionHistorical milestones of CAEBV1984,Dubois et al:criteria for such cases termed chronic mononucleosis syndrome:(1)disabling fatigue and malaise;(2)low-grade afternoon fever;(3)variable other nonspecific symptoms:myalgias,sore
13、throat,depression,lasting 6 months or longer,with EBV serologies of(1)VCA-IgG160,(2)EA-IgG 5,(3)postive anti-EBNA,(4)absent VCA-IgM,(5)absent Paul-Bunnell heterophil antibody.发病机制EBV感染的T细胞或NK细胞克隆性增殖存在的问题:1.如何感染T细胞或NK细胞2.如何引起临床症状EBV-infected cells in Japanese patients with CAEBV临床表现发热:间断性发热淋巴结肿大肝脾肿大间
14、质性肺炎贫血肝炎眼葡萄膜炎DiagnosticcriteriaofCAEBVI.Severeillnessofgreaterthan6monthsdurationthat:1.BeganasprimaryEBVinfectionOR2.IsassociatedwithgrosslyabnormalEBVantibodytiters(IgGtoVCA1:5,120;antibodytoEA1:640;orantibodytoEBNA1:2),AND(StrausS.E.)II.Histologicalevidenceofmajororganinvolvement,suchas:1.Interst
15、itialpneumonia2.Hypoplasiaofsomebonemarrowelements3.Uveitis4.Lymphadenitis5.Persistenthepatitis6.Splenomegaly,ANDIII.DetectionofincreasedquantitiesofEBVinaffectedtissuesby1.AnticomplementaryimmunofluorescenceforEBNA,or2.NucleicacidhybridizationReproducedfromStrausS.E.(1988,J.Infect.Dis.157:405_/412)
16、CAEBVCEBV:persistent IM-like illness with relatively good prognosisSCEBV:rather severe manifestation with generally poor prognosisDiagnosticcriteriaofacasedefinitionforSCAEBV CategoryCriteriaClinicalHematologicVirologicalOtherIntermittentfever,lymphadenopathy,andhepatosplenomegalyAnemia,thrombocytop
17、enia,lymphocytopeniaorlymphocytosis,neutropenia,andpolyclonalgammopathyElevatedantibodytitersandpositivityforantibodiestoEBV-relatedantigens(VCAIgG5,120;VCAIgA,positive;EADIgG640;EADIgA,positive;andEADandEARIgG640)and/ordetectionofEBVgenomesinaffectedtissuesChronicillnesswhichcannotbeexplainedbyothe
18、rknowndiseaseprocessesbReproducedfromOkanoM.,etal.(1991,Clin.Microbiol.Rev.4:129_/135)(OkanoM)Revise of Criteria of CAEBV2001,Kimura et al.extremely high antibody titers against EBV-replicative antigens are not absolutely necessary,but demonstrated significantly increased circulating EBV-DNARevised
19、virological criteria:either or both extrmely against EBV-repicative antigens and/or increased genome copies in tissues.伴性淋巴增殖综合征(X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrom)历史1975年,Purtilo等发现一个家系中,18个男性有6个人出现良性或恶性淋巴细胞增生和组织细胞增加等征候,取名Duncan病1998年,缺陷基因被确定:SH2D1A/DHSPSH2D1A/DHSP or or SAPSAP(SLAM-(SLAM-associa
20、ted proteinassociated protein)Called“Duncans disease”after the family nameSH2D1A编码含128个氨基酸的蛋白质-SAP(signaling lymphocytic activation molecule SLAM-associated protein),表达于活化的T和NK细胞表面,通过与SLAM及其他免疫球蛋白超家族如2B4等结合,参与信号传递,调节CTL的功能,如产生IFN-gamma 的能力临床表现家族史,仅见男性发病年龄从6个月22岁(原发性EBV感染后)IM样症状:发热、咽峡炎、淋巴结和肝脾肿大、异型淋巴细
21、胞增加免疫球蛋白异常:无球蛋白血症、多克隆性高球蛋白血症高IgM的免疫不全症患者血清中EBV抗体阴性临床分型A型:属于急性致死性IM,多发病4周后死亡,占55B型:同时有急性致死性IM和恶性淋巴瘤,占15C型:EBV感染后免疫机能不全、低球蛋白血症、骨髓增生低下、EBV抗体能力产生低下,占15D型:无明显EBV感染表现而发生的恶性淋巴瘤,占15诊断标准(Hamilton)6个月至22岁男性有2个以上下述表现型 1.增殖性改变 (1)有致死性或慢性IM (2)有B免疫母细胞性淋巴肉瘤 (3)有非何杰金氏淋巴瘤 (4)IM继发高IgM免疫不全症 2.非增生性改变 (1)粒细胞缺乏症或再生障碍性贫血
22、 (2)球蛋白异常:获得性无或低球蛋白血症 3.先天异常 (1)心血管系 (2)中枢神经系诊断标准在母系直系亲属中有2人以上具备上述表现型者,可诊断本征本征男性的B淋巴细胞体外感染EBV后,能自发的发育增殖;患者的唾液可使脐带血中的淋巴细胞发生形态改变;患者血清中缺乏EBV抗体鉴别诊断CAEBV:chronic active EBV infectionGLPD:granular lymphoproliferative disorderALPS:autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndromeCAEBVGLPDXLPALPSHeredity?X-linkedAD(A
23、R)SexM&FM&FMM&FGenelocalization?Xq2510q23Responsiblegene?SH2D1A/SAPFas/FasL/caspase10ClinicalmanifestationLPDLPDFIM/LPD/AGLLPDVAHS+Lymphadenopathy+/maligbenign+/maligbenign+/malig+/benignmaligImmunoglobulinHighHighLowHighAutoimmunedisease+-+EBV-antibodiesHighHighLowNormal-highEBV-genomeHighHighHighN
24、ormal-high基因诊断amonoclonalantibody,termedKST-3,againsttheXLPgeneproduct,SAP.UsingaflowcytometricassayusingKST-3,Shinozaki,K.etal.Int.Immunol.14(10):1215-23,2002.The patient exhibited markedly deficient SAP expressionnormalporbandmotherfather小结 1、EBV感染与许多临床疾病相关,应引起临床医师的高度重视和警惕 2、临床诊断EBV感染要注意几个问题:(1)是否
25、感染EBV?(2)感染的时期如何?(3)是否活动感染?与本次临床表现是否有关?临床检测结果的分析1.IgM阳性只能是近期感染的一个指标,而并不一定是急性期感染,更不能说某病原IgM阳性就是病原。通常IgM会持续46周或更长,如风疹、CMV等早期妊娠感染或先天性感染的儿童,特异性IgM可能持续达1年或更长时间。2.人类疱疹病毒如CMV、EBV等在儿童有一个血清阳性转化的问题,即隐性感染,同样会有IgM产生,但无临床表现。3.肠道病毒是夏季儿童呼吸道感染的主要病原,PCR结果提示阳性率在44.8以上。(参考2000年秋冬至2002年夏北京地区急性呼吸道感染病毒病原学研究,临床儿科杂志,2003,21(1):2528)。4.血清IgM检测结果阴性可能是:非该病原所致;标本采集太早;再感染或激活;免疫抑制病人。5.任何实验均存在一定的假阳性和假阴性,以及交叉反应的问题。6.病毒室目前已基本建立室内质量控制体系,每年参加卫生部临床检验中心的室间质量评价,成绩合格。以上解释供临床医师参考,有问题请联系病毒室,电话2892、2893。