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牛津高中英语高一Unit3-语法讲解.doc

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1、13龙文教育英语 学科导学案(第 次课)教师: 学生: 年级:高一 日期: 星期: 时段: 课 题预习高中部分必修一Unit3 语法的讲解学情分析教学目标与 考点分析 教学重点教学方法导入法、讲授法、归纳总结法学习内容与过程使用说明:本教案整合了郭凤萍、吴春花、张露老师的各教案的精华,经过精心整理出来的,有什么意 见和建议请直接拨打联系人的电话,谢谢使用! 本教案主要是讲解unit3的语法非限制性定语从句和反义疑问句,由于前两个单元已经包含了定语从句的练习题,所以这次主要是反义疑问句部分,分为基础讲解、特殊注意点、拓展知识三个板块,练习题也分为基础题、提高题两个板块。非限制性定语从句非限定性定

2、语从句起补充说明作用,缺少也不会影响全句的理解,在非限定性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开,如若将非限定性定语从句放在句子中间,起前后都需要用逗号隔开。引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词: 指代对象指代人指代物主格whowhich,as宾格whomwhich,as所有格of whom, whosewhich, of which, whose引导非限定性定语从句的关系副词主要有:when,where 1. which引导的非限定性定语从句是用来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分。 2. as有时也可用作关系代词 。 3. 在非限定性定语从句中,关系词不能用that。 易错题型:Without fac

3、ts,we cannot form a valuable opinion,for we need to have factual knowledge_our thinking.1.which to be based on 2.which to base upon3.on which to be based 4.upon which to base首先根据英语从句的使用习惯,如果分句中的词组不是具有与字面意义不同的特殊意义或是非常固定不能拆开(如:take care of,look down upon)的话,一律吧词组中的介词放到关系代词前。所以1和2排除其次,本句的主语是人,所以原语序应该是w

4、e need to base our thinking upon factual knowledge.放在从句中直接语序变化就行了,不需要再变成被动。最后,base sth on 和upon 是一样的。限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:1. 引导限制性定语从句时,关系代词which可以与that互换;但引导非限制性定语从句时,只能用which。例1She heard a terrible noise,_ frightened her.A. that B. whichC. what D. who例2She heard a terrible noise_ frightened her.A.

5、that B. / C. what D. who解析: 例1意为:“她听到一个可怕的声音,这使她感到恐惧。”that不能用于引导非限制性定语从句,故选B。例2意为:“她听到了一个使她恐惧的可怕声音。”引导修饰noise的限制性定语从句可以用which或that来引导,故选A。2. 先行词为reason时,限制性定语可以用why或for which来引导;非限制性定语从句则只能用for which来引导。例3I had told them the reason, _ I didnt attend the meeting.A. for which B. at whichC. for whom D.

6、 why例4I had told them the reason _ I didnt attend the meeting.A. when B. whichC. why D. for that解析: 例3意为:“我早已把理由告诉他们,于是我没有出席会议。”先行词为reason时,非限制性定语从句应用for which引导,故选A。例4意为:“我已经把为什么没有出席会议的原因告诉他们。”the reason why.是常见搭配,答案为C。3. 引导限制性定语从句的关系代词在从句中担任宾语时可以被省略;但引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词即使作宾语也不能省略。例5He was eager to go

7、to the hospital to see his stepmother,_ he loved and respected as his own mother.A. as B. whichC. / D. whom解析: 本句意为:“他急于去医院看望他的继母,他像对待亲生母亲一样孝敬她。”关系代词whom引导非限制性定语从句并作宾语,不能被省略,故选D。4引导限制性定语从句时并作从句宾语的关系代词whom可以用who来代替;但在非限制性定语从句中,whom就不能用who替换。例6Do you know Tom, _ we talked about?A. which B. thatC. whom

8、 D. who例7The American journalist _ the announcer mentioned in the news broadcast is said to have been killed by the gangsters. Which of the following is wrong?A. who B. whom C. whose D. /解析: 例6意为:“你认识汤姆吗? 我们谈到过他。”应选C。例7意为:“播音员在新闻广播中提到的那位美国记者据说已遭歹徒杀害。下列哪一项是错误的?”关系代词作mentioned的宾语且指人时,可用who/whom/that,在

9、限制性定语从句中可省略,故C是错的。5当非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句时,其关系代词只能用as ,不能用which。此时非限制性定语从句可置于主句之前、之后或之中。例8_ I expected, he didnt believe me.A. Which B. As C. That D. When解析: 本句意为:“正如我所预料的那样,他不相信我的话。”非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句,应用as引导,故答案为B。例9Mary was late for school,_ often happened.A. as B. for which C. that D. why解析: 本句意为:“玛丽上学迟到了,这

10、是常有的事。”根据句意,关系代词as引导的非限制性定语从句修饰前面的主句,其位置非常灵活,故答案为A。6. 由“介词+关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句,关系代词指代整个主句时,不能用as,只能用which。例10He bought the car for more than $20,000,_ his father was angry.A. about that B. with as C. when D. with which解析: 本句意为:“他花两万多美元买了这辆车,他父亲对此很生气。”which位于介词with的后面,指代前面的主句,故答案为D。非限制性定语从句难点补遗1. 【问】非限制性

11、定语从句必须放在主句之后吗? 【答】一般情况下,非限制性定语从句要放在主句之后,但as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前、主句中和主句后。例如: As we all know, she is a good teacher. (=She, as we all know, is a good teacher.=She is a good teacher, as we all know.)我们都知道,她是一名优秀教师。 _ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. (NMET2001) A.

12、It B. As C. That D. Which (Key: B) 2. 【问】先行词是指物的名词时,非限制性定语从句必须用which引导吗? 【答】对。先行词是指物的名词时,非限制性定语从句只能用关系代词which引导。例如: All the books there, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him. 在那里所有的书都是他写的,书里面有漂亮的插图。 3. 【问】whose 引导的非限制性定语从句能用“the + 名词 of which (whom)”引导的定语从句替代吗? 【答】能。先行词指物时,用 “t

13、he + 名词 of which”替代“whose + 名词”;先行词指人时,用“the + 名词 of whom”替代“whose + 名词”。例如: The house, whose windows (=the windows of which) face east, is our dormitory. 那房子是我们的宿舍,它的窗户朝东。 The girl, whose grandfather (=the grandfather of whom) died for the liberation of the Chinese people, is the chairman of our St

14、udents Union. 那位女生是我们学生会的主席,她的爷爷为中国人民的解放事业献了身。 4. 【问】引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词which, whom 在从句中作宾语时能省略吗? 【答】不能省略。关系代词 which, whom引导限制性定语从句,在从句中充当宾语时可以省略,但引导非限制性定语从句时,在从句中充当宾语不能省略。例如:Yesterday I met somebody (whom) I hadnt seen for ages. 昨天我碰到了一个很久未见面的人。 This morning I met Tom, whom I hadnt seen for ages. 今天早上我

15、碰见汤姆,我很多年未见到他了。 The mirror(which) he broke yesterday didnt cost much. 他昨天打破的镜子不值多少钱。 The result of the experiment was very good, _ we hadnt expected. (Key: C) A. when B. 不填 C. which D. What反意疑问句 1、什么是反意疑问句英语中,反意疑问句是由陈述句和附在其后的附加疑问句组成。其中附加疑问句是对陈述句所说的事实或观点提出疑问,起证实作用,一般用于证实说话者所说的事实或观点。 反意疑问句有四种类型:(1)肯定陈

16、述+否定简短问句;(2)否定陈述+肯定简短问句;(3)肯定陈述+肯定简短问句;(4)否定陈述+否定简短问句。其中,前两种运用最为广泛。2、反意疑问句用法说明注意:反意疑问句前后两部分谓语应是,“肯定陈述否定疑问”或“否定陈述肯定疑问”简略问句如果是否定式,not应与be,do,will等系动词、助动词、情态动词缩写简略问句的主语不用名词,应用人称代词当说话者的目的不在疑问,而是为了加强语气时,用降调当说话者的目的在疑问,则用升调陈述部分含“too.to”时,是否定句1)当陈述部分是Im时。反意疑问句通常用 arent I: Im wrong, arent I? 我错了,是吗? Im older

17、 than you, arent I? 我年纪比你大,对不对?2) 陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分要用may +主语。 I wish to have a word with you, may I?(我希望可以和你说话,可以吗?)3) 含有ought to 的反意疑问句,陈述部分是肯定的,疑问部分用shouldnt / oughtnt +主语。正式文体用should/ought +主语+not形式。 He ought to know what to do, oughtnt he? / shouldnt he?4) 陈述部分的谓语是used to 时,疑问部分用didnt +主语或 usedn

18、t +主语。He used to take pictures there, didnt he? / usednt he?5) 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadnt you?Youd better read it by yourself, hadnt you?6) 陈述部分有would rather +v.,疑问部分多用 wouldnt +主语。He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldnt he?7) 陈述部分有Youd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldnt +主语。Youd like

19、to go with me, wouldnt you?8) 陈述部分有must 的疑问句,疑问部分根据实际情况而定。Amust表示“应该”,其疑问部分用mustnt(不应该),如: You must work hard next term, mustnt you ? 下学期你应该努力学习,对吗? Bmust表示“必须”,其疑问部分用neednt(不必),如: They must finish the work today, neednt they? 他们今天必须要完成这项工作,是吗?C陈述部分含情态动词mustnt,表示禁止时,疑问部分就可以用must或may,如: You mustnt st

20、op your car here, must you? (may we?)你不能把车停在这地方,知道吗? Dmust表示推测 ,其疑问部分必须与must 后面的主要动词相呼应。如: 对现在动作或存在的情况的推测 : You must know the answer to the exercise, dont you? 你一定知道这项练习的答案,是不是? That must be your bed, isnt it? 那一定是你的床,是吗? 对过去发生的动作或存在的情况的推测: a 表示肯定推测 (一)句中陈述部分没有表示过去的时间状语,这时疑问部分中的动词就用现在完成时。(havent / h

21、asnt + 主语)You must have told her about it, havent you? 你一定把这事告诉她了,是吗?(二)陈述部分有表示过去的时间状语,疑问部分的动词就用一般过去时。(didnt + 主语)She must have read the novel last week, didnt she? 她上星期一定读了这本小说了,是吗? b 表示否定推测 表示推测时,否定式通常不是must not,而是cant (cannot).如: He cant have been to your home; he doesnt know your address, does h

22、e? 他不可能去过你家;他不知道你的地址,是不是? 9) 感叹句中,疑问部分用be not +主语。What colours, arent they?What a smell, isnt it?10) 陈述部分由neither nor, either or 连接的并列主语时,疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?11) 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句a. 并列复合句疑问部分,谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should h

23、ave been in China now, shouldnt he?b. 带有定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句,疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定:He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?He said he wanted to visit Japan, didnt he?c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的宾语从句,疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。I dont think he is bright, is he?We believe she can do it be

24、tter, cant she?但此时主语必须是第一人称如果不是则不能否定从句如 He thought they were wrong,didnt he?而不能说werent they?12) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句,疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。We need not do it again, need we ?He dare not say so, dare you/he?当dare, need 为实义动词时,疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。She doesnt dare to go home alone, does she?13) 省去主语的祈使句的反意

25、疑问句,疑问部分用will you。Dont do that again, will you?Go with me, will you / wont you ?注意: Lets 开头的祈使句,后用shall we(或用shant we) ?Let us 开头的祈使句,后用will you(或wont you)?Lets go and listen to the music, shall we(或用shant we)?Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you (或wont you)?补:Lets和Let us的区别1.Lets是Let u

26、s的缩写。包括说话人和听话人双方在内,含有催促、建议或请对方一起行动的意思。在听话人表示赞同建议时可只用Lets.如:-Shall we go by train?-Yes,lets.2.当请求对方允许自己(第一人称复数)做某事时,要用Let us,这里的 us 不包括听话对方在内,不能缩写为Lets.如两个同学对老师说:Please let us remove the bookshelf for you.让我俩给你移动一下书架。14) 陈述部分是there be结构的,疑问部分用there省略主语代词。There is something wrong with your watch, isnt

27、 there?There will not be any trouble, will there?15) 否定前缀un-,in-,im-,ir-,dis-,等否定前缀构成的派生词不能视为否定词,其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。It is impossible, isnt it?He is not unkind to his classmates, is he? 16)陈述部分有动词have的反意疑问句 1. 当 have 为助动词时 其反意疑问句沿用同样的助动词: He has read it, hasnt he? 他读过了它,是吗? 2. 当 have 为实意动词时 要分两种情况: (1) 若表示

28、“所有”,反意疑问句可以用have,也可以用do: He has a lot of friends here, hasnt doesnt he? 他在这儿有许多朋友,是吗? 但是若陈述部分用的是have的否定式,反意疑问句用have 还是用do,取决于陈述部分的动词形式: He hasnt any money, has he? 他没有钱,是吗? He doesnt have any money, does he? 他没有钱,是吗? (2) 若表示“吃”、“玩”等意思,反意疑问句要用do: He has supper at 5, doesnt he? 他5点吃晚餐,是吗? He had a go

29、od time at the party, didnt he? 他在晚会上玩得很开心,是吗? 3. 当用于have to时通常也有两种可能:若表示经常性的行为,则多用加助动词do的形式;若表示特定的行为,则多用have: He often has to get up early, doesnt he? 他经常要早起,是吗? He has to go to bed late tonight, hasnt he? 他今晚要迟睡,是吗?17)当陈述部分含有 may 时 反意疑问句根据情况可用maynt, mightnt, wont等: I may leave now, maynt I? 我可以走了,

30、行吗? He may be here next week, mightnt wont he? 他下星期可能来这里,是吗反意疑问句的构成有以下几点特殊情况须注意:1当陈述句的主语是everyone, everybody, someone, somebody时,简短问句中的主语通常用they或者he。如果陈述句的主语是非人称的复合词,如everything, something, anything,则简短问句中相应的人称代词是单数的中性词it。例如:Somebody borrowed my coat yesterday, didnt they?Nobody came, did they?Every

31、one thinks theyre the center of the universe, dont they?Nothing can stop us now, can it?2陈述句中是非限定人称代词one时,正式文体中,简短问句的主语为one,而非正式文体中用you。例如: One must be honest, mustnt one?3.感叹句。感叹句后加反意疑问句时,其反意疑问句需用be的一般现在时态的否定形式。例如:What fine weather, isnt it? 多好的天气啊,是吧?4.陈述部分的主语是指示代词this或that时,反意疑问句的主语用it,当陈述部分的主语是指

32、示代词these 或those时,其反意疑问句的主语用they。例如:This is a plane, isnt it? 这是一架飞机,是吗?These are grapes,arent they? 这些是葡萄,是吗?5.当陈述部分含有以下这些含有否定意义的词时:few, little, seldom,hardly, never, not, no, no one, nobody, nothing, none, neither等,其反意疑问句需用肯定结构。例如:He is never late for school, is he? 他上学从不迟到,是吗?6.当陈述部分主语是从句、不定式(短语)、

33、动词-ing形式时,反意疑问句的主语应该用it。例如:What you need is more important, isnt it?你需要的东西更重要,是吧?7. 当陈述部分为省略句时。反意疑问句的主语通常应视省略的情况而定: A nice girl, isnt she? 她是个好姑娘,对吧? What a nice day, isnt it? 天气真好,是吧?8. 当祈使句带有主语时 有时祈使句带有自己的主语,此时不要将其误认为是陈述句: Jim, you go there to help him, will you? 吉姆,你去那儿帮他,好吗? You girls stand in t

34、he front row, will you? 你们女孩子站在前排,好吗?【注】不要将这类祈使句误认为是陈述句,而误用dont you这样的反意疑问句。反意疑问句的回答1. 肯定反意疑问句的回答当陈述部分为否定式,反意疑问句为肯定式时,其回答往往与汉语不一致,需特别引起注意: It isnt cheap, is it? Yes, it is. “它不便宜吧?”“不,很便宜。”He doesnt love her, does he? No, he doesnt.“他不爱她,是吗?”“是的,他不爱她。”2. 否定反意疑问句的回答当陈述部分为肯定式,反意疑问句为否定式时,其回答一般不会造成困难,一般

35、只需照情况回答即可:Its new, isnt it? Yes, it is. “是新的,对吗?”“对,是新的。”He wants to go, doesnt he? No, he doesnt. “他想去,对吗?”“不,他不想去。”3. 回答反意疑问句的原则回答反意疑问句通常应根据实际情况来确定,如有人问你You are asleep, arent you? 你应回答No, Im not. 因为既然你能回答,肯定你还没有asleep。但如果别人问你 You arent asleep, are you?(你还没有睡着,对吗),你也只能回答No, Im not.(是的,还没有睡着),而不能回答为

36、Yes, Im not. 也不能回答成 Yes, I am. 扩展知识1. 如何识别“假”反意疑问句 有些结构看似反意疑问句,但其实不是,请看以下两例: I think he will win, dont you? 我认为他会赢,你说呢? I think its price will go up, dont you? 我认为它的价格会上升,你认为呢? 以上两句反意疑问句中的dont you 为dont you think so 之省略。请再看两例反意疑问句: Many people have read the book, have you? 许多人都读过这本书,你读过吗? Some stude

37、nts are interested in football, are you? 有些学生对足球感兴趣,你呢? 第一句中的 have you 为 have you read it 之省略,第二句中的 are you 为 are you interested in football 之省略。2. 同向反意疑问句同向反意疑问句即陈述部分和疑问部分同时为肯定或同时为否定。这类反意疑问句往往具有一定的感情 色彩,表示强调、惊讶、怀疑等:Im afraid you failed the exam. I failed, did I? What a shame! “你恐怕没考及格。”“没及格?真丢人。”【注

38、】这类反意疑问句的陈述部分句首有时有so或oh:So you did not go, didnt you? 所以你就没去,是不是?Hes an artist. Oh, hes an artist, is he? “他是位艺术家。”“啊,他是艺术家吗?”快速记忆表 陈述部分的谓语疑问部分I am.,arent IWish may +主语 think,believe,expect, suppose,imagine等引导与宾语从句相对应的从句no,nothing,nobody,never,few, seldom, hardly,rarely, little等否定含义的词肯定含义 否定前缀不能视为否定

39、词仍用否定形式 指示代词或不定代词 everything,that,nothing,this主语用it everybody,anyone, somebody,nobody,no one复数they, 单数heNeithernor, eitheror 连接的根据其实际逻辑意义而定 ought to(肯定的)shouldnt/ oughtnt +主语 have to+v.(had to+v.)dont +主语(didnt +主语) 情态动词dare或needneed (dare ) +主语 dare, need 为实义动词do +主语used todidnt +主语或 usednt +主语 mus

40、t根据实际情况而定must表推测根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句 had better + v.hadnt youwould rather + v.wouldnt +主语youd like to + v.wouldnt +主语感叹句中be +主语并列复合句谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定 定语从句,宾语从句的 主从复合句根据主句的谓语而定 省去主语的祈使句will you/wont you/cant you? Lets 开头的祈使句Shall we? Let us 开头的祈使句Will you?there be相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词)课内练习与训练反义疑问句练习-基础类题目1. I

41、 dont think that the necklace is made of diamond, _? A. do I B. do you C. isnt it D. is it 2. His wife had the carpets and the curtains cleaned, _? A. hadnt sheB. had she C. didnt she D. did she 3. Its my sons wedding next week, and I have to do my best for that, _? A. havent I B. dont I C. dont he

42、D. isnt it 4. Harry wouldnt become a teacher if it hadnt been for the holiday, _? A. would he B. had it C. would it D. had he 5. No one left here yesterday, _? A. didnt they B. did they C. didnt one D. did one 6. Birds rarely build nests in our garden, _? A. dont they B. do they C. didnt they D. did

43、 they 7. You must have been to the Great Wall, _? A. mustnt you B. havent you C. arent you D. must you 8. Learning how to repair motors takes a long time,_? A. doesnt it B. dont they C. does it D. do they 9. They must have stayed at home last night, _? A. mustnt they B. havent they C. didnt they D.

44、must they 10. I feel like going to the cinema tonight, _? A. dont I B. dont you C. do I D. do you 11. Lets start out early tomorrow morning, _? A. shall we B. will you C. do you D. cant you 12. Theres not much news in todays newspaper, _? A. isnt it B. is it C. isnt there D. is there 13. They need our help b

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